自由基VS抗氧化物
自由基會產生在神經系統、免疫系統、血液循環系統等等，進而影響到人體各器官的運作,甚至於近年來許多醫生學者提出自由基病理:自由基是百病之源。本次實驗筆者挑選葡萄子、維生素C、綠茶來抑制清氧自由基(OH.)所採用的方法是將10%雙氧水製入注射筒並加亞鐵離子催化,,使其與抗氧化物反應,由於雙氧水分解會產生氫氣自由基與氧氣,因此筆者用倍率放大器(OPA)放大生成氧氣造成的電壓,並用Data Studio測量記錄,最後可由氧氣體積對電壓的趨勢圖看出抑制氫氣自由基的效果;Free radicals will be produced in our nerves system blood circulation immunization system etc. and they able to influene the operaion for our organs many medical scholars have even come up with "free radical pathology"-free radicals are sourse of all he diseases in recent years.In this study, I chose rape stone vitaminC and green tea to restrain hydroxide radicals(OH.) Here is summary of the experimental process. First,I put 10%hydrogen peroxide into an injector and then added ferrous ion to hydrogen peroxide to catalyze it. Second I let it reaact with the sample. Because hydrogen peroxide can produce hydroxide radicals and oxygen, I used the mutiplier(OPA) to amplify the pressure caused with the prducion of oxygen, measuring and recording resuls by the software"Data Studio"Finally, we can tell which antioxidant is more effective in restraining hydrode radicals from volume-voltage gragh.
調幅超聲波解調高指向可聽音之研究
可聽聲有向四周擴散繞射特性，而超聲波具有指向性，改以超聲波載送可聽音訊號後，其載波與旁頻帶均在超聲波範圍，實驗中人耳卻可聽到高度指向性聲音，且調幅解調後的可聽聲衰減率比純超聲波來的低。那為什麼超聲波會解調可聽音？我們以非線性的數學轉換概念，成功以數學推導解釋實驗中所聽到的可聽聲，是由旁頻經由非線性轉換而來的。為了證實空氣中的超聲波有非線性現象，以發射40KHz單頻訊號，除了接收到40KHz訊號外還可接收80KHz訊號，而80KHz訊號振幅，會隨著發射強度而遞增，也會隨著傳輸距離增加至穩定狀態，這所我們從文獻中的非線性理論所吻合。接下來進行調幅超聲波實驗，我們經理論計算旁頻帶強度為頻率響應與調變率乘積的一半，而解調可聽聲的強度為調變率、頻率響應與非線性係數三者乘積，我們也由實驗數據證實理論計算結果，在實驗中，換能器在40KHz有最佳的頻率響應，其非線性係數與所載送可聽聲頻率高低約略成正相關，並且與換能器距離遞增而越遠而增加。此外在提高高指向可聽音輸出功率方面，除製作專屬的放大器、運用方波取代正弦波來載波、配合陣列換能器輸出；在改善音質方面，利用等化器調整訊源頻譜分佈，降低低頻振幅，增強高頻振幅，讓各頻率的原始訊號都能有適當的調變，達到最佳音質。The audible sound has the characteristics of spreading and diffracting. And ultrasonic is directive. We modulate sound into ultrasonic signal. The carrier and sideband are ultrasonic frequency bands. But in the experiment, human can hear highly directive sound. In terms of attenuation rate, AM demodulation sound is lower than pure ultrasonic wave. Why can human hear the directive sound? By using the nonlinear mathematical transform, we managed to explain the audible sound which is transformed from sideband with nonlinear effect in the experiment. In order to confirm that nonlinear phenomena in the air ultrasonic, we launch 40KHz single tone ultrasonic signal. Besides the 40KHz signal, we also received 80KHz signal. The amplitude of 80KHz signal will increase with the emission intensity, and also with the transmission distance to increase its stability. These are consistent with nonlinear theory in the literature. Next we began AM ultrasonic experiment. We calculated the sideband intensity that is the product of frequency response and modulation index. The demodulation sound intensity is the product of modulation index, frequency response, and nonlinear coefficient. We also proved the calculated consequence through the experiment. In the experiment, the ultrasonic transducer has a best frequency response in 40KHz. The nonlinear coefficient has positive correlation with the modulation frequency, and increases transmission distance. To boost the power of directive audible sound, we made an amplifier, using square wave to replace sine wave of carrier, and in conjunction with array transducer output. To improve the sound quality, We use the spectrum-Equalizer to adjust the frequency distribution of the origin signal. The EQ reduces the low-frequency amplitude, and boost high-frequency amplitude, which enables every frequency of the original signal to be properly modulated, achieving the best sound quality.
