粒線體，『細胞內的發電廠』，它生產了我們生存所需的幾乎所有能量。除了產生能量，它也參與了細胞的凋亡的過程，或反應出自由基所引起細胞的老化。我們在此實驗中，利用酵母菌模式，跟兩個特殊的螢光染劑（JC-1與Rhodamine 123），來活體測量酵母菌裡的粒線體膜電位的變化，以了解細胞的早期凋亡的過程。並且，透過加入抗氧化劑與否，測量氧化游離基的產生，探討跟粒線體膜電位之間的關聯性。實驗結果顯示，的確酵母菌經過長期培養，且無提供適當的營養補充條件下，雖然外表還活著，但JC-1的螢光染色顯示，粒線體膜電位是有逐步遞減的現象，代表酵母菌活力慢慢衰弱。但是，另外氧化游離基的實驗結果卻沒有如預期般增加，反倒是跟JC-1的表現呈正相關現象。抗氧化劑的加入，非但沒有增加酵母菌的活力，反而是減弱了粒線體膜電位的表現，而氧化游離基也同時降低。這樣的實驗結果，雖然跟事前的預期結果不同，但也可能暗示1. 胡亂加入抗氧化劑，對生物不盡然是有幫忙的。2. 酵母菌在這一種生長條件中，可能需要一些氧化物的刺激或幫忙。3. 粒線體是細胞內氧化作用最強的單位，如果他生命力變弱了，自然產生氧化游離基的能力變弱，而非氧化游離基一開始去減弱粒線體的活性。此實驗的重大意義，是告訴我們，氧化游離基或抗氧化物的腳色並非一成不變的，甚至你原來認為的粒線體膜電位改變是細胞凋亡的起始原因，也可能相反，粒線體膜電位改變只是細胞凋亡後來發生的結果。科學的有趣也就是在這裡!我們藉助於【實驗】，不斷地實驗，去挑戰既有的知識跟原理，會讓我們發現更多的真理，一個單細胞的酵母菌就有這麼多問題需要去回答，那麼放眼將來不孕症醫師想嘗試『卵質轉移』，主要就是要取得健康的粒線體，增加懷孕的機會，那就可能需要更多的實驗跟努力，才能給出一個真正的正確答案。

奈米技術在 20 世紀後期蓬勃發展，而具有奈米及孔洞的超分子更為化學家所積極尋求合成上的突破與挑戰， 超分子化學用來探討一些分子間較弱、可恢復性的作用力，以期製備一系列具有功能性的孔洞材料 。 其主 要分為以下六種： 1. 凡德瓦力 (van der Waals forces，energy -1) 2. π-π堆疊作用力 (π-π stacking interactions ，energy= 0~50kJ‧mol-1) 3. 氫鍵 (hydrogen bonds，energy energy = 4~50kJ‧mol -1) 4. 偶極 -偶極作用力 (dipole -dipole interactions，energy= 5~50kJ ‧mol -1) 5. 陽離子-π作用力 (cation interactions， energy = 5~80kJ ‧mol -1) 6. 離子 -偶極作用力 (ion-dipole interactions，energy= 50~200kJ ‧mol -1) 而分子自組裝即利用這些作力， 依熱學最安定的合發生然排列現象可應用於分離、化學感氣體儲存子交換導熱以及光電性。 本研究主要利用混合掌性異構物的酒石酸鉀鈉與硝酸鈣或鎂，在水酒精的環境下進行自組裝，利用簡單與無毒的自組裝合成法，讓右旋酒 石酸分子鎂金屬配位而左石酸分子與鈣金屬配位，別得到掌性聚合物除了將兩種 掌性異構物分離，也 實踐綠色化學中無毒與環保的概念 。

本研究將三氮二氧五牙配位基H2BDPP去質子化後形成BDPP2-，與二氯化鈷(CoCl2)反應後，製成二價鈷錯合物Co(BDPP) (1)。將1與FcBF4反應，製成三價鈷錯合物[Co(BDPP)(H2O)]BF4 (2)，1和2的分子結構可由單晶繞射解析法、可見光-紫外光光譜儀鑑定，並利用循環伏安法量測1的還原半電位。1與一氧化氮反應會有顯著顏色變化，根據UV/vis光譜排除氧化的可能性，表示新生成一錯合物[Co(BDPP)(X)] (3)。利用傅立葉紅外線光譜儀確認此反應有新的振動頻率1615 cm-1產生，意味著在3上觀察到N=O的振動吸收峰(X = NO)，推測錯合物3中一氧化氮和鈷中心金屬產生了鍵結。藉由此錯合物可鍵結或釋放一氧化氮之特性，未來可能運用在治療高血壓藥物的開發研究。

