全國中小學科展

行為與社會科學

探討實際執行、動作心像、動作觀察與鏡像動作時之腦部活化情形

本研究以功能性近紅外光頻譜儀,探討雙側主要運動皮質(M1)、前運動皮質(PMC)及聯合動作皮質(SMA)等動作相關腦區,以實際執行(ME)、動作心像(MI)、動作觀察(MO)及鏡像動作(MVF)等模式執行上肢功能性前伸動作(Arm reaching)時,腦部之活化情形。研究結果發現「實際執行」、「動作心像」與「鏡像動作」執行時,動作相關腦區皆顯著活化,包含M1、SMA及PMC。且可觀察到執行「動作心像」、「鏡像動作」時之大腦活化模式與「實際執行」呈現相同趨勢。此結果可應用於臨床復健訓練中,對於上肢偏癱患者(如中風患者),建議使用「鏡像動作」模式訓練,而對於雙側皆有動作障礙之患者(如頸部脊髓損傷),可使用「動作心像」作為替代治療。

選擇相對論-研究零元效應與需求強度關係

「零元效應」所指的是消費者面對同類性質之高低價兩商品,當低價商品從原價降至零元,而高價商品同時等量降價時,消費者對低價商品之偏好將顯著增加,並且因確定性效應、損失規避及稟賦效應造成。研究目的驗證零元效應的強度與成因,設計實驗零元效應於不同消費領域、族群是否皆成立;設計兩種商品,A為高品質高價位,B為低品質低價位,兩種定價情況,定價情況1,A商品為A元,B商品為B元,定價情況2,A商品為A-B元,B商品為B-B元(零元)。實驗結果使用Wilcoxon 等級和檢定,以需求光譜進行分析,並與 Dan Ariely (2007) 實驗結果進行比較,發現其差異不大;結果發現受試者身分不影響零元效應存在,除「必需品」外,其他品項皆存在零元效應,並且發現零元效應的強度受需求強度影響,若需求越強,零元效應將越弱。需求遂受試者環境影響改變,故不同國家將有不同結果。

Application of Technical Analysis to the Stock Market

Money drives the world and in times of crisis, money is more important than ever. Most political, economic and, as we have seen recently, health crises are accompanied by pressure on the economy. With such pressure, ordinary citizens are worried about their money, which is at risk either from inflation or from an uncertain economic outlook. In such times, some people resort to appreciating their money by investing. It is wise investments that can protect savings from inflation, or at least mitigate the effects of inflation. Investing in the stock market is among the most popular ways of investing. During the global coronavirus crisis, the number of small investors more than doubled (Galik and Brody [2022]), and in 2021, Covid (new) investors accounted for 15 % of investors in the U.S. market (Schwab [2021]). It is this phenomenon that inspired the author to write this paper. Investing in the stock market is one of the riskiest forms of investment, which means that there is a high probability of losing the originally invested capital. Some companies that allow retail investors to invest state that more than 90 % of their users lose their capital when investing in the stock market. On the other hand, investing in the stock market has one of the greatest potentials for profit. In the case of a long-term investment in index funds, for example, an average annual appreciation of between 8 % and 12 % can be expected (the average appreciation of the S&P 500, the most famous US index). However, it is necessary to wait several years for stable results. To see appreciation in a long-term portfolio, it is recommended to wait at least 12 years. This is because if a recession or a simple market correction comes, said portfolio can lose up to 50 % of its value in a year. But as history shows, markets do rise over the long term, and that is what long-term investors bet on, waiting for their capital to appreciate over time. But the market does not grow all the time. The market often changes price trends, and in some rare cases a long-term trend can reverse for up to several tens of months. This phenomenon, volatility, is attempted to be exploited by so-called speculators. A speculator is an investor who sells and buys in short periods of time and thus speculates on price movements. The speculator therefore needs a way to determine the likely behaviour of the price in the foreseeable future in order to make their trades profitable. The two main ways of analysing price behaviour are fundamental and technical analysis. And since fundamental analysis incorporates a large amount of diverse information into its predictions, this paper concentrates on working with technical analysis.

