高分子複合材料的性質、製作與分解
Synthesis of Polymer Material and its Decomposing Processes Because plastic cannot be decomposed naturally by itself, therefore, additives needed to be added to facile the decomposing process. Let us choose one common material: thermoformed Nylon 66. During the formation process, addition of glucose powder and monosaccharide polymerized will result in yielding the products of methyl cellulose, soluble starch and agar powder. Observe whether adding additives would allow changes to occur structurally, or would the elasticity be improved when exist in a linear state, or even it would form a better pH resistance property. According to the experiments, when Nylon 66 contains methyl cellulose, it can sustain the highest tension. Its coefficient of elasticity is 2 times as large as the original one. In terms of the data, we can also observe that when Nylon66 contains soluble starch, it has the lowest ability to sustain tension. Besides, it has the lowest coefficient of elasticity. And when Nylon 66 contains cellulose, it has the highest rate in the process of decomposing.As we look at the surface of polymers under 400 diameters, we can observe that the Nylon 66 with agar powder has some filiferous substance. But we have not confirmed what the matter is. 由於塑膠不能在自然情況下順利分解，所以我們在塑膠中添加其他成分使塑膠可以較易 分解。我們選定常見的塑膠—熱塑性的耐綸-66。在聚合物的製作過程中添加葡萄糖、澱粉、 洋菜粉末以及甲基纖維素，並觀察加入添加物的塑膠在結構上是否有變化？其塑膠在線型時 之張力是否有增強？耐酸鹼性是否有變化？由實驗結果我們可以得知含有甲基纖維素之耐綸 -66 所能承受之張力強度最高，且其彈性係數也比無添加物之耐綸-66 高出近2 倍；而含可溶 性澱粉之耐綸-66 所能承受之張力最小，且彈性係數也最低。此外，進行生物分解的實驗可發 現，含葡萄糖的耐綸-66 分解的速率最快。使用400 倍的光學顯微鏡可發現含有洋菜粉末的耐 綸-66 表面與其他耐綸-66 複合材料差異較大，值得進一步研究。
就是那道光-色素增感型太陽能電池改良之探討
在這能源短缺的時代，開發替代能源已經成為主要課題。利用光觸媒特性所製成的色素增感型太陽能電池，因二氧化鈦光觸媒受到紫外光照射才產生電子躍遷，吸收光的頻率區域狹小，實用性不高。因此研究氧化鋅、二氧化錫與二氧化鈦混合，是否能提升該電池的轉換效率。藉由各種變因的探討，從中選取最有利的方式，使太陽能電池發揮更大的效益。除了以溫度、電解質、混合比例等因素外，增加電極面積以及串聯均可提高電壓與電流，以增加日常生活的實用性。如不斷的改進發展，諸如電解水、使小燈泡發光，甚至各種小家電用品的使用，都可應用於其中。In times of energy shortage, exploring the alternative energy has already become a main issue. The dye solar photocell is using photocatalyst characteristic. Because the electron transition is caused by lighting up the titanium dioxide photocatalyst by the ultraviolet, the frequency of spectrum is narrow and small. It is thus impractical. Therefore, we research whether or not the mixtures of zinc oxidize and tin oxide with titanium dioxide can improve the conversion efficiency of the dye solar photocell. Through discussion on various kinds of factors, we can choose the best way to make the dye solar cell yield more efficiency. In addition to the factors such as temperature, electrolyte, mixed proportion, etc., increasing the area of electrodes and contact can improve the voltage and electric current. That way we can increase the practicability for daily use. With constant improvement, it can be applied to many kinds of things, such as electrolyzing water, small bulb lights, even small household appliances.
