溫泉中的秘密
The experiment was primarily focused on studying whether the enzymes from different bacterial species collected in various hot spring areas still exhibited activities at high temperatures. A further study would be conducted on analyzing the unique characteristics universally found in the genes of selected bacteria. First, hot spring samples were collected form Peitou and Wulai, and then cultured on the PY, PTG, MFB, and TS media in the laboratory. After the broth media growing with thermophilic bacteria, a series of continuous dilution method and solid-plate spreading were applied to separate these bacterial clones. The genomic DNA of the selected bacteria was extracted and used to analyze subtilisin-like gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and electrophoresis. Finally, we examined the six selected thermophilic bacteria with the enzymatic activities of fibrin- and milk-protein degradation. We successfully concluded the experiment by proving that these thermophilic bacteria still exhibited significant enzymatic activitives in the high-temperature environments. The results of this experiment can be applied in numerous fields, for example, thrombus treatment and food processing, and a more in-depth study shall warrant the due consideration. 這次的實驗，主要是研究在不同的溫泉區中所採集不同種類細菌，是否酵素在高溫下仍具活性，如果有，再進而研究它們的基因有何特別的共同之處。首先，我分別自北投和烏來採集水樣，到實驗室後再以PY、PTG、MFB 和TS 四種培養基做細菌的培養，接著再利用連續稀釋和固態塗抹來做細菌的分離。經過挑選和培養之高溫菌直接進行DNA 的抽取，並利用「聚合?鏈反應」和「電泳跑膠」技術分析其類似蛋白質分解酵素subtilisin 基因。另外，本研究同時針對所選定之6 株高溫細菌利用血栓和牛奶蛋白來測試其蛋白質分解酵素的活性。由以上實驗結果可以證明某些細菌在高溫的環境下酵素仍具活性。這次在高溫菌的實驗結論，可應用在很多地方，例如：血栓的治療、在高溫下食品處理‧‧‧等，應用相當廣泛。
利用奈米級的二氧化鈦〈TiO?〉在紫外光降解幾丁聚醣的研究
本實驗中利用二氧化鈦能在常溫下經紫外線催化，分解空氣中的水分子，產生自由基的特性，攻擊幾丁聚醣中碳與氧鍵結的部分，使chitin 的分子量成功的從近50000 降解至3000以下；並可利用照射時間的不同，降解出分子量不同的chitin。此法不但大大排除利用化學法降解時廢液處理上的問題，而且還能利用照紫外光時間長短的不同來控制分子量的大小；又奈米級二氧化鈦(TiO?)在紫外光在短短四個小時之內就有很好的降解效果，除了節省了反應所需的時間外，降解前後幾丁聚醣的濃度也很高，因此所需的成本也遠低於當今利用酵素降解的方法。In the experiment, we used the properties of TiO? that can be catalyzed by UV rays and breaking the molecules of H?O and produce free radicals, which free radicals can attack the chemical bond between carbon and oxygen in chitin, successfully degrading chitin's molecular weight from 50000 to 3000.We also use different shining times to degrade chitosan into different molecular weight. In this way, we not only readily solve the problem of treating waste liquids produced by chemical degradation, but also control the molecular weight by different UV ray shining time. For another thing, TiO? in the nanometer level has excellent effect on degradation within 4 hours under UV ray shining. It not only cut back the reaction time but also produced high concentration of the chitin after degradation. As a result, the cost is much lower than that of using enzyme to degrade chitin.
