植物學

大花咸豐草(Bidens pilosa L.) 為主要的入侵植物之一，菲島福木(Garcinia subelliptica Merr.)能否作為生物除草劑，抑制大花咸豐草的危害。以最佳萌發條件培養三種作物與雜草-大花咸豐草種子，福木葉萃取液皆能抑制種子萌發，且對大花咸豐草的抑制效果最顯著。進行幼苗測試，福木葉萃取液可抑制萵苣主根長、小麥草植株與不定根生長，亦能抑制大花咸豐草植株與主根生長，並促進大花咸豐草過氧化氫酶的活性。本研究認為福木深具發展成生物除草劑的潛力，但考慮福木相剋作用與大花咸豐草和作物競爭有下列兩種情形：(1)萵苣：相剋<相剋+競爭競爭(2)小麥草：相剋+競爭<競爭<相剋，故建議在兩種萵苣播種前使用5%福木葉萃取液，抑制大花咸豐草種子萌發；小麥草需等大花咸豐草叢生後再使用10%福木葉萃取液，可促進小麥草的生長；單獨生長的大花咸豐草則使用10%福木葉萃取液能夠有效抑制其生長。

本次實驗以地熱溫泉區的土壤中所篩選出的8隻耐熱菌種，並加以純化、液態培養，將8種菌液稀釋成度三種不同濃度(100X、200X、500X)，以恆溫培養箱控制環境溫度(25℃、30℃、35℃)模擬環境變因，並測試和定量菌株的溶磷、固氮能力，亦測試載鐵、抗番茄萎凋菌能力及對於聖女番茄及桃紅番茄所帶來的影響。本研究發現 LC26 及 LC28 可於熱逆境下顯著促進聖女番茄生長，此外LC03亦能於熱逆境下明顯促進桃紅番茄生長。本研究也發現LC03、LC26及LC28對玉米及胡蘿蔔有最好的促進生長效果，而對青江菜有最明顯的抑制生長效果，可作為輪耕作物之參考。最後本研究發現這三隻菌種皆對大花咸豐草之生長有抑制情形，其中以LC26(500X)抑制效果最佳。

本研究從濕地篩選出可能為新種的耐鹽菌Oceanobacillus sp.，暫命名為OC2，其在無植物相伴狀態下不會降低土壤含鹽量，但卻在與植物共存後誘發特殊機轉，促使土壤含鹽量降低約，並提升植物耐鹽能力，顯示 OC2與植物存在特殊交互作用。深入研究發現，OC2能產生IAA，並吸引植物根部向其生長以利其進入根部，並在鹽逆境下分泌代謝物以刺激植物合成脯胺酸 (增加達98.5%)提升根部滲透壓、增加葉片類胡蘿蔔素及類黃酮含量以提升植物抗氧化力。植物方面，鹽逆境下植物分泌的化學物質會觸發OC2產生更多的IAA(約17%)，藉以刺激植物根系發展以利水分吸收，而OC2的存在會促進根部澱粉酶活性上升達88%，以分解澱粉產生可溶性醣類供OC2使用，推測兩者存在共生關係。本研究展示新種耐鹽菌與植物的交互作用，期待透過此菌改善鹽化農地並能提升作物產量。

When a leaf of a plant encounters stress, how does the plant convey the stress signal to other tissues and manage nutrient distribution? This field of study has been largely unexplored. However, the unique interconnected frond structure of Lemna trisulca, along with the use of a divided Petri dish, is very suitable for handling localized stress and investigating the mechanisms of intracellular signaling and nutrient distribution. Research has shown that when the mother leaf experiences localized stress, it releases healthy daughter leaves to minimize collateral damage to the daughter leaves. Conversely, when the daughter leaves face localized stress, the mother leaf chooses to retain them and continues supplying them with nutrients to support their survival. In-depth studies revealed that stressed daughter leaves accumulate Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), triggering nutrient distribution by sending a distress signal to the mother leaf. This prompts the mother leaf to use Ca2+ as a signaling molecule to deliver nutrients to the daughter leaves. Selective detachment is regulated and triggered by the interaction between Ca2+ and ROS within the mother leaf. When the mother leaf undergoes stress, Ca2+ acts upstream to induce ROS accumulation at the nodes, sending a unidirectional detachment signal to the daughter leaves. This causes ROS accumulation at the daughter leaf nodes, inducing detachment and thereby reducing the collateral damage the daughter leaf could experience due to the mother leaves.

