2005年

Nematophagous fungi can form different kind of trapping device to trap the nematodes when they show off. They may play a role for control of the plant and animal parasitic nematodes as an alterative choice beside regular practice. We attempt to investigate the adhesive’s attributes and the genes that encode trapping structures. Now we have already constructed the Arthrobotrys musiformis Fosmid library which will play a vital resource for specific genes analysis, cloning and characterization in the future. We have chosen two genes encoding protease and superoxide dismutase from Arthrobotrys musiformis, respectively, and will be used as probes to screen the Fosmid library. The relevent clone(s) will be subject to restrictive enzyme disection, Southern blotting or even whole Fosmid 40kb DNA fragment sequencing to discover the interesting and paramount genes. 線蟲捕捉菌在線蟲出現時可以產生型態各異的捕捉構造，捕捉或黏著線蟲。它是防治線蟲的另類選擇。本實驗是由生物的分生觀點切入，希望能夠了解線蟲捕捉菌Arthroborys musiformis於捕捉網表面之黏液生化特性以及控制產生捕捉構造的基因。目前已完成建 Arthrobotrys musiformis之Fosmid library，並且選擇兩組探針：蛋白質?(protease)以及超歧氧化?(superoxide dismutase)，將以PCR進行基因探針之DIG標定，之後篩檢Fosmid library，選殖出相關clone，進行限制?切割，南方氏雜合特性分析或40kbDNA全序列分析，尋找相關基因以利下游實驗工作之進行。

本實驗的觀測乃著重於觀測各定點之臭氧濃度與該地天氣因子；如溫度、相對溼度、氣壓、雲量、風速、日照強度等與之比較並控制所有可能的變因，來推測一地空氣污染的程度，並從中思考影響一地臭氧濃度變化的要素。 利用自製的熊本試紙來測量在對流層中臭氧的濃度，進而來推論出我們所設的測站附近的空氣污染程度。 由實驗了解臭氧濃度和其他天氣因子如溫度、相對溼度、風向、風速、日照強度、紫外線強度、工廠作息或交通流量等因素有著很微妙的關係。 最後，我們歸納出在做此實驗時所遇到的相關問題與解決方法。 This experimentation is about the ozone of troposphere. We try to find out how the weather elements affect the ozone consistency (for example: air temperature, relative humidity, air pressure, cloudage, wind speed, solar insolation), and to discover the relation between the ozone consistency and the air pollution. We use the test paper which is made by ourselves to measure the ozone consistency of troposphere, so that we con use the date to infer the air pollution level at the area where we conduct our tests. According to our experiment, we find out the ozone consistency and other weather elements (ex: air temperature, relative humidity, air pressure, cloudage, wind speed, solar insolation or traffic), have some delicate relations with each other. Finally, we conclude all the relative problems we face in this experiment and their solutions.

本研究之目的主要為調查臺北市內湖金面山區附近兩棲、爬行動物之物種概況，建立內湖地區的兩棲爬行動物基本生態資料庫，期望藉此研究可推行高中科學教育研究的基礎，並可充實自然生態保育與愛護鄉土心靈教育的實際教材。 調查研究工作是由2003年4月開始，至2004年5月為止，十四個月期間，總計85次的夜間野外觀察，已確認記錄兩棲爬行動物的種類共計有37種(分屬2綱3目13科24屬)，蛙類：4科13種，蜥蜴類：4科9種，蛇類：4科13種，龜鱉類1科2種。 各物種總出現隻次方面，蛙類以拉都希氏蛙的1547隻次為最多，最少的是長腳赤蛙及斯文豪氏赤蛙，僅6隻次。蜥蜴類以黃口攀蜥的1995隻次最多，最少的為麗紋石龍子，僅4隻次；蛇類及龜鱉類以龜殼花最多，共計85隻次，而以梭德氏游蛇、大頭蛇、白梅花蛇、赤背松柏根、南蛇、盲蛇、食蛇龜及材棺龜等均只有1隻次為最少。 出現頻度方面，十四個月份中，蛙類的拉都希氏蛙及古氏赤蛙皆有出現，在85次的調查期間，則是以拉都希氏蛙的97.65％為最高，最少的為長腳赤蛙，只有3.53％；蜥蜴類的黃口攀蜥於十四個月份皆有出現，而在85次的調查期間，則有75次、97.65％最高出現頻度，麗紋石龍子於14個月份及85次的調查，出現頻度均是最低，各是21.43％及3.53％；蛇類及龜鱉類物種中，以龜殼花14個月及61次的出現記錄為最高，出現頻度分別是100％及71.76％；而食蛇龜及材棺龜均只有出現一個月及一次，故其出現頻度為7.14％及1.18％。 分佈廣度而言，於二十二個調查樣區中，蛙類以拉都希氏蛙的95.45％為最大，最小的為長腳赤蛙及斯文豪氏赤蛙的18.18％；蜥蜴類以黃口攀蜥的100％為最大，，最小的是無疣蜥虎的9.09％；蛇類則以龜殼花的86.36％為最大；龜鱉類物種皆僅4.55％的分佈廣度。 各樣區出現物種數方面，蛙類以Ａ區的11種為最多，蜥蜴類以二期校區的7種為最多，蛇類是以ＡＢ區的9種為多；各樣區中，則是以ＡＢ區所發現的兩棲爬行動物物種數最多，合計共有22種物種。 由研究結果得知，調查樣區內的兩棲爬行動物物種歧異度大，其中蛙類的優勢物種為：拉都希氏蛙，蜥蜴的優勢物種為：黃口攀蜥，而龜殼花則為蛇類的優勢物種。而環境溫度的變化，與調查樣區內兩棲爬行動物出現活動的總物種數有顯著之相關性。 ;The goal of this research paper is mainly to investigate Taipei city, Neihu District, nearby Jin-Mian mountain’s amphibious and reptiles for the establishment of the lake area amphibious and reptile basic ecology information bank. It is hoped that this research will provide a foundation to further promulgate the high school science education and research, and may enrich the natural ecology protection and education materials for the loving care of local environment. The investigation started from April, 2003 to May, 2004, or for 14 months period and amounted to 85 times of field observations at night. It was confirmed that there were 37 species of amphibious and reptile ( 2 classes 3 aria 13 families 24genus),amphibious species: 4 families 13 species, lizard: 4 families 9 species, snake: 4 families 13 species, turtle: 1 family 2 species. In regard to the number of times of appearances, amphibious species of Rana latouchii had the most appearances with 1,547 times, and the least appearances was the Rana longicrus and the Rana swinhoana with only 6 times; for the lizards, Japalura polygonata xanthostoma had the most appearances with 1,995 times, and the least appearances was Eumeces elegans with only 4 times; for the snake and turtle, Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus had the most appearances with 85 times; for the Amphiesma sauteri sauteri, Boiga kraepelini, Lycodon ruhstrati ruhstrati, Oligodon formosanus, Ptyas mucosus, Ramphotyphlops braminus , Cistoclemmys flavomarginatn and Mauremys mutica , each had appeared only 1 time. On the appearance frequency, within the 14 months, amphibious species Rana latouchii and Rana kuhlii, Rana latouchii appreared 97.65%, the highest within the 85 investigations period, and the least was the Rana longicrus with only 3.53%; lizard Japalura polygonata xanthostoma had appeared within these 14 months, but in 85 investigations period, their frequency was 75 times, or 97.65% at the highest frequency. Eumeces elegans there upon within the 14 months and 85 investigations, had the lowest frequency each at 21.43% and 3.53%; for the snake and the turtle species, Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus within the 14 months and 61 appearances had the highest frequency record at 100% and 71.76%; but Cistoclemmys flavomarginata and Mauremys mutica only appeared once in a month and, therefore its frequency was at 7.14% and 1.18%. For the distribution breadth, in 22 investigation sample areas, amphibious species take Rana latouchii of the amphibious kind had the biggest record at 95.45%, and the smallest was Rana longicrus and Rana swinhoana at 18.18%; for the lizards, Japalura polygonata xanthostoma was 100% as the biggest, and the smallest was Hemidactylus bowringii at 9.09%; for the snake, the Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus was at 86.36% as the biggest; the turtle species had only 4.55% distribution breadths. For the number of appearance in each area, amphibious species in area A had the most with 11 species, lizard of second period school area had the most with 7 species, the snake of area AB had the most with 9 species. In all other areas, the amphibious reptile species number in area AB had the most with 22 kind of species. From the results of the research, the biodiversity of amphibious and reptile species within the investigation areas is very high, Rana latouchi is the codominant of Frog; Japalura polygonata xanthostoma is the codominant of Lizard, and Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus is the codominant of Snake.

