目前市面上可以轉換顏色的物品大多可是經由物理變化所控制的，而以化學發光的產品，往往都只能有單一顏色，例如螢光棒，當它被製造出來時，就註定了本身就帶某種顏色，難道光的顏色無法經由某些特殊反應讓其在不同顏色間轉換嗎 ?

A total of 64 nonduplicate isolates of erythromycin-resistant (MIC, >1 μg/ml) Streptococcus pyogenes collected from 1979 to 2003 in Taiwan were evaluated. They were collected from three cohort period: 1979 –1989, 1990-1999 and after 2000. The in vitro activities of 10 antimicrobial agents were determined by the agar dilution method. Penicillin, cephalothin, cefotaxime, vancomycin, and ofloxacin were shown to be active against S. pyogenes isolates (100% sensitive). Erythromycin and azithromycin both had poor activities (MIC50s, 16 and >128 μg/ml, respectively; MIC90s, >512 and >128 μg/ml, respectively). The activities of tetracycline, clindamycin, and chloramphenicol against a significant number of these isolates were also limited. Among the 64 S. pyogenes isolates, 58% had constitutive resistance [cMLS], 40% had an M phenotype and 2% had an iMLS phenotype (inducible resistance [iMLS]). A substantial upsurge in the incidence of M phenotype erythromycin-resistant isolates was found with time for S. pyogenes (10% in 1979–1989, 48% in 1990–1999 and 65% after 2000). The erythromycin resistance genes in 64 isolates of the different cohorts were investigated by PCR. All cMLS phenotype isolates tested had ermB gene. The M phenotype isolates had only the macrolide efflux (mefA) gene. This study shows the secular changes of increasing susceptibility of S. pyogenes isolates to both erythromycin and clindamycin in Taiwan. The mechanisms of erythromycin resistance have changed from the predominance of ermB gene (cMLS) to mefA gene (M phenotype). 本研究是探討台灣自1970 年代末期以來不同世代A群鏈球菌菌株對紅黴素的抗藥性及抗藥基因特徵的演變。研究者收集台灣二十年前(1980 年代前後，第一世代)、十年前(1990 年代，第二世代)、)及最近(2000 年以後，第三世代)之A 群鏈球菌菌株共64 株，利用抗生素圖譜和雙藥錠擴散測試及聚合?連鎖反應(PCR)、和脈衝式膠體電泳研究A 群鏈球菌對紅黴素抗藥性的表現型及基因型特徵。結果發現第一世代的A 群鏈球菌對紅黴素最小抑菌濃度(MIC)值相當高，幾乎都是>512 μg/ml，90%為多重抗藥菌株。第二世代則相對有降低，在第三世代此現象更明顯，多重抗藥菌株為30%。在雙藥錠擴散測試結果，從第一世代來看cMLS 佔大多數(90%)，M 型佔10%；第二世代cMLS 及M 型相當分別佔52%及48%；第三世代主要為M 型佔65%，cMLS 佔30%，iMLS 佔5%。利用PCR研究紅黴素抗藥性基因發現所有cMLS 菌株皆有ermB 基因，所有M 型菌株皆有mefA 基因，iMLS 菌株則有ermTR 基因。由本研究顯示在台灣A 群鏈球菌對紅黴素之抗藥性隨著不同世代有逐年改善之趨勢，由MIC50的降低可看出，菌株對紅黴素的敏感性提高，可為臨床治療之參考。

在生活的觀察中，我們注意到人們在轉動呼拉圈時似乎是行一種「以軸轉動一個半徑遠大於軸半徑的環」的運動，在查過相關資料後，並沒有發現比較完整的探討。本研究的目的，是要找出在圓環被轉軸所驅動的運動模式中，影響環轉動頻率的各個因素，諸如：環半徑、環質量、轉軸半徑與環轉速之間的關係。根據我們所做的實驗，對相同的一個環而言，以半徑較小的軸用固定轉速轉動時，即使環的轉速變快，但始終與轉軸的轉速相等。由此我們推斷：無論環與軸之間的半徑關係為何，在環能穩定轉動的情況下，兩者的轉動週期將會相等。另外，在實驗的過程中，「軸驅動環」所引起的軸晃動一直困擾著我們，但這也引發了一項應用：如果原本穩定轉動的環和軸振動，則振動將被放大，藉此設計可以作為地震感測器。亦可作為儀器的保護裝置或是指向裝置。While playing a hula-hoop, we noticed that it seems to be a motion that the axis rotates a circle whose radius is larger than axis’. By checking relative theses, we found that there is no better research having fully discussed about this topic. The purpose of this research is to find out the motion pattern that a circle is rotated by the foce of an axis and the factors affecting rotation, such as radius and mass of circles, the radius of axes, and the frequency of axes and circles. According to our experience, no matter which height the circle stay at, or how fast the frequency of axis is, the frequency of circle will be the same. As a result of this, we guess that if it can be a stable circle, the frequencies of the axis and the circle shall be the same. Another confusing fact is the vibration of the axis, but it enables a new application: if a vibration affects a circle-axis system, the vibration will be enlarged. By this application, we are able to design an earth-quack senor, or protecting or pointing instruments as well.