本研究首度以植物學、花粉學、昆蟲學及生態統計學探討臺灣高山傳粉生態網絡。花季中期以蜂類為主，後期為蠅類。昆蟲及植物交互網絡緊密連結無子群體，仰賴優勢物種支撐。蜂期為高山薔薇、玉山櫻草、貓兒菊、信義雄蜂；蠅期為一枝黃花、貓兒菊、家蠅。此兩期昆蟲與植物的穩健性不足，蠅期更易崩解。蜂類訪花具多樣性，蠅類訪花較專一。因蜂類、蠅類習性與身體特徵不相同，蠅類對花展幅 (Visit Unit)大、花冠筒淺、花冠筒筒徑小、還原糖含量高、花粉及花蜜之間的距離大、柱頭面積小的植物較能專一攜帶其花粉。共用傳粉者帶來異種花粉，以GLMM分析同異種花粉數量變化關係，發現一起開花略助於授粉。貓兒菊已入侵成為優勢物種，花粉汙染90%的物種，必須移除。

植物進化成陸生植物的過程中，氣孔和角質層是關鍵特徵。氣孔由保衛細胞調控，負責二氧化碳進入和水分蒸發；角質層則保護植物免受水分流失及環境壓力。調控這些特徵的基因尚不明確。本研究利用全基因組關聯分析（GWAS）探討阿拉伯芥的角質層和氣孔發育。GWAS結果顯示，與角質層厚度相關的基因位於第二條染色體，而與二氧化碳吸收效率相關的基因位於第五條染色體。氣孔導度和水分吸收效率的調控基因可能在第一、三、四條染色體上。角質層變薄時，氣孔密度下降，導致氣孔導度和水分蒸散率上升；而當角質層通透性增加到一定程度時，二氧化碳固定效率達飽和。此外，透過反向遺傳學篩選候選基因，研究特定基因對角質層合成及光合作用效率的影響。突變株分析顯示，抑制控制角質層或氣孔的基因會促進另一性狀的表現，未來可進一步探討自然族群中相關基因的功能。

本次實驗以地熱溫泉區的土壤中所篩選出的8隻耐熱菌種，並加以純化、液態培養，將8種菌液稀釋成度三種不同濃度(100X、200X、500X)，以恆溫培養箱控制環境溫度(25℃、30℃、35℃)模擬環境變因，並測試和定量菌株的溶磷、固氮能力，亦測試載鐵、抗番茄萎凋菌能力及對於聖女番茄及桃紅番茄所帶來的影響。本研究發現 LC26 及 LC28 可於熱逆境下顯著促進聖女番茄生長，此外LC03亦能於熱逆境下明顯促進桃紅番茄生長。本研究也發現LC03、LC26及LC28對玉米及胡蘿蔔有最好的促進生長效果，而對青江菜有最明顯的抑制生長效果，可作為輪耕作物之參考。最後本研究發現這三隻菌種皆對大花咸豐草之生長有抑制情形，其中以LC26(500X)抑制效果最佳。