無尾翼飛行器之穩定與控制
無尾翼飛行器(Tailless Aircraft)在軍事上的價值極大，且對於目前正在起步的微飛行載具(Micro Air Vehicle)而言，亦是值得嘗試與投資的。然而，由於無尾翼飛行器缺乏用以平衡的水平尾翼，造成其靜態的不穩定，即使設法提高靜態穩定特性，但其氣動力阻尼低、穩定性仍舊不佳。操縱上更是困難，在飛行穩定性與控制系統設計上極其挑戰性。本研究目的在探討無尾翼飛行器之穩定性與控制技術，改善其先天之不穩定特性，考慮之項目有縱向靜態穩定性、動態穩定性、控制面與組件配置等因素等進行詳細之探討。首先，找出了適用於無尾翼飛行器之Reflex翼形，接著建立無尾翼飛行器之非線性縱向動態模式，然後針對一翼展8Ocm之小型飛行器進行外型設計，並觀察分析其實際飛行狀態，再以理論與經驗公式估算無尾翼飛行器之氣動力導數，探討其飛行穩定與操控性能。此外，並運用古典控制PID控制法則，設計控制器進行非線性受控系統之動態響應模擬。由模擬結果可看出，經由翼剖面改變與控制系統的輔助下，大幅提高了其性能，使得無尾翼飛行器克服了先天的不穩定特性，更提高了其發展空間 The tailless aircraft has a great value on the military use. Meanwhile, it is worthwhile to try and to invest in it for the investigation of MAV(Micro Air Vehicle), which is being developed now. However, because of lacking horizontal tail which is used for balance, the tailless aircraft is static unstable. Even with the attempt to enhance its characteristics of static stability, the stability of the tailless aircraft is still poor for the sake of it's low damping in aerodynamics. Therefore, it is a challenge to flight stability and control system designing. The purposes of this research are to study the stability and the control technique of the tailless aircraft. To improve its congenital lacking of stability, thought over the longitudinal static stability, dynamic stability and control system. First, find the "Reflex" airfoil is suitable for the tailless aircraft. Second, set up a non-linear and longitudinal dynamic model of the tailless aircraft. Third, design an 80cm span small airplane. Hence, observe and analyze its flying condition. Finally, utilize the theoretical and experiential equations to estimate the aerodynamic derivatives and investigate its stability and controllability. Besides, use the PID controller to proceeded the time-response simulation of the non-linear system. The result of simulation shows that the performance is improved through the change of the airfoil and with the auxiliary of the control system. With this improvement, the tailless aircraft overcome the congenital lacking of stability to broaden its utilization potential.
繪身繪影-正三角形磁磚設計方法與碎形密舖之研究
本研究主要以正三角形作為基本單元，透過窮舉討論得到正三角形邊的作用方式只有五種，再經由排列組合歸納出11 種正三角形密鋪磁磚設計方法。進一步，運用我們的研究結果，配合數學簡報系統製圖，創作新圖樣，也彌補了Escher 在手繪時所造成的誤差，達到完全密鋪的效果。碎形磁磚的部份，我們也依據其背後的數學理論創作幾套結構圖，利用結構解析，碎形密鋪磁磚將變得十分容易，學習者將可輕鬆製作富有創意的新圖樣。 ;This research mainly takes the regular triangle as the basic unit. Through the enumeration, we obtain that there are only five operations for edge of the regular triangle, and then 11 kinds of regular triangle design methods are induced. Even more, utilizing our findings and Mathematical Presentation System (Math PS), we created the new pattern which makes up Escher’s errors and achieves the tiling. As to Fractal Tiling, we create several sets of structure drawings according to its mathematics theory. Using structure analysis, the Fractal Tiling will become extremely simple, and the learner can make the rich creative new pattern easily.