我們的研究包括兩部份，第一部份是實地調查訪問。瞭解地震成因、傷害及現有防震方法，並調查坊間各種建築物類型，及常見私自改變建築物結構現象，做為研究的基礎。第二部份為建築物抗震實驗。研究發現：牆面挖空、頂樓加蓋、樓層挑高，建築物會在該處產生弱點，由此斷裂。柱子數量相同下，散開時支撐力較弱。不對稱建築物遇震時會不自然扭轉且易倒。隔震素材恰當，能有效提高耐震力。滑軌、彈珠隔震效果很好，但位移太大，為實際建築所不容許。建物下加裝阻尼材料，能吸收部份地震能量，降低地震對建築物的危害，並有效控制位移問題，是良好的隔震素材。樓頂加裝消能設施亦能減震，但設計極其不易。 The research includes two parts. In the first part the work is concentrated on on-site visiting and investigation such as understanding the cause of earthquake, the damage and the preventive method currently available, investigating the different types of building and the phenomenon of altering the structure of an existing building without permission by government authorities which is popularly seen in Taiwan. These are considered as the basis of the research. The second part is the experimental study of earthquake resistance of a building. The test results showed that weak-point can be caused at the place where the existing wall is moved or an extra building is attached to the roof or the structure of building has extended space between floors, and fracture always occurs at the weak-point. If the number of columns of a building is the same, then the scattering arranged location of columns is weaker than concentrating type of arrangement of columns. The building having unsymmetrical structure will twist in uneven fashion that causes the building apt to collapse in case of earthquake. Employing proper vibration-absorption material can effectively increase earthquake resistance. Sliding rails and balls can provide satisfiable vibration-isolation effect, but can also cause too much displacement of building structure. Install damping material beneath the building can absorb part of the energy of earthquake, and decrease the damage, and can solve the problem of displacement of building, therefore, damping material can be considered as an ideal vibration-isolation material. Install energy-attenuation equipment can also reduce vibration but the design of the equipment is extremely difficult.

本研究的目的在利用LP 唱盤系統發聲原理，以鑽石唱針摩擦各種金屬表面所產生的頻譜圖，與金屬材質的相關性。除了LP 唱盤外，我們應用CoolEdit 軟體來分析聲音資料，並利用相似度統計理論，將頻譜圖用量化比較。實驗結果發現：Ⅰ、藉用LP 系統錄取各種金屬材質頻譜圖形，有相當高的穩定性，相同金屬聲音頻譜圖形重疊性高，以統計演算出的量化結果與圖形觀察相似。Ⅱ、同一金屬在不同摩擦速率時，所產生的頻譜圖略異，經由樣本相似度門檻t 值鑑定，顯示摩擦的速率會影響聲音頻譜的產生。本研究的結果可應用在材質的分析比較。The objective of this study is, based upon the principle how LP phonograph players generate sounds, to obtain sound spectrographs from rubbing diamond phonograph needles against surfaces of a variety of metal and thus to link the sound spectrograph to certain metal material. Besides the LP phonograph player, we also use the software, Cool Edit, for analysis of sound data and, according to theory of similarity statistics, quantity comparisons of spectrographs. The result of the study shows: I. A high stability exists when spectrographs of a variety of metal material are recorded by the LP system. There is high frequency that spectrographs of same metal material overlap. The quantification result from statistic calculation is similar to the graphs as they are observed. II. Spectrographs differ slightly when a certain metal is rubbed at different speeds. As appraised by sample similarity threshold t value, it shows that rubbing frequency will affect the formation of spectrographs. The result of this study can be employed to analyze and compare qualities of material.

修正汽車駕駛喜歡猛踩加油踏板之習慣,把一加油動作分解成多段階級式加油動作,使自動變速箱內扭力降低達到順利變換高速檔o 達到節約能源.減少污染.提高效率之目的。The oil-saving project by adjusting the driving habits To avoid the habit of easily step the pedal to speed up, we divide it into multi-step fuel-filling procedures. Therefore, they decrease the wristing strength of transistor inside auto speed-changing box and reach high-speed brake smoothly. As a result, it can save energy, reduce pollution and increase high efficiency.