在網際網路蓬勃發展的時代，電腦病毒也更加的猖獗。雖說防毒軟體百家爭鳴，但對於未知病毒的防治技術仍然束手無策。本研究的目的在追溯出電腦惡意程式運行模式，利用IDA靜態反編譯軟體與病毒原始碼尋找出病毒共同的特徵，阻斷其滋生途徑。 本研究在實驗中，研究者利用Borland C++ Builder 6作為應用程式開發環境，配合WinAPI函數與TRegistry類別設計出參數監控系統。研究顯示不論是修改於Window 9x架構下的win.ini, system.ini，或是Run與Run Service之下的資料項，本系統都能有效運作。此系統能成功的攔截到惡意程式對Registry鍵值的讀寫，亦即當使用者否決其修改鍵值時，惡意程式無法在重新開機後運行；易言之，惡意程式失去執行效力。 實驗結果發現，參數監控系統可攔截惡意程式之修改命令，防止未知病毒與惡意程式開機自動運行，以此達到未知病毒的攔截基礎技術。本研究之結果可補強市售防毒系統，對於未知病毒的攔截，能達到完整的防護效果。 Computer viruses become more rampant in the rapidly-developing era of Internet. With the various kinds of Anti-Virus software, people still can do nothing about detecting the unknown viruses. This research aims to trace back the computer virus function mode. By using IDA Pro Disassembler and Virus Source, we can find out the common characteristics of viruses. Thus, we can stop viruses from thriving. The experiment uses Borland C++ Builder 6 as the Registry Detection System by coordinating Win API and TRegistry. It works no matter by modifying win.ini and system.ini under the structure of Window 9x or by modifying Run Value and RunService Value. Moreover, it can intercept the viruses from reading and writing of the ValueKey. As the users deny the modified ValueKey, the viruses cannot run after resetting. In other words, the viruses lose their effects. The results present that Registry Detection System can intercept the modifying commands and prevent the automatic running from unknown viruses. By doing so, we can acquire the basic technology of intercepting the unknown viruses. The application of this study can improve the functions of Anti-Virus. In this way, through protection from unknown viruses can be obtained.

本研究是在探討收割後的綠竹筍(Bambusa oldhamii, green bamboo)的老化(aging)現象。一般人說的竹筍老了，通常是指竹筍的質地變硬，口感變差，此即是竹筍硬化的現象，而硬化的主因可能是竹筍受到逆境 (stress) 的刺激後，影響了基因表現的形態，導致纖維素和木質素的增加。竹筍採收後以不同方式處理，觀察切面的變化後發現，以0.2 M蔗糖水浸泡48小時後的竹筍，其切面比浸泡於水中或置於空氣中的竹筍切面較白，筍尖較綠且沒有枯萎的情況。不管是浸泡糖水、水或置於空氣中，都無法防止竹筍的硬化，但浸水和糖水可延緩竹筍硬化的情形，可見要防止竹筍老化，基本上要從抑制合成纖維素與木質素的酵素來著手。抽取竹筍切面處組織中的DNA並以DNA電泳分析之後發現，竹筍的DNA有被降解成小片段的現象，其大小差不多是180 bp的倍數，可見竹筍遇到逆境時也可能會有類似PCD (programmed cell death, 細胞程序性死亡) 的現象。抽取不同處理竹筍的蛋白質進行2D電泳，比較電泳結果發現，三種處理的竹筍的共同點在於減少的蛋白質幾乎都分布在等電點較低的部分。增加的蛋白質大多數分布在等電點較高的區域，這些增加的蛋白質可能和竹筍老現象與PCD有關。本研究還有兩個方向可以繼續延伸研究，第一個是將2D電泳上有明顯差異的蛋白質色點挖出，進行蛋白質定序，再從資料庫中比對，推測可能是何種蛋白質。第二個是研究抑制竹筍合成纖維素和木質素的?的方法，保持竹筍的口感，使竹筍能成為一種能外銷的食品。 The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the aging of the harvested green bamboo shoots. The research focused on how to prevent the aging of bamboo shoots and why green bamboo shoots become aging. The term “aging” means that the taste of bamboo shoots becomes hardness post harvest. At first, we tried to find out an anti-aging method, which is not only to keep the green bamboo shoots fresh, but also delicious. The method was to soak bamboo shoots in 0.2 M sucrose, in the water or without any treatment. After 48 hours, the cutting surfaces of bamboo shoots treated with sucrose were whiter, and their outer sheaths were greener than those of shoots soaked in the water or without treatment. The results showed that none of them can stop hardness. But the aging of sucrose- or water-treated shoots was retarded. The results suggest that inhibition of the enzyme activities involving cellulose and lignin synthesis may be required to prevent the aging of bamboo shoot post harvest. To get insight into the reason why bamboo shoots become hardness, the differences of protein patterns and DNA patterns between aging and fresh green bamboo shoots were analyzed and compared. The DNA from the bamboo tissues near cutting surface