揭開變化球的神秘面紗 --- 探討丘腦至前額葉的路徑連結
During the evolution of humankind, development of frontal cortex has played a critical role, where higher brain function like emotions, self-consciousness, decisions…etc, were all related to frontal cortex. On the other hand, thalamus is usually associated with relaying the sensory signals from peripheral receptors. In order to understand the functional role of frontal cortex, the signal processing mechanisms in the thalamo-frontal cortical pathway became an important research issue. The aim of this experiment was to find a method to dissect a brain slice that contains a connecting route in vitro between thalamus and frontal cortex with functional activity. Through nerve fibers tracking technique using fluorescent-dye (DiI), it was understood that the 3D-space connection between thalamus and frontal surface was an upward curve with a turn of about 110 degrees and bending inwards from the two sides. If a conventional horizontal section was performed, the route would be cut-off and its integrity lost regardless of the direction. To solve this problem, a novel section method was developed to retain the route. Based on the route direction shown by the fluorescent-dye, a piece of brain block was cut and flattened of about 110 degrees. Other sections were performed as control for studying the effectiveness of the sectioning on the plane of the route. Finally, electrophysiological methods were used to verify the connection route was complete and functional. Thalamus-evoked extracellular field potentials in the frontal cortex were observed by changing stimulation strength, adjusting slice temperature and prepared oxygen supply and administration of drugs like CNQX and picrotoxin in the 110 degree flattened slice but not the others. It was found that the reaction was essentially a neuronal response, indicating the pathway between thalamus and frontal surface was retained substantially. With this novel brain slice technique, we can assess the functional connection between thalamus and frontal cortex and investigate the cellular mechanisms of the signal processing in this connection pathway. It is anticipated that present technique provides an important step to further elucidate the functional role of the frontal cortex. 在人類的演化史上，前額葉的發展扮演了極為重要的角色，凡舉情緒、自我意識、決策等，皆與前額葉有關。而丘腦通常與視覺、聽覺及本體感受如痛覺、觸覺、溫度覺的訊息傳遞有關。要了解前額葉的功能，丘腦到前額葉的徑路及訊息處理機制，便成為一個很重要的研究課題。本實驗的目的是尋找一個方法能在離體的腦切片上維持具有丘腦到前額葉連結的徑路並且有功能的活性。經由螢光染料(DiI)神經束追蹤技術，了解從丘腦至前額葉路徑的三度空間連結為一先向下再向上約110度的角度轉折，並同時先由內向外再轉向內的曲線，若用一般水平之切片方法，無論何種方向，其路徑必定會被切斷，不能保持其完整性。為了解決此問題，發展出一種可以保存其路徑的腦切片方法。依照螢光染料所顯示出的的路徑走向，在腦塊的皮質上切一刻痕，將腦塊以110度的角度展平，使其路徑處在一個平面上再切片。最後利用電生理的方法來證明所切出的連結路徑是完整且具有活性。改變在丘腦的刺激強度、調整腦切片(腦脊髓液)溫度、氧氣的供給以及施予藥物CNQX、picrotoxin，觀察其前額葉之電位變化，發現其反應確實為神經反應，表示從丘腦至前額葉的路徑已在這種特殊的腦切片中被完整保存。藉由這個方法，將有助於研究丘腦至前額葉功能性連結，神經網路結構，及其訊息處理機制，並期待以這樣一個全新的方法將來有助於瞭解前額葉的功能。
總站該設在哪裡？—另類費馬點的研究
The definition of "Fermat Point" is that a dot, which lies in a triangle, has the minimum distance to the three apexes. In other words, "Fermat Point" has the minimum distance to three dots which are not on the same line. In the broad sense, then, in a N polygon, a dot which has the minimum distance to the N apexes could be named "Fermat Point." But what if we link up the N apexes and find out that they cannot make a convex polygon? The above is what we wish to fully discuss. Our inspiration comes from a paper on"Fermat Point." It just describes N convex polygon, so we think of putting the case to naturally polygon. The case may be that it is a concave polygon or part of the apexes which lies on the same line. We would not base our study on the conventional methods. Moreover, strictly defined, the repeated line segment will not be taken into account. That is, if the "Fermat Point" drops on the line with more than two dots on it, we just count the\r line segments except for the shorter line segments which were originally included in other studies. According to the theorem, our conclusions are as follows: 1. If N points lie on the same line segment, then the "Fermat Point"can be any point on the line segment. 