利用滾動實驗測量摩擦係數
A cylinder rolling on an inclined plane and a sphere on grooved tracks are discussed in details.Using elementary mechanics, the formulas are derived for the time interval (t) and the final speed (vas a function of release height (h). (1) A cylinder is rolling down an inclined plane. The speed and time of the center of mass ofthe cylinder which changed with position (x) are recorded by a motion sensor. We can get theplots of v vs. √x and t vs. √ x, and find that the acceleration of the center of mass of thecylinder is constant, whether the cylinder is in rolling or a combination of rolling and slipping. (2) A sphere is rolling down an inclined grooved track. The final speed at the bottom of thetrack can be calculated from the physics of projection motion after the sphere leaves the track to thefloor. The time t for the sphere starting from rest to the bottom can be recorded by using photogate detectors. From the v-√h and t-1/√h graphs, μs between the sphere and track can be obtained. (3) When a sphere is released from the vertical height h of a cycloidal slide, the time tof pure rolling is the same independent of release position. But, when the sphere moves at a combination of rolling and slipping, the time t' will be different from t. We measure t and t' with photogate detectors and get the plot of t vs. h. The value ofμs can be calculated from the t - h graph. 圓柱或鋼珠從斜面或有槽曲面形成的軌道上滾下時,利用基本力學,可推導出時間 (t) 、速率 (v) 隨高度改變的函數關係。 (1) 利用運動感應器記錄圓柱由斜面上滾下時,圓柱質量中心的速度及運動時間隨位置 (x) 的變化,可繪出 v 對√ x 及 t 對 √x關係圖,由v-√x 及 t-√ x圖可知不論圓柱純滾動或滾動兼滑動,其質心均等加速度運動。 (2) 鋼珠由有槽斜板滾下時,到達底端的速率可由從底端至地面的拋體運動算出,而其時間t則可利用光電計時器直接記錄,利用 v-√h 圖及 t-1/√ h 圖可求出鋼珠和軌道的靜摩擦係數 μs。 (3) 鋼珠從旋輪線上方純滾動至底端時,所經歷的時間 (t) 和釋放高度無關,但是當鋼珠滾動兼滑動時,所經歷時間 t' 會改變,利用光電計時器量出 t 及 t'並作圖,利用 t-h 圖可出 μs。
液晶面板在不同電場下穿透光譜之研究
本研究主要是探討液晶面板在不同的電壓下,對紅外光區及可見光區之穿透光譜。藉由控制外加液晶面板兩側的電壓,改變內部的電場強度,驅使液晶分子長軸方向改變(偏轉),以達到控制穿透率之目的。施加於液晶面板兩側的電壓V大於起始電壓V0時,液晶分子長軸受電場作用與電場方向平行,減弱引導偏振光扭轉之能力,讓部分光通過偏振片。令及分別代表穿透率達到最大穿透率之10%及90%時的外加電壓,則定義「光-電開關斜率」γ為:γ =(V90-V10)/V10。透射光強度與外加電壓關係曲線則稱為「光-電開關特性曲線」。穿透率除與液晶分子之旋光程度有關,我們也做了在不同電壓下,液晶分子之穿透光譜,並討論其特性。The main idea of the project is to discuss the transmittance spectra of liquid-crystal device in the range of infrared and visual light (400~900 nm) with different electric field by changing voltage. Different biases are applied to the liquid-crystal cell, causing the axis of liquid-crystal to rotate, and the transmittances are measured. If the application of bias is greater than the threshold voltage (V0), the axis of liquid-crystal will be parallel to the electric field, and make the beam pass through polaroid. Electro-optical switching slope γ is defined as γ =(V90-V10)/V10 , where V10 and V90 are the applied voltages enabling output light signal reaches up to 10% and 90% of its maximum intensity, respectively. It is understood that transmittance depends on the optical activity of liquid-crystal cells. Besides, we will discuss the relation between wavelength and transmittance of liquid-crystal cells.
同步現象的研究
In our daily life, objects and the contacts between objects they will have mutually affect each other, some initially chaotic systems after a sufficient amount of time will mutually correct each other, and finally achieve synchronization (example: the speed of bird and fish migration, market prices, infantry…), although some are unable to achieve this. We will illustrate and explain the synchronization system, its process and discover the conditions for synchronization. Using linking concepts, we will integrate the coupled map lattices with global coupling and coupled map lattices with intermediate-range models into a synchronization mode in order to simulate a synchronization system. We first used a small system of n≦50 to obtain results that will demonstrate the linking concepts: 1. The more chaotic a system, a longer period of time is required for synchronization. 2. An increase in the number of individual objects requires an increase in the range of concepts and the amount of time in order to achieve an in depth synchronization. 3. Initial concept values which randomly effect synchronization critical point conditions are not obvious in a mathematically incorrect graph. In a closer look, when we increased the synchronization to n≦400 and the number of times to t-->100,000 we discovered:1. Using the function G(x) we hoped the results from the graph after apply the function and correction able to overlap and test with “Scaling and Universality in Transition to Synchronous Chaos with Local-Global Interactions”, but the part which overlapped the measurements was not identical: 2. We can use the significance of the critical point and the Interactive Process to find the approximate value of the critical value up to 4 digits following the decimal point. 3. We can also use the approximate value to find out the range for the simultaneous conditions and the various points on the system itself, as well as obtain a negative correlation between them, and then it can be similarly expressed with using a curve. A computer can calculate values with this kind of enumerating method, even without any special resolution capabilities to quickly obtain large amounts of approximate values of simultaneous conditions, this is especially true when calculating unfamiliar systems. 日常生活中,物件與物件的接觸,彼此會互相影響,有些原本雜亂的系統再經過充裕時間的互相修正後,最後竟能達成同步(例如:鳥群、魚群遷徙的速度、市場價格、行軍步伐…),有些則不能。因此,我們試著利用描述同步系統的模型,觀察系統同步的過程,並且找出同步的條件。由連結的觀點,我們將Coupled map lattices with global coupling 和Coupled map lattices with intermediate-range 模型的優點整合成Synchronization mode 去模擬同步系統。我們先用小系統(n≦50)得到能印證連結觀點的結果:(一)、系統越雜亂,就需要稍長的時間同步;(二)、個體數越多時,各點需要更大範圍的點數去影響於每單位時間內以及更深的影響才能同步;(三)、起始值隨機影響同步臨界條件並不明顯,在誤差範圍內。更進一步,我們將系統推向n≦400 點,t→100,000 次,我們發現:(一)、在”G(x)”我們希望能將圖形經過函數修正之後能疊和,驗證”Scaling and Universality In Transition to Synchronous Chaos with Local-Global Interactions ”中的結果,但只有部分疊和,尺度不相同;(二)、可以直接利用臨界點的意義用十分逼近法求出臨界值的近似值到小數後四位;(三)、我們用近似值也能發現同步條件與系統各點本身可跳躍的數值範圍是負相關,可用曲線去近似。這種窮舉方式,交由電腦運算,不需要特別的解析能力就能夠快速且大量求得同步條件的近似值,尤其在運算不熟悉的系統時。