was isolated and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The results showed that DNA from shoots was partially degraded. The fragments appear as a ladder of DNA with sizes in multiples of approximately 180 bp. The presence of the olignucleosome-size DNA fragments suggest that the cells may undergo programmed cell death (PCD). The degradation of DNA was not observed in shoots treated with sucrose. By comparing the results of 2-D gel electrophoresis, it was found that some proteins with low pI values decreased or disappeared post harvest, while proteins with increased levels were detected in the high pI area. These changes in these proteins may result in the aging of the bamboo shoots. Prevention of the aging of green bamboo shoots is not easy. However, I found out from this study that soaking the bamboo shoots in the 0.2 M sucrose was a possible way to preserve them. The cutting surface of sucrose-treated shoots remained white, and the sheaths of the shoots was greener than those treated with other methods. Moreover, the degradation of DNA was not observed. However, it still cannot completely stop the aging of bamboo shoots. Reducing the enzyme activities involving cellulose and lignin synthesis may be a direct way to prevent the aging of bamboo shoots. It seems like there are many things to discover in the future.

A pair of bacterial two-component system RssB-RssA was cooperated into Serratia marcescens for toxicity phenolic compound detection. First step of this study, E coli was used to accept the plasmid and certified by fluorescent. Then transfer the system from E coli into Serratia marcescens. Finally, 7 kinds of chemical, included phenol, benzene, toluene, xylenes, 4-chlorotoluene, 2-nitrotoluene, and kerosene, were used to check the sensitivity of this gene modified Serratia marcescens line. The results showed that this gene modified Serratia marcescens line had good performances and responses to those chemicals. 本實驗是以一受到二元訊號傳遞系統調控的發光基因重組質體，送入黏質色拉雷菌中，並以製備好的菌株進行毒性化合物之測試。在實驗的第一階段，我們將重組質體送入大腸桿菌內，並以其發光的有無來判斷是否達到送入的目的，其後再以電泳法確認各基因片段是否正確。第二階段再以相同的方法將選殖好的重組發光質體送入黏質色拉雷菌。第三階段，以發光重組菌針對酚、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、4-氯甲苯、2-硝基甲苯及煤油進行發光測試。結果方面，我們發現黏質色拉雷菌發光重組菌對於這一系列的酚環類化合物的確具有相當高的敏感度。

這個專題研究的目的是要發展出一套簡單可靠的方法和廉價自製的器材，在地面上即能有效估測大氣層的厚度。我們小組研究光學中雷氏(Rayleigh)散射的原理，針對空氣分子對光線散射作用和特定方向之偏極效應，利用一已知散射長度之路徑，測量其偏極光的強度，同時比對由大氣層散射而來，在同一偏極面上的散射光強度，即能估算大氣層的厚度，方法簡單新穎，自製器材經實際測量和改進，有發展和推廣的價值。\r The main idea of the experiment is to set a system in order to effectively estimate the thickness of the atmosphere. On the theory of “Rayleigh Scattering” (small air molecules sizing about 10-4μm), we developed an equipment that has two tubes. The tubes lead the scattered lights from two paths. One is called “air light” scattered in the ground air, and the other “sky light” is scattered in the sky and reflected by a beam splitter. The two paths are on the same plane; the scattered lights are perpendicular to the direction of sunlight and 100% polarized. We could adjust and measure the distance “d” of the air light path. We simultaneously observe and compare the intensity of the lights from the two paths with the electronic instrument made by ourselves. By using the known distance “d” and the reflection “x” of the beam splitter, we can calculate the thickness of the atmosphere. The experiment is simple, novel and easy to do in an extensive field at school. Researchers don’t have to use a bloom, radar or satellite to discover the atmosphere, but you could use a simple equipment to observe the features of it.