黑暗的力量
We study the magic power of dark energy and dark matter by using theoretical derivation and numerical simulations. We found that: 1. The dark energy will gain kinetic energy from the moving dark matter through gravitational interaction. Due to the law of energy conservation, the motion of the dark matter will slow down and satisfy Ek(t)−Ek0 ∝ρDE1.92 t, where Ek(t) is the kinetic energy of the dark matter, Ek0 is its initial kinetic energy, ρDE is the energy density of the dark energy, and t is the time. 2. The formation history and the structure of galaxies will be different due to the existence of dark energy. The more the dark energy, the earlier the formation of the galaxy core. In addition, the kinetic energy Ek(R) as a function of R will be different if the ρDE is different. Thus we can observationally measure the Ek(R) of galaxies, compare it will our results here, and then deduce the ρDE in our universe. The results here can be applied to the observations in the near future.
我們藉由理論的推導，配合電腦模擬的手段，來探討宇宙中黑暗物質和黑暗能量的神祕力量。我們發現：一、黑暗能量會透過重力交互作用而從運動中的黑暗物質獲得力學能，而且因力學能守恆，致使黑暗物質的速率減慢，滿足 Ek(t)−Ek0 ∝ρDE1.92 t, 其中 Ek(t) 為黑暗物質的動能， Ek0 為其初始動能， ρDE 為黑暗能量的密度，t 為時間。二、星系的形成過程及結構，會因黑暗能量的存在而改變。黑暗能量越多時，星系的核心會越早形成。而且動能 Ek(R) 隨著至星系中心距離 R 的變化，會因 ρDE 的不同而不同，因此可以試圖量測宇宙中星系的 Ek(R) ，然後和這裡的結果比對，即可推導出宇宙中的 ρDE 。這些研究成果，將可直接應用在未來的觀測結果上。
模擬複雜系統的演化
複雜系統廣泛地存在每個人生活的周遭，儘管這些系統在表象上有明顯的差異，卻不約而同的都呈現出臨界現象。一個簡單的物理概念卻能廣泛地使用在許多不同的場合當中，這是令人始料未及的。這份報告在尋找，是什麼原因導致這許多似乎與物理沒什麼關聯的系統，都呈現出臨界現象？以及這類系統是如何演化的？臨界現象在系統的演化歷史中，又是扮演怎樣的一個角色？一開始，先介紹臨界現象在實際系統中表現的形式，在這以文字系統作為範例。接下來，進入思考的階段，猜測系統個體間存有的關聯性，提出如何影響的假設，並建立模型。從模型結果，可以了解複雜系統隨時間演化的趨勢改變，並發現臨界現象在系統中扮演的角色以及代表的意義。這份報告有三項結論：1. 臨界現象在複雜系統中呈現的形式 2. 模型結果與實際系統十分相似 3. 臨界現象代表著系統的穩定態。The theory of Scaling Law and Universality was originally used in researching Critical phenomena, and now we find it existing in our normal life. A simple physical concept can be used extensively in different courses. This study try to find out the relation between individuals which causes Critical phenomena appear in such different courses in our normal life, and figure out the effect time brings about. To begin with, we introduce the sights of Scaling Law and Universality by exploring the formation of complicated system. Facing a complicated word system as a real example, we observe an extraordinary phenomena, and find out the Universality and Scaling Law in different kinds of linguistics. In the main part, to think further, what’s the relation between the individuals that leads to Critical phenomena? We will give hypotheses and build a model to simulate complicated system from the view of Universality, trying to find out the cause of the interaction of complicated system. From this model, we could understand: When a complicated system evolves with time, the Critical phenomena will naturally occur in this system that could be considered as dynamic equilibrium. From this study we found out(1) The Universality and Scaling Law in complicated systems, here we use linguistics as an example.(2) Under the hypotheses, the simulation is almost as same as the real result of linguistics system.(3) Time plays an important part in the Critical phenomena which can be found in many different complicated systems, and Critical phenomena symbolize a stable state of such systems.