2. If (N-1) points are on the same line segment, then the "Fermat Point" is on the point which two lines join together. One is that the line segment, and the other is the one which passes the remaining point and\r perpendicular to the first line segment. 3. Now there are (M+N) points. Among them, M points will make a M jog-polygon. The others all drop in the polygon. As the diagram shown beneath, we know that the "Fermat Point" drops on the point which two lines join together. The two lines must pass as many points as possible. 所謂的「費馬點」是指三角形內到三頂點距離和最小的點。換言之，「費馬點」就是到平面上不共線三點距離和最小的點。因此，我們可定義，廣義的「費馬點」即是n 多邊形內到各頂點距離和最小的點，亦即到平面上不共線n 點距離和最小的點，但若平面上n 點不能恰為n 多邊形的頂點呢？這就是我們所要討論的。由於我們的靈感來自一份關於「費馬點」的科展作品，所以我們想到，當平面上n 點不能恰為n 凸多邊形的頂點，甚或其中有一部分的點共線時，將不能以n邊形的方法來探討，但我們可以將之化為m 邊形內（n-m）個點來討論。而更重要的是，我\r 們增加了另一個限制，重複的線段將不被我們列入計算。亦即當所求點落在某一多點共線的線段上時，我們只計算該線段的總長，而不計其中重複的較短線段。根據這個原則，我們試行證明平面上三點、四點、五點及六點的可能情況，期望能從中找出足以推廣至平面上n 點的一般性。結果雖不完美，但我們總算差強人意的歸納出了下列結論：1.若n 點共線段，所求點可為所共線段上任一點。2.若（n-1）點共線段，則由該不共線點引一線與共線段垂直，其交點即為所求。3.若（n+m）個點中有m 個點為一m 多邊形的頂點，另外n 個點落在該m 多邊形內，則由兩個外頂點引直線盡可能通過最多點，該兩直線的交點即為所求。
關於渦旋〈二〉
在做這實驗之前，我花了很長一段時間思考一個問題：我如何能得到同\r 樣大小（均勻）的水珠陣列？我在家中各個角落放置許多水瓶，看看哪\r 個地方能培養出顆粒相同的水珠？ 往往肉眼見到整齊排列的水珠，一經\r 顯微鏡觀察，可就大小不齊整了。\r 第一篇中的實驗，幾乎是「水珠日記」，記載冷凝過程；其中我特地比對\r 「穩定的水蒸氣氣流」與「擾動的水蒸氣氣流」、「水蒸氣氣流與凝結盤\r 間溫度差別」、「凝結盤密度差別」、「凝結因子的重量百分濃度差別」、「水\r 蒸氣氣流之流速差別」，並加以複合比對。希望能找到產生均勻排列的條\r 件–探討水分子的自我組裝機制（Self Mechanism of Water Droplets）。\r 這其中提出『均勻假說』： 當條件合宜時，冷凝下降的細微水珠會產生\r free vortex ring，形成整齊的渦環組合，進而產生均勻排列的細微水珠陣\r 列。\r 實驗是藉由溶液密度小於水的設計，讓水蒸氣冷凝於液面上，並且因密\r 度較大而下沉。設計的要點是：儘量減少細微水珠自冷凝後的堆疊\r （coalescence），以呈現水珠原貌。\r 在第二篇實驗中，將對渦旋比例尺修正。渦旋本身難測大小，在空氣中\r 也不易觀察，但是若由水中觀看，可藉由空氣蕊長短估算。這次更進一\r 步考慮到排水速率、水深、排水口形狀、與極值。\r \r I have tried to ask a famous math professor if he can create a formula\r describing the ordered array of water droplets。〝Then, I should study Physics\r first !〞He said。\r Condensation is the thing we live with , being found everywhere, passing\r without notice。But we never know0 when it does start？\r This experiment presented here is actually the diary of the growth of water\r droplets through condensation。Through convection and vortex ring, it\r discusses the self assembly mechanism of water droplets and peep into the\r uniformity of the size of water droplets。\r Here, vortex ring plays an important role in the self assembly mechanism of\r water droplets which is not triggered in the daily life。\r By coalescence, water droplets grow bigger, but are not round again。We used\r the polymer film as template and designed the solution lighter than water, so\r the minute droplets will sink to the bottom and layer by layer。After seconds\r we may have multilayers of ordered array。\r This is the first step in discovering the uniformity of water droplets, besides, I\r made some correction to the Vortex-Ruler。Vortex-Ruler will be useful in\r researching the flying mechanism of butterfly and dragonfly as to judge\r which one induces more vortices。
枯木潛盾機──石氏煙管蝸牛 (Euphaedusa sheridani shihi Chang) 取食策略之研究