Color is not a physical quantity, but it is a characteristic of spectra. Traditionally spectra of light sources are characterized by the wavelengths and intensities of the spectral lines. We propose an alternative way of charactering spectra using colors. Using digital cameras, convex lens, and a 600 Lines/mm grating, we design a “Digital Spectrophotometer” (Pic.1), which uses no light sensors and electrical circuits that are necessary for conventional spectrometers. To analyze a spectrum using the “Digital Spectrophotometer”, we take digital images of the diffracted light through the grating emitted by the light source and then analyze the intensity distribution of the color components of the spectral lines. The structure of the “Digital Spectrophotometer” is simple and is easy to operate. The Digital Spectrophotometer includes a computer software program we have developed called the “Digital Spectrological Method”. After enlarging the digital spectrographs to a mosaic scale and regards each mosaic as a basic color block, the Digital Spectrological Method will transform every color block into a four dimensional “color coordinates” (λ (wavelength), R(red), G(green), B(blue)), where the coordinateλ is translated from the spatial position of the spectral line and the R, G, and B coordinates specifies respectively the corresponding intensity of the red, green, and blue color components. Comparing the “color coordinates” of the unknown light sources to the known, we can easily identify the wavelengths of the lights emitted by the unknown illuminant precisely. We have accomplished the following experiments by using the “Digital Spectrophotometer”: 1. Measure the spectra of various gaseous atoms, and establish the “database of digital spectra in color coordinates” (DDSCC). 2. Compare the characters of color presentation between digital camera images and positive film of the optical camera. 3. Identify the absorption spectrum of the Solar spectrum (Fraunhofer Lines) using the DDSCC. 4. Analyze the Orion αandβ spectrum using the DDSCC. 5. Identify the 589.0 and 589.6 nm wavelength difference between the “Double Lines of sodium spectrum”. 6. Measure the range of wavelength of the colored LED and register the results into the (λ, R, G, B) coordinates. 7. Compare the range of wavelength of He-Ne Laser and commercial Laser pointer. 8. Measure the Zeeman splitting of the hydrogen atom spectrum at 0.5 Tesla. 顏色雖不是物理量，卻是光譜的特性，傳統上對光譜的分析只記錄波長及對應的強度，而非以顏色來區分。我們運用數位相機、凸透鏡及600 條/㎜光柵，設計一個以顏色成分為標準來分析各類光譜的「數位攝譜儀」(Pic.1)。這個新的設計無須使用傳統光譜儀所需之光感應器及電路設計，只需拍攝光源透過光柵的繞射影像即可分析對應之光譜。我們製作的「數位攝譜儀」包含了一個自行設計的電腦軟體程式「數位光譜分析法」；將拍攝到光譜數位影像放大成「馬賽克」，作為光譜的最小「色塊」，該程式可將每個色塊轉換為一組四維的「顏色座標」 (λ (波長)，R(紅)，G(綠)，B(藍))，其中的λ 座標係由光譜線的位置轉換而來，而紅、綠、藍座標則記錄對應的紅、綠、藍色成分強度。與已知光源譜線的「顏色座標」比較，「數位攝譜儀」可精確測量各種未知光源放射出的光波波長且操作方便。利用「數位攝譜儀」的數位分析方法，我們完成以下實驗：1. 測量不同種類的原子光譜，建立「數位光譜資料庫」，包括氫、汞及鈉原子。2. 比較數位相機影像與光學相機正片的色彩顯影。3. 利用「數位光譜資料庫」，鑑定太陽光譜中的吸收光譜(Fraunhofer Lines)。4. 利用「數位光譜資料庫」，分析獵戶座α、β的可見光光譜。5. 鑑別波長589.0、589.6 奈米的鈉雙線。6. 用顏色座標(λ,R,G,B)測量發光二極體的波長範圍。7. 比較He-Ne 雷射與雷射光筆放光的波長範圍，發現市售雷射光筆所放之光並非單頻。