明察秋毫-動態測微器
The purpose of this research is to create a device that is able to precisely measure small dynamic changes which cannot be recognized by the human eyes. The Vernier Caliper and the screw micrometer are common tools used to precisely measure lengths of objects. However, things which are measured by the Vernier Caliper or the screw micrometer have to be in a solid state, and the shape cannot be changed. By applying the light lever principle on Lego bricks, this research uses the LabVIEW graphical programming system to design a device which is able to automatically measure small dynamic changes. The precision of this device is higher than that of the Vernier Caliper and the screw micrometer. Moreover, this device is able to precisely detect the small dynamic changes of solids and liquids as well. Through numerous tests, the least count of the device can reach the level of 10-3cm. Also, this device has successfully measured small changes, such as the height of the liquid surface by one drop of water, the evaporation of water in one minute, and the growth of a plant in one hour. By popularizing this device, people will be able to precisely measure small dynamic changes which are difficult to be measured in a short time.
讓瓶塞隨心所欲
這是一種可在膨脹狀態及未膨脹狀態間轉換的膨脹收縮瓶塞。本設計之瓶塞包含一彈性橡膠之塞座及一剛性塑膠之旋轉控座。該瓶塞在未膨脹狀態，可將瓶塞置於平口內將瓶塞順時針方向旋轉90度使瓶塞由未膨脹狀態轉換至膨脹狀態將瓶子密封；欲開瓶時將瓶塞逆時針方向旋轉約90度使瓶塞由膨脹狀態轉換至未膨脹狀態，可輕易將瓶塞從瓶子內拉出。根據顧客之需求設計瓶塞並選定適當之塑膠材料以製作旋轉控座及適當之衛生橡膠以製作塞座，依廠商提供塑膠及衛生橡膠之特性資料做有限元素分析預測橡膠元件受撐大之變形量，進行加工與製造印證分析之結果，與預期目標有相當的差異，故製作簡易之試件進行探求塞座內縮量與瓶塞膨脹量之關係， 探求瓶塞膨脹量與瓶子所能承受的壓力之關係，進而逆向設計瓶塞之塞座內縮量。 This is a kind of bottle plug that can change at the situation of swell or unswell.The design of this bottle plug includes a rubber plug and a rigid plastic controller that can revolve around. We can put the bottle plug at the top of the bottle and rotate it 90° c.w., the bottle pug will be at the situation of swell and then seal up the bottle. If we want to open the bottle, we just rotate 90° c.c.w., and the bottle plug will be at the situation of unswell and then we can pull the bottle plug out easily. I design this bottle plug according to the need of the customers; choose the certain plastic material to make the rigid plastic controller, and the properly rubber to make the plug; analyze and predict the amount of deformation by Finite Element Method in accordance with the characteristics of rubber and plastic supplied by the factories. However, the result and the expected result are quite different. In order to solve the problem, I make an easy sample to search for the relationship between the contraction of the rubber plug and the swells of the plastic controller and also the relationship between the swells of the plastic controller and the pressure that the bottle can endures. Then I design the contraction of the rubber plug on the base of the result of the experiment I made above.
長方體內最少完全城堡數
我們試著尋找所需最小的城堡個數以看守整個a × b × c (a,b,c ? N) 的長方體。所謂城堡是一種棋子，當放置城堡的位置是(x, y, z) ，則(x, y,t)、(x,t, z)、(t, y, z) (t 是任何不超出邊界的正整數)是這個城堡可以看守的格子。我們用這些城堡來完全看守長方體，試著找出其最小值。在2005 年我們猜測了a = b = c 、a = b c 、a > b > c 的上界，而在2006 年時完成了a = b = c 、a = b c 的大部分情況的證明，少數不能解決的部份也提供了不錯的上界。目前我們在a = b = c 、a = b c 的情況幾乎完全解決，目前正在向a > b > c 的部份發展。A generalized searching method of finding the minimum number of castle which can oversee all over the rectangular box, defined as a × b× c (a,b,c ? N) , is presented. The castle here is defined as one kind of chess. The castle positioned as (x, y, z) can direct the lattice points of (x, y,t) 、(x,t, z) 、(t, y, z) (t is the positive integer and smaller than the box size). These castles we use here is to oversee the rectangular box and to help us to find the minimum number. In 2005, we got the upper bound of overseeing the rectangular box in the conditions of a = b = c、a = b c、a > b > c , while in 2006 we complete the proofs of the minimum number of castles based on the conditions of a = b = c 、a = b c . The further work we want to attain is to complete the case of a > b > c.