Two Klatovy copies of Šimon Brixi's Domine ad Ad juvandum me festina and his time

The main goal of this paper was a creation of musical score for the composition from the 18th century Domine ad Ad juvandum in A minor and C major composed by Šimon Brixi. Another goal was finding as much information as possible related to this composition and summarize everything possible that was written previously. Separate parts were transcribed into one partiture. Nevertheless there were difficulties like mistakes in sheet music (corrected according to harmony of other voices), missing beats (replaced by identical parts of score), differences in period station. Hard times also bring on differences of period notation. The resulting musical scores can be directly used for music production, which is schemed for the next year. The second part was researching new or never-published information related to these compositions. Here I describe Š. Brixi´s life. I managed to read out the cause of Šimon Brixi death in a chronicle, which was not in the publication I found. Brixi died of tuberculosis like his son. Transcriptors, J.V.Flaška and J.J.Hoffman, are also mentioned. Lastly the information about sheet music itself and its historical context were described. Another discovery was an identification of watermark on sheet music paper. Assuming the sheet music is truly transcribed in 1742 the Kolinec paper mill watermark on the sheet music paper is the oldest evidence of its use. In this paper I summarized the historical context of the baroque era including social life, art and culture.I mentioned the most important events that were crucial for historical development in Bohemia and especially in the Klatovy region. This context can be useful for today’s musicians who want to understand the historical background and express the composition with full respect to the time of its creation.

「藝」猶未盡! 眼動、專家、AI誰與爭鋒?

我們都體會過藝術所帶來的美妙感受。欣賞、細心觀察一幅畫的美,一幅畫的細節,可以被畫作中描繪的思想感動,被畫作中的「美」震撼心靈。然而,要評選畫作的優劣,似乎容易流於主觀。本研究決定探討不同美術背景經驗的人員,在評選畫作作品時是否有差異?並立基於人工智慧的想法,嘗試訓練、驗證與測試「AI 藝術畫作評選系統」,期望能降低「全國學生美術比賽」中,評審需大量評閱許多畫作的工作負擔,也能協助報名參賽的作者,提前獲知自己的畫作作品是否有機會獲獎?是否需要進一步修改?以朝向追求卓越的方向前進。 本研究蒐集2017~2021年「全國學生美術比賽」高中職組西畫類參賽作品共計155件,將這些作品轉換成為靜態影像資料後,形成本研究訓練、驗證與測試「AI 藝術畫作評選系統」模型的資料,最後,獲得預測「準確度」為93.55%、「靈敏度」為85.71%、「特異性」為 95.83%的「AI 藝術畫作評選系統」模型。本研究另外挑選20件畫作,供不同美術背景經驗的人員進行畫作評選,運用「眼球追蹤技術」比較不同美術背景人員評選行為的差異。

探討棕色脂肪組織對成年小鼠生理與行為的影響

除了與產熱代謝有關外,近年許多研究指出,棕色脂肪組織亦會分泌神經影響因子,並且可能會進入小鼠腦部進而影響其行為與表現。本實驗透過利用基因工程讓小鼠帶有UCP1-Cre與LSL-DTA序列,產出缺乏棕色脂肪組織的小鼠,了解不同飼料飼養條件下,棕色脂肪組織對於成鼠行為與生理的影響。結果發現,對於高脂飼料飼養3個月的公鼠,缺乏棕色脂肪組織可能使成年公鼠焦慮程度較高。高脂飼料飼養6個月的公鼠,缺乏棕色脂肪組織可能使成年公鼠運動能力較差,焦慮程度也較高。生理方面則發現,經歷3個月高脂飲食的成年公鼠,缺乏棕色脂肪組織會造成體重增加量較大,葡萄糖吸收能力較差,但在經歷共6個月高脂飲食後,缺乏棕色脂肪組織的公鼠,與野生種公鼠在體重增加與葡萄糖吸收能力方面,皆無顯著差異。關於棕色脂肪組織調節焦慮行為的機制,值得未來更多實驗繼續探討。

朱文錦意識行為探討

動物的學習能力與思考能力為判斷動物智力重要標準。本研究利用朱文錦的制約行為探討其學習能力、記憶能力、辨色能力與數感能力。研究以自製六邊形場地訓練朱文錦辨認顏色、測量其記憶時長與辨色精確度,並訓練其辨認數量多寡,以測定朱文錦數感能力。實驗結果發現朱文錦能辨認紅色,並能被訓練使特定顏色與食物產生連結,在紅色區域滯留較長時間,證明朱文錦可被訓練產生制約反應。停止訓練後其記憶力可長達7週,記憶強度與時間成高度相關。在數感測驗中,發現朱文錦具有可分辨數量的能力,且分辨能力與數量的比值與差皆有相關。本研究證明,朱文錦具學習能力,記憶力長達七週,辨識顏色精確度可達明度差±40,並具有一定數感能力。