我們的研究工作有兩項重要成果：首先，根據物理學的彈性體振動模型發現：主動脈硬化的定量分析訊息可由測量主動脈相對於心臟運動的延遲時間明確得知，而且可用目前臨床使用中的心臟超音波儀器直接進行此一測量。在對23 個樣品、每個樣品分析大約50至100 次心跳的初步研究中發現，此一延遲時間是確實存在的，而且延遲時間超過大約0.17秒時，樣品就可能具有動脈硬化的現象。其次，在比照過10 組樣品的數據後發現，上述之延遲時間確定可由體外的胸前超音波掃描（TTE）準確測得，而不需要採用侵入式的經食道超音波掃描（TEE），以免除受測者的不適，及避免副作用的風險，使得此一新方法更具有方便、普遍的優點。而且此一方法也可能由數據的分佈發覺心血管之其他病徵。未來仍需應用此一方法對較多樣品進行研究以進一步確定此診斷方法之可靠性。 Two important results were achieved in this research. Firstly, according to the physical model of elastic oscillation, we found that the qualitative analysis of aorta stiffness could be obtained by a measurement of the delay time of the aorta motion relative to the cardiac motion. This measurement could be carried out with the conventional echocardiography. A preliminary analysis based on 23 samples, with 50 to 100 heartbeats per sample, confirmed the existence of this delay time. Also, a delay time of greater than 0.17 sec might imply the symptom of aorta stiffness. Secondary, after a comparison of 10 samples, the aforementioned delay time could be measured with TaransThoracic Echo (TTE) instead of TransEsophadeal Echo (TEE), in which the later is invasive while the former is not. Therefore, the discomfort of the patient and the risk of invasive operation can be avoided, making this new method more convenient and more common to accomplish. This method could also clearly discern some abnormal cardiac performance. A large-scale study with this method should be conducted in the future.

本文中我們探討一個有趣的數列。這個數列有一個非常特殊的性質：將數列相鄰兩項的前項當分子，後項當分母，所產生的分數數列，恰好會出現所有的正有理數。 這個特殊的性質表示，可以將正有理數按照這個方式作排序，這個排序將完全不同於常見的正有理數排序的方法。 (1). 在正有理數的排序的結構中，我們做出許多有關於此數列的定理。 (2). 用數學歸納法證明此分數數列涵蓋所有正有理數，且每一正有理數只出現過一次。 (3). 將數列分割後，利用試算表製成數列規則表，並整理出快速的方法將數列表達出來。 (4). 將an 數列排成“樹＂的模式，可更快速的把正有理數寫下來。 (5). 最後，設計出搜尋正有理數的演算法，解決在分數數列中第n個正有理數會是多少；以及正有理數會出現在數列中第幾項的問題。 Let’s discuss an interesting sequence. There is a very special quality in it. In this sequence, choose two numbers, which are close to each other, and suppose the first number as “member” while the second one as “denominator.” Then we can get a fraction sequence that includes all of the positive rational numbers! According to this special quality, we can arrange positive rational numbers by the following method. Then we can get a brand-new way of the arrangements. (1). We can find many theorems about this sequence according to this special arrangement of the positive rational numbers. (2). We can prove the rule that this fraction sequence includes all of the positive rational numbers by mathematical induction. Furthermore, every positive rational number appears only once. (3). After dividing this sequence into several parts, we can get a sequence rule list by using trial balance and find a faster method to express the sequence. (4). Arrange the an sequence by the tree model. By this way, we can get all of the positive rational numbers much faster. (5). Finally, we can develop the operation method to solve the questions that what position would one positive rational number be in the sequence and what is the first, second, third or nth positive rational number of the sequence.

在相對較高氧化電位下的前處理，這樣的活化步驟已被普遍接受。藉由這樣的活化步驟，廢煤渣（傳統鋼鐵業）轉變成能夠有效偵測微量鉛金屬離子的催化劑。微量鉛金屬離子的偵測是藉由方波剝除伏安法進行。在最佳化參數下，偵測鉛金屬離子的靈敏度為11.482μA/ppm(斜率??)，線性範圍為0.1－2ppm。最後，照光設備之應用亦可用來提升偵測鉛金屬離子時之靈敏度。最終實際應用則取天然的水進行實驗之驗證。The preactivation process (i.e., preanodization) at very positive potentials has been accepted as the prime activating procedure. By using the preactivation process, waste cinder (from steel industry) were converted into an efficient catalyst in the determination of Pb2+ in cinder-modified carbon paste electrodes. The possibility of determining Pb2+ at trace levels was examined by square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry. Under the optimized analytical conditions, the sensitivity, linearity, and detection limit are 11.482 μA/ppm, and0.1－2 ppm (r = 0.974). Finally, the lighting was also used to raise the sensitivity of the determining Pb2+. The practical applications were demonstrated to measure trace Pb2+ in natural waters.