新穎光子晶體材料的研究與開發
本研究目的1.探討催化劑對光子晶體SiO? 合成的影響，依據催化劑對光子晶體製作的數據，統整歸納出不同濃度的氨水催化劑對於SiO? 的吸收光譜與粒徑大小等性質的影響。2.尋找簡易的方式進行光通道的製作。 採用溶膠凝膠法將tetraethylorthosilicate(TEOS) 以氨水做催化劑在乙醇溶液中的水解及縮合反應製作單分散SiO?粉體。 嘗試將細線附著在玻片上進行排列，排列完成後將細線拉起企圖製造一條溝道。 實驗結果,催化劑會影響合成SiO? 的顆粒大小，隨著催化劑濃度增加，顆粒大小也隨之增加。使用細線可成功製造出凹陷的孔道，但目前採用之線仍嫌太粗，欲尋找奈米線材加以取代以製造出更適用之光通道。 ;The purpose of this research is 1.to find out the influence of the catalyst on compounding silica photonic crystals . According to datum , I can generalize the connection between the consistency of catalyst and the particle size of photonic crystal. 2.to find easier method of making the passage of light. I used tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) as a reactant and ammonia as the catalyst to react hydrolysis ,water condensation and alcohol condensation in ethanol. I tried to put fine lines on sheet glasses. After the arrangement of the silica particles, I took apart the lines attempting to make sunken ditches. The outcome of this ecperiment show that partical size increases with the consistency of catalyst. We can use fine lines to make the sunken ditches, but the line is not fine enough that I should find much finer lines to make it.
分散質的結構與張力
洗滌用的界面活性劑分散系，沾在吸管可吹成泡，沾在框上則生成特定形體的薄膜；兩種不同現象，依據各自的性質原理，分別設計為可測量的裝置，研討表面張力與濃度間的關係，發現『兩泡連通法』，測量的靈敏度較佳，並且；薄膜總面積法則會因為框的形不同，測得薄膜總面積與表面張力大小的變化趨勢不一樣，而且數據誤差都比『兩泡連通法』大。市售的洗劑有肥皂與合成清潔劑兩類，它們溶於水的分散系，表面張力與濃度大小的變化趨勢正好相反；肥皂的濃度愈大表面張力愈大，合成清潔劑的濃度愈小表面張力愈大。這種現象發生的原因，和分散質是否含苯環結構無關。用數位照相輔助毛細管上升法，觀測『兩泡連通法』標準液的張力與濃度關係，數據顯示兩泡連通法與毛細管上升法，兩者比較各種分散系張力與濃度大小的結果相同。因此，用『兩泡連通法』比較不同分散系張力大小是簡便生動的可行方法。The dispersion of surfactant used for the purpose of cleasing,if dipped on a blowpipe,can be blown into bubbles and,if dipped on a frame,will form a certain shape of membrane.For these two different situations,according to the principle of their quality,measuringdevices can be respectively designed to explore the relation of surfact tension to its concentrate.It is discovered that,with the measuring device of the Two Bubble Connection Method,the sensitivity measured is better;and that,because of the difference of the structures of the frames,the total area of the membrane and the change trend of the degree of the surface tension will also be different and the probable error of the measured digits is always larger and it is not easy to find regularity. For the two categories of dispersion,soaps on the market and synthesis detergent,when they are measured with the Two Bubble Connection Method about the relationship of their surface tension to the degree of their concentrate,the trend of change is exactly opposite.The surface tension and concentrate of the category of soap are in right proportion whereas,for synthesis detergent used for cleaning bowls and plater and washing clothes,when its concentrate is less,its surface tension is more intense.Based on the findings of this study,the concentrate and the change trend of the degree of tension have no connection with whether there is benzene structure in the solvent. With the Capillary Rise Method assisted by digital photography to observe the relation of the tension of standard solution to the concentrate,we have found that they totally correspond to the result measured with the Two Bubble Connection Method designed in this study.