When one time we beautified our campus. It made us meet the snails, Euphaedusa sheridani shihi Chang, unexpectedly. Maybe snails make people associate with the holes on vegetables tops in thinking. Do all of the snails make vegetables tops as their food? We compared with the weight of the wood which has been stayed by snails or not. After a week, the weight of the wood which has been stayed by E. sheridani shihi Chang decreased obviously. It showed they also make wood as their food. What do they decompose wood become? First, we used the basic Carbohydrate's detection means to test the eluate of the wood which has been stayed by E. sheridani shihi Chang. However, we found both the eluate of the wood which has been stayed by E. sheridani shihi Chang or not can examine the Pentose out. So next, we plan to use SDS-PAGE to analyze the left enzyme on the wood, and use it to prove whether they secrete enzyme in mouth to decomposed wood or not. In addition, the holes these snails made and the environment are connected. By means of changing light, temperature and humidity to experiment with how much wood can these snails decompose. We found in the dark, about 20℃ and moist environment, they could decompose the wood the most. Finally, the holes they made on the wood also have its ecological niche. They decomposed the wood not only hastened the dissolution of the wood, but also provided the microhabitat for alga, fungi and small bugs.一次綠化校園的活動，製造了我們與石氏煙管蝸牛的邂逅。蝸牛，或許使很多人想到蔬菜上的洞，但真的所有的蝸牛都以蔬菜為食嗎？比對有無蝸牛棲息的兩組木頭，結果一星期之後有蝸牛棲息的木頭重量明顯減少，顯示蝸牛也以木頭為食。那麼牠們把木頭分解成什麼呢？我們先以基本的醣類檢測方法，檢測蝸牛棲息過的木頭表面洗出液，不過發現不管有無蝸牛棲息皆可檢驗出五碳醣，接著預計用SDS 膠體電泳看是否可以分離分析出蝸牛在消化木頭時殘留在木頭上的酵素，以證明蝸牛是否在口腔分泌酵素以分解木頭。至於環境和蝸牛消化木頭的關係，我們藉著改變光線、溫度、溼度等變因進行實驗，發現牠們在陰暗、潮濕、約20℃的環境下可以分解最多的木頭。最後，牠們分解木頭形成的洞也具有其生態意義，不僅加速木頭的分解，也製造了微棲地提供藻類、真菌及小型生物的生存空間。
蓮花自潔效應之成因機制
奈米科技是二十世紀末、二十一世紀初新興的科學技術，由於它是在1~100 nm（n = 10-9）的尺度內改造原子及分子排列，創造新物質【1】，將顛覆傳統改造物性，被預言將帶來人類的第四波工業革命，對物理、電子、光電、化工、材料、生醫、機電各領域帶來巨大衝擊。『蓮』是世界上最早的被子植物之一，在一億四千萬年前就生長在地球上，蓮的分布甚廣，從印度、中國、日本、北美到西伯利亞到處都有蓮的蹤跡。蓮的生命力強，很能適應環境，美國加州大學曾試驗培植古代蓮子，經過1300 年的沉睡，古代蓮子仍然正常發芽【2】。台灣的蓮花是十七世紀的移民，自中國帶來種植的。『奈米科技』和『蓮』這兩個不同年代的產物名詞如何連結在一起，他們怎樣相互依存；這正是本文討論的重點，也是了解『奈米科學』很好的例子。本文藉出汙泥而不染，闡述蓮花的自潔（self-cleaning）效應。一般在奈米技術中，簡稱『蓮花效應』【3】，包含清潔機制、成因；使用觀察紀錄自潔狀況情形，幫助對蓮花自潔過程的掌握。期望能對具有蓮花效應的奈米結構提供良好的意見。本研究的結果發現，蓮花效應強的植物，幾乎具有高抗水性。而抗水性是來自奈米結構和表層蠟質，這兩個特質也是蓮葉、芋頭葉等高蓮花效應的植物所具備的，所以我們推論:奈米結構和表層蠟質越發達，抗水性越好，則植物葉面的蓮花效應越強。Nano technology is one of the most advanced technologies now. Since it will alter and rearrange the fundamental structures of atoms and particles within the space of 1~100 nm (n=10-9) the coming industrial revolution depends on it. Nano technology will pose dramatic impact upon a variety of specific fields including physics, electronics, photon electronics, chemical industries and so on. Lotus is one of the most primitive covered-seed plants. It has existed since 140 million years ago and has spread in wide areas. The University of California made lotus seeds that have been frozen for 1300 years sprouted. The Taiwanese lotus seeds were transported from China in the 1600s. The researchers are to probe into the relationship between the nature of lotus and nanotechnology to understand the potential significance of this newly developed technology. The researcher employed the direct observation and tape recording to collect the objective data of the individual growth steps of lotus to analyze the self-cleaning effect of the lotus. In the conclusive part, the application of the Lotus Effect and the creative technology will be discussed and analyzed with the hope to prescribe both a conclusive experimental principles and a further direction for the manufacturing systems related to the developing Lotus Effect. The researchers of the study found that those plants, which have high quality of Lotus Effect, are given the nature of resisting water, which is the consequence of two features namely, the nano-structures and the surface wax. And the leaves of lotus, potato all have these two features. Therefore, it is inferred that the more efficient mechanism of the nano-structure and surface wax and Lotus Effects the plants are, the more effects of the water-resistance function will the plants achieve.