Our research started from June, 2003 to May, 2004. During these twelve months, we collected and discussed the basic ecology material of malformed “ Rana latouchii ”, which we call it frog in the following paragraphs . Thanks for the favorable geographical position, we collected the first-hand data in the area of Jin-Mian Mountain foothill gully situated in Taipei. Our investtigation project includes：the percentage of the malformed frogs in a whole race, the geographical distribution of dominant-abnormal frogs, the sexual distribution of dominant-abnormal forgs, and the possible roots for the generation of malformed frogs. We have altogether carried seventy-six times field investigations. In those investigations, we focused our research on the randomly-sampled 580 Rana latouchii. In these 580 sample, there are 190 female, 350 male, and 40 adolescent. We discovered seventy-six malformed frogs, constituteed by 21 female, 53 male and 2 adolescent. In another words, the occurance of malformed frog in a race is around 13.1. %. In our observation, we can classify dominant-abnormal frogs, “Rana latouchii”, into eight species. Here are the species: 1. the entire body is obviously malformed, 2. with only one eye, 3. in lack of appendage apod, 4. in lack of arms,5. in lack of palms, 6. with excess webbed toes, 7. the maltfromed of appendiculars, 8. the lack of toes on the palms. Within these 8 species, the last species has the highest occurance, 66.38% in aproximation. If we look at the classfication by sex, the ratio of female to male is around 1 to 2.52(1:2.52). However, the possibility of being maleformed is regarded as the same for female and male frogs in the same group. In statistical term, our research shows that the chi-square is 1.742 while our degree of freedom is 1 and confidence level is 95% (X2=1.742，df=1，p>0.05). During the research, we also observe that each malformed species affect different living activities of malformed frogs. In the worst situation, the malformed nature can result in shorter life. In our sampling area, malformed frogs mostly reside in high concealment and high humidity location. In our research data, within these area, our re-captured rate for malformed frogs is 25% and hirudin-parastical rate is 4.31%. As our research shows, the occurance of malformed “Rana latouchii” in our selected area results from 3 main causes： First, the parasitism of leeches or parasitic worm；Second, the agriculturally chemical contaminants；Third , the injured causes from escape from predator. 本研究自2003年6 月至2004年5月為止，共12個月的期間，於臺北市內湖區金面山南麓溪谷，對拉都希氏蛙(Rana latouchii)族群之畸形蛙個體進行基本生態資料的蒐集與探討，調查項目包括：族群中畸形蛙發生的比例、畸形蛙外部形質異常分佈的情形、族群中雌蛙與雄蛙發生外部形質異常之情況及可能造成畸形蛙產生的原因。 