For a unique marine bird, so magnificent and accessible to the public, the Australasian Gannet (Morus serrator) colony found at Cape Kidnappers, 紐西蘭, significantly lacks research. Knowledge of gannet behaviour and how humans could best sustain a relationship with them remains unstudied. M. serrator are colonial monogamous breeders and produce a single chick each breeding season (Ismar, S.M.H. 2013). With the same mate over breeding seasons, pairs work cooperatively sharing the energy input into a single chick. Such parental care leads to highly territorial behaviour (McMeekan, C. P. & Wodzicki, K. A. 1946). This suggests more dominant gannets would claim larger territories to have a greater distance between nests of other birds, to increase the survival of their offspring. With a land-based colony this means the gannets are at risk from land and airborne predators, suggesting more dominant birds will claim territories in the central area as it offers greater safety from predator pressures (Minias, P. 2014). It was hypothesised that birds in the centre will have a greater distance between their nests and have a smaller height compared to those around the periphery of the Plateau Colony. The distances between nests and the heights of nests were recorded in the centre and around the periphery of the colony to determine if there was a correlation between the variables. It was found that centre nests had a greater distance between them and were of a smaller nest height when compared to those around the periphery. Anthropogenic influences from tourism and conservation has the potential to change the evolutionary trajectory of managed populations. This colony is protected by predator control programs. Altering this significant selection pressure has the potential to change the nesting behaviour of this species. Monitoring annual nesting distribution patterns and colony numbers over time, may enable informed development of more sustainable ecotourism and protection of the colony. This investigation provides baseline data to support further research on this colony.

Swallowtail species, Papilio memnon heronus Fruhstorfer, demonstrates sexual dimorphism with four forms in females: melanism with tails, melanism without tails, albinism with tails, and albinism without tails. This study is to understand whether environment or genetics causes the differences. Besides, we hope to discover any possible link between characteristics of larvae and the morphology of adults. We understand it is the genetic factor that controls the expression of different morphologies. The two characteristics (body color and existence of tails) are controlled by two separate genes located on different chromosomes, and the inheritance pattern is consistent with that of Mendel’s law of inheritance. As for the observation in larva stage, we fail to notice any characteristics can indicate the future morphology of a particular larva. 本研究主要是在探討為何大鳳蝶雌蝶會有四種不同的形態：1.有尾白化2.有尾黑化3. 無尾白化4.無尾黑化，而造成此形態差異的原因又是什麼？探討造成此形態差異的成因分 為兩種：1.環境因子造成的2.遺傳因子造成的，我們也就是從這兩大方向去做實驗，對於環 境因子，我們的實驗設計是列出可能影響的因子（例：光照、溫度），而我們第一個探討的 因子就是光照，然而，後來發現有尾黑化的雌蝶，其子代在有光照及無光照的環境下皆有 無尾黑化、無尾白化、有尾黑化的雌蝶出現，而且可以從實驗很明顯的看出有尾的雌蝶， 生下無尾的雌蝶為多數而非定值，故我們可以確定造成此形態差異的因子不是環境，所以 我們又趕快從遺傳因子去做探討是何種遺傳類型造成的，實驗結果確定影響翅色及尾突的 遺傳皆為孟德爾遺傳。

本研究主要探討傾角對面轉變的影響與面轉變的原因。當柱體由肥皂水中拉起時，泡膜圖形可分為中央膜平行與垂直底面的形式，兩種形式因高的變化而互相轉換的過程稱為面轉變。三到六角柱傾角越大，面轉變時的高越大，反之亦然；六角柱可以面轉變，且在40°到45°之間有臨界角度存在。本研究以力與能量的角度解釋面轉變．泡膜藉由改變面積以達到最低的能量、維持穩定狀態，因此本研究計算、比較不同形式的泡膜面積，以解釋面轉變。我們同時發現三角錐與四角錐都不會發生面轉換；三角錐的實驗值多大於理論值，四角錐的實驗值則多小於理論值。

