Reduction of traffic congestion in España Boulevard using graph theory
There have been numerous studies exploring the applications of graph theory in traffic management, often finding ways to reduce traffic congestion and make traveling more efficient. Such studies will be beneficial when applied to heavily congested areas such as España Boulevard, one of the busiest thoroughfares in Manila. This paper aimed tooptimize the road map of España Boulevard using graph theory. The current road map of España Boulevard was represented as a directed graphand subjected to the mutation method of edge removal, wherein an edge isremoved in each mutation based on a computed fitness function, F(G),which depicts better efficiency at lower values. Edges were removed until the graph got disconnected, which was tested using the Floyd-Warshall algorithm. The 28th mutation resulted in a minimum F(G) value of 144.4; this is a 50.18% decrease from the F(G) of the original graph, which is 290. After the 28th mutation, the removals resulted in an increase in the F(G). As a result, the final mutation resulted in an F(G) of 311.89, which characterized a less efficient graph. This study was able to apply graph theory concepts to optimize the España Boulevard road map using the mutation method, minimizing its F(G) by at most 50.18%. For future studies, the practicality of the alternate road map may be tested in simulations to examine its efficiency when other factors, such as traffic volume, are introduced.
探討多子連線的最小阻隔數
2021年國際科展中,有作品探討鉛直與水平排列的支配數,而本研究從五子棋的想法出發,將前述研究進行重要的延伸與改變,探討在a×b棋盤中,「米」字方向無p子連線時,所需的阻隔數最小值。由於有界棋盤比無界棋盤複雜許多,因此我們先在無界棋盤中找出符合阻隔限制的「完美型態」,並找出存在至少一種「完美型態」的p值集合Ω。研究發現,只要是可以表示為p=6k-1或p=6k+1(k∈N)的正整數p,皆可以型態DT(p,d)阻隔。接著我們推廣至有界棋盤,先探討所有p值的f(a,b;p)上界與下界,再針對Ω中的p值做討論,利用「任意1×p區域至少有1個阻隔」的性質導出「完美型態」下長或寬為kp(k∈N)的下界,並找出非常接近f(a,b;p)的上界。我們也將二維的探討方式與結果延伸至三維,找出所有p值的f(a,b,c;p)上下界與可使阻隔型態DT(p,d_R,d_h)為完美型態的p值集合。另外我們也找出嚴格對角拉丁方陣可對應成「完美型態」之必要條件。