On average, the agricultural sector uses 70% of water withdrawals worldwide to produce crops1 and contributes to the eutrophication of lakes by using nutrients that are leached from the soils into lakes and reservoirs2. Vertical farming has great potential to remedy some of these issues. By growing plants vertically in controlled environments with artificial light and reusing the water, vertical farms use op to 99% less water3 and can produce up to 10 times the yield per square meter4 compared to traditional greenhouses. This improved efficiency comes at a cost; on average, vertical farms use more than 600% more energy per kilogramme of crop compared to traditional greenhouses5. 55% of this energy use is due to the use of artificial lighting6. Even though a lot of research is conducted on yield optimisation of crops in vertical farming, few research articles focus on the growth efficiency of crops to reduce the energy use in vertical farms. Only a few previous studies have tested photoperiods under 10 h·d-1. This study focuses on reducing the energy costs of light use in vertical farms by finding the photoperiod with highest energy use efficiency for the leafy vegetable arugula (eruca sativa). Energy use efficiency is defined as fresh mass per unit of electricity input (measured in kWh). In this study, arugula plants were exposed to LED growth light, with photoperiods ranging from 0 h·d-1 to 24 h·d-1 (0 h·d-1, 4 h·d-1, 7 h·d-1, 9 h·d-1, 12 h·d-1, 14 h·d-1, 16 h·d-1 and 24 h·d-1) and a PPFD of 800 μmol·m-2·s-1. The photoperiod 7 h·d-1 had the highest energy use efficiency of all photoperiods and, if used in vertical farms, this could account for approximately a 10 percent decrease in energy per kilogramme used in vertical farms (a 4 kWh decrease), with the planting density of 1400 plants per m2. This could amount to a yearly energy saving of 4,000,000 kWh per vertical farm (based on the yearly harvest of the vertical farm Nordic Harvest). This could help make vertical farming a more sustainable plant production for the future and in turn, help farming protect our water resources instead of consuming and polluting.

When a leaf of a plant encounters stress, how does the plant convey the stress signal to other tissues and manage nutrient distribution? This field of study has been largely unexplored. However, the unique interconnected frond structure of Lemna trisulca, along with the use of a divided Petri dish, is very suitable for handling localized stress and investigating the mechanisms of intracellular signaling and nutrient distribution. Research has shown that when the mother leaf experiences localized stress, it releases healthy daughter leaves to minimize collateral damage to the daughter leaves. Conversely, when the daughter leaves face localized stress, the mother leaf chooses to retain them and continues supplying them with nutrients to support their survival. In-depth studies revealed that stressed daughter leaves accumulate Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), triggering nutrient distribution by sending a distress signal to the mother leaf. This prompts the mother leaf to use Ca2+ as a signaling molecule to deliver nutrients to the daughter leaves. Selective detachment is regulated and triggered by the interaction between Ca2+ and ROS within the mother leaf. When the mother leaf undergoes stress, Ca2+ acts upstream to induce ROS accumulation at the nodes, sending a unidirectional detachment signal to the daughter leaves. This causes ROS accumulation at the daughter leaf nodes, inducing detachment and thereby reducing the collateral damage the daughter leaf could experience due to the mother leaves.

羽毛廢棄物是畜產類廢棄物排名第二大宗，為了提高廢棄羽毛的實用價值與效益，我們利用啤酒酵母菌進行雞羽毛分解。經啤酒酵母分解一個月後的雞毛液肥，含有胺基酸濃度約為0.17 M，是市售肥組的5.67倍。以雞毛液肥灌溉高經濟價值的彩椒及福山萵苣，彩椒果實總質量比市售肥組高出84.6%，果實中含有葡萄糖濃度為23.8%，比市售肥組多出49.7%。碘量法的抗氧化能力試驗中，發現雞毛液肥灌溉的彩椒抗氧化能力比市售肥組高出91.3 %。清除DPPH自由基的能力實驗中，雞毛液肥組的彩椒果實汁液清除自由基能力約是市售肥組的2.82倍。雞毛液肥灌溉的福山萵苣的葉片總質量比市售肥組多出116.2%。可以發現啤酒酵母分解的雞毛液肥，確實可取代市售肥料，當作彩椒及福山萵苣的養分。希望藉此研究能將廢棄雞毛再利用，減少環境負擔，讓農業永續發展。