本文主要在探討幾何中的兩個重要結果—三角形中的『孟氏定理』與『西瓦定理』推廣到平面上任意的『凸 邊形』與『凹 邊形』的相對應結果，甚至於我可以將『凸凹 邊形』換成『 條直線』，我發現亦可以得到類似的結果。在完成平面上的圖形推廣之後，我也試著思考其在立體空間中是否也有類似的推論，很幸運地也發現有類似平面多邊形的結果，目前已完成空間中任意『 個頂點多面體』的『孟氏共面定理』；此外，我也證明了空間中任意四面體的『西瓦共點定理』，同時以實例驗證空間中的『西瓦共點定理』在四角錐中的形式，進而找到『 個頂點多面體』的『西瓦共點定理』之形式，並已驗證其正確性。

It is a known fact that using a cell phone while driving can lead to reckless driving. According to research done by the World Health Organisation (2011) thousands of car accidents occur worldwide, each day, due to cell phone use whilst driving. Many of these car accidents result in serious injury or death of drivers, passengers or pedestrians. According to the Automobile Association (2012), cell phones are the number one cause of traffic accidents in South Africa. The high rate of car accidents due to cell phone use has led to legislation being passed, in most countries, banning hand-held cell phone use while driving. Hands-free phone equipment is not prohibited as it is widely regarded as a safe means of making and taking a phone call while behind the wheel. The purpose of this study was to show that the act of talking on a cell phone and not the method of talking (hand-held versus hands-free) increases accident probability. This study used a Friedman Visual field analyser which measures subject’s visual fields with and without engaging in hands-free cellular conversation. The results showed a significant constriction of the visual fields when subjects were conversing on a cell phone. These results were and can be explained by the fact that the test subject experiences cognitive distraction. Cognitive distraction occurs because the driver has to divide his/her attention between the cell phone conversation and the tasks relating to driving. These results have significant ramifications for road safety in a driving environment.

Gangrene is the death of tissue of certain parts of the body. In Indonesia, people who suffer from Diabetes will also often suffer from Gangrene, which usually affects a patient’s feet. The medication for it is not affordable for everybody. I have chosen the Horseshoe Crab, simply because it’s known widely in Indonesian and can be found easily. Also, due to the fact that, among all crustaceans, the Horseshoe Crab contains the highest levels of Chitin. By using the Chitin found in the shell of the Horseshoe Crab, I shall endeavor to heal the Gangrene of Diabetic Patients.

My project is a robot designed to clean windows and eliminate the need for human labor. My ultimate aim for this project is to develop my robot to clean high-rise buildings as well as homes. The current version of my robot is designed to clean only house windows. The idea to invent a robot that would automatically clean windows came to me when I arrived home from school one day and found my father struggling to clean the outside of our living room windows because he suffers from back and knee pain. During my research I stumbled upon high-rise window cleaning accidents in which people have lost their lives and this gave my project greater purpose. The major challenge I faced when designing my robot was getting my robot to stick to a vertical window while maneuvering around its surface without falling off. My solution was to use vacuum technologies, suction cups and direct current motors in my design. My robot is made up of a mechanical system, an electronic system and a pneumatic system. The mechanical system consists of direct current motors that drive the two arms of the robot backward and forward through a rack and pinion enabling movement. The pneumatic system provides the vacuum that enables my robot to stick to the window and also consists of pistons that lower the suction cups onto the glass. The electronics system is made up of a microcontroller that uses transistors to control the robots various components. Some key features of my robot include the new split unit design which includes a cleaning unit and a control panel that allows for a decrease in the weight of the device, ultrasonic distance sensors for window edge detection and a self drawing cleaning progress map which the robot displays on the LCD screen on the control panel. Gauges have been added to monitor pressure and vacuum levels in the system so that the user is aware if a problem were to occur. The dual squeegee design includes a squeegee on either end of the horizontal arm which are raised and lowered at certain times while the robot maneuvers across the window to result in the most effective clean. Attached to the squeegees are microfiber cleaning pads that are used to clean the window. I plan to one day develop my robot to clean high-rise buildings so it minimizes the risk of workers losing their lives.