溫度與光週期對淡黃蝶的影響
為了了解淡黃蝶Catopsilia pomona無紋型crocale-like及銀紋型pomona-like中間受到環境因子的差異。先比對兩型的粒線體ＤＮＡ，之後模擬夏季和冬季自然環境進行實驗。得知兩型為同種。另一方面進行溫度和光週期的實驗，顯示淡黃蝶幼蟲和成蟲雌雄個體各部位會受到此兩環境因子的影響。In order to realize if Catopsilia Pomona and Catosilia crocale are the same species, we analyzed and compared the DNA sequences of Mitochondria, and the result revealed they are indeed the same species. Then we observed the developmental process of the butterfly, and inspected the effects of different factors: photoperiod and temperature were shown to affect the phenotype of the butterfly; lower temperature and shorter day resulted in phenotypic shift from crocale-like to pomona-like, and vice versa. Also, the conflicting factors produced intermediated form. (e.g. lower temperature with longer day) Not only changed the phenotypes of adult with photoperiod and temperature, those of larvae also did. However, the mechanism how photoperiod and temperature affect the phenotype of the butterfly is unknown.
你喝下了多少？-台灣市售優酪乳乳酸菌生長力及抗酸性之探討
現今乳酸菌飲料風行，但是乳酸菌是否真能通過胃酸的考驗，到達腸道進行複製，利益人體？我們首先以市售乳酸菌粉（加拿大Rosell 公司，含二種菌，暫時命名為"小毛"及"小白"）為預測菌種，利用分光光度計測定乳酸菌於Thioglycollate 培養基中的生長能力（OD600）。小毛在pH 值 1、 3 、5、 7 時之生長力分別為0、 0.008 、0.682 、0.847 ，小白為 0、 0.015 、0.973、 0.636。若於培養基中添加不同濃度的螺旋藻熱分解物，如加入0.01%的添加物後，小毛在以上各種pH 值生長力分別為0.042、1.291, 、1.447, 、1.213 ，小白為 0.053、1.392、 1.531、 0.988，意外發現可大幅提升菌的生長力及抗酸力。再取台灣市售4 種廠牌優酪乳（以甲、乙、丙、丁代表之），分離乳酸菌，再於各種pH 值中培養。結果在pH 3 時，螺旋藻熱分解物僅對丙廠牌有效, 乙廠牌無效, 甲與丙則有無填加生長力都很差。在pH 1 時, 則對乙、丙、丁皆有效，故建議廠商慎選菌種，並於製程及成品中添加螺旋藻熱分解物。The yogurt is a popular drink. But whether the lactobacilli inside can resist the destruction of gastric acid and grow well in the intestinal tract is still questionable. We used pure lactobacilli powder (Rosell Company, Canada, containing two bacteria named in this report as "Little Hair" and "Small White") for pre-test. The growth ability in thioglycollate medium was determined by spectrophotometer (OD600). The results of bacterial growth at pH 1, 3, 5, and 7 for "Little Hair" were 0, 0.008, 0.682, and 0.847, respectively. Those for "Small White" were 0, 0.015, 0.973, and 0.636, respectively. After supplement with 0.01% of the boiled lysate of Spirulina algae (ProBio Biotech, Taiwan), growth abilities at pH 1, 3, 5, and 7 for "Little Hair" were 0.042, 1.292, 1.447, and 1.213, respectively. Those for "Small White" were 0.053, 1.392, 1.531, and 0.988, respectively. The algae extract amply promotes the growth and acid-resistance, especially at pH 3, of these bacteria. The lactobacilli isolated from four different products of yogurt in Taiwan, named as A, B, C, and D, were then tested as above. Results showed the supplement with the boiled lysate of Spirulina algae was very effective, at pH 3, for promoting growth of C, but not effective for B. Growth abilities of both A and D were very unsatisfactory with or without this supplement. At pH 1, algae lysate supplement significantly improved the growths of B, C, and D. Therefore, this supplement in culture and product for yogurt preparation was suggested.