研究期間共進行了76次的野外調查，總紀錄了拉都希氏蛙580隻，雌蛙有190隻，雄蛙有350隻，幼蛙有40隻；畸形蛙個體共紀錄有76隻，雌性畸形蛙有21隻，雄性畸形蛙有53隻，幼體畸形蛙有2隻。族群中畸形蛙發生率約為：13.10％，外部形質異常的畸形拉都希氏蛙總計有八大類，包括：1.整隻個體形質畸形，2.單眼個體，3.附肢缺少，4.附肢缺臂，5.附肢缺掌，6.腳掌多趾，7.附肢腳掌畸形，8.附肢腳掌缺趾，其中以附肢腳掌缺趾類的66.38％發生率最高。畸形蛙中雌雄比約為1：2.52，族群中雌蛙與雄蛙發生畸形的比例並無顯著的差異（X2=1.742，df=1，p>0.05）。 不同部位形質畸形的發生，將會影響畸形蛙的個體活動，甚至可能降低畸形蛙的存活機率。研究調查樣區中，畸形蛙較常活動於濕度高且隱蔽度大的分樣區中，畸形蛙的重複捕捉率為25％，被水蛭寄生的比例則約是4.31％。 由調查研究結果顯示，造成內湖金面山區南麓溪谷拉都希氏蛙畸形蛙發生的主要原因，推測可能有下列幾種：(1)水蛭或是吸蟲類的寄生；(2)農作過程中的化學污染物；(3)逃脫掠食者捕食過程受傷。

本實驗在探討，當金奈米粒子和植物中的葉綠素產生鍵結作用力時，能量轉移的結果是否能幫助葉綠素激發電子。經由兩者混合後光譜的變化,發現兩者之間發生能量轉移。為探討此轉移現象和濃度的關係，我們將大小不同的金奈米和不同毫升數的葉綠素作用，並將其結果和金奈米與葉綠素的吸收強度和作比較，使用正規化的計算方法算出比值，由此看出兩者之間能量轉移的效率。當金顆粒約大於30nm時，正規化的數值隨的葉綠素濃度的增加而變大；而當金奈米顆粒約小於30nm時，則隨著葉綠素的增加而變小。Much attention is currently focused on chromophoric molecules because they can not only mimic natural antenna systems but also exhibit unique optical and physical properties. Chlorophyll , produced by extracting from green leaves, has electrostatic interactions with Au nanoparticles through carboxyl groups. Herein, we report the charge transfer between chlorophyll and Au nanoparticles using UV-vis electronic absorption spectroscopy. The efficiency of charge transfer from chlorophyll to Au nanoparticles was estimated by the normalization of Q-ban absorption intensity. From the observation of absorption intensity versus concentration of chlorophyll curves, we find that the efficiency of charge transfer is increased while the size of Au-particle is larger than 30nm, but decreased while the size smaller than 30nm.

本研究主要是探討液晶面板在不同的電壓下，對紅外光區及可見光區之穿透光譜。藉由控制外加液晶面板兩側的電壓，改變內部的電場強度，驅使液晶分子長軸方向改變(偏轉)，以達到控制穿透率之目的。施加於液晶面板兩側的電壓V大於起始電壓V0時，液晶分子長軸受電場作用與電場方向平行，減弱引導偏振光扭轉之能力，讓部分光通過偏振片。令及分別代表穿透率達到最大穿透率之10%及90%時的外加電壓，則定義「光-電開關斜率」γ為：γ =(V90-V10)/V10。透射光強度與外加電壓關係曲線則稱為「光-電開關特性曲線」。穿透率除與液晶分子之旋光程度有關，我們也做了在不同電壓下，液晶分子之穿透光譜，並討論其特性。The main idea of the project is to discuss the transmittance spectra of liquid-crystal device in the range of infrared and visual light (400~900 nm) with different electric field by changing voltage. Different biases are applied to the liquid-crystal cell, causing the axis of liquid-crystal to rotate, and the transmittances are measured. If the application of bias is greater than the threshold voltage (V0), the axis of liquid-crystal will be parallel to the electric field, and make the beam pass through polaroid. Electro-optical switching slope γ is defined as γ =(V90-V10)/V10 , where V10 and V90 are the applied voltages enabling output light signal reaches up to 10% and 90% of its maximum intensity, respectively. It is understood that transmittance depends on the optical activity of liquid-crystal cells. Besides, we will discuss the relation between wavelength and transmittance of liquid-crystal cells.