芯電感應
Based on Ampere，s Law, the magnetic field intensity of the solenoids is B=μ0μr?n?I, where μ0 is the magnetic permeability of free space, μr is the relative magnetic permeability, n is the number of coils per unit length and I is the solenoidal current. The end magnetic field of the solenoid must multiply by one half. According to the above result, it can be greatly strengthened by the addition of a ferromagnetic core. First, we observe three different inserted materials of coils (wood, iron and magnetite), whose magnetic induction in different solenoidial current. By experiment, when the iron and magnetite materials were inserted into the coil, it would produce larger magnetic induction. The calculated relative magnetic permeabilities of wood, iron and magnetite materials are 0.57, 18.37 and 18.32, which are close to the reported paper (1). When the driving field is removed, the fraction of the saturation magnetization of the magnetite is retained, which is called hysteresis and is related to the existence of magnetic domains in the material. In the second part, we change the frequency of circuit switch, which induced different current. Compared with the result of the first part, it would fit the result, which is the induced magnetic field is proportion to the solenoidal current. 根據安培定律，螺線管的磁場為B=μ0μr?n?I。其中μ0為真空中的導磁率，μr為相對的導磁率，n為單位長度的線圈匝數，I則為通入螺旋管的電流。至於螺旋管的端點磁場須再乘上1/2。所以根據上述的結果，當螺旋管插入鐵磁性物質，會增強螺旋管的磁場。首先，觀察三種不同的芯物質；非鐵磁性材料，軟磁材料，硬磁材料（木棒，低碳鋼棒，磁鐵棒）在不同的外加磁場下的感應磁場，得到芯物質的磁化曲線，而計算出來的相對導磁率分別為0.57, 18.37 和18.32與參考文獻(1)接近。而當外加磁場移走時，硬磁性物質的磁性仍然存在，稱為殘磁現象。在第二部分，我們改變線路開關的頻率。發現不同的開關頻率，會得到不同的螺旋管電流，而造成不同的感應磁場。再度驗證了感應磁場大小是正比於螺旋管電流的大小。
以廢找廢~讓重金屬離子無所遁形~
在相對較高氧化電位下的前處理，這樣的活化步驟已被普遍接受。藉由這樣的活化步驟，廢煤渣（傳統鋼鐵業）轉變成能夠有效偵測微量鉛金屬離子的催化劑。微量鉛金屬離子的偵測是藉由方波剝除伏安法進行。在最佳化參數下，偵測鉛金屬離子的靈敏度為11.482μA/ppm(斜率??)，線性範圍為0.1－2ppm。最後，照光設備之應用亦可用來提升偵測鉛金屬離子時之靈敏度。最終實際應用則取天然的水進行實驗之驗證。The preactivation process (i.e., preanodization) at very positive potentials has been accepted as the prime activating procedure. By using the preactivation process, waste cinder (from steel industry) were converted into an efficient catalyst in the determination of Pb2+ in cinder-modified carbon paste electrodes. The possibility of determining Pb2+ at trace levels was examined by square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry. Under the optimized analytical conditions, the sensitivity, linearity, and detection limit are 11.482 μA/ppm, and0.1－2 ppm (r = 0.974). Finally, the lighting was also used to raise the sensitivity of the determining Pb2+. The practical applications were demonstrated to measure trace Pb2+ in natural waters.