本實驗設計主要是以波的傳送速度(特別是聲波)，以及接收收到的時間值來做實驗、運算、討論。而其特點是為了應用於實際生活中，做了許多異於平常測量方法的設計。主要是使用時間差(｜t1–t2｜V=發聲器到兩感應器的距離差 )來消彌掉一般測量時，需要採取同步的條件，說明如下： 1. 由以上的圖中，t1’ = T + t1 為實際由感應器開始感應到感應器#1 接收到訊號的時間；同理，t2’ = T + t2 為實際由開始感應到感應器#2 接收到訊號的時間。而T 為感應器開始感應到發聲器開始發聲的的時間(之後的 T 皆為如此)。由以下式子得知： ｜t1’ - t2’｜=｜( T + t1 ) - ( T + t2 ) ｜=｜t1 - t2｜及為本實驗所需的時間差。利用減法將T 消除，便及為發聲器與感應器不必採取同步，此為本實驗目標以及優點之一。 2. 之後的公式推導中，實際由感應器開始感應到感應器接收到訊號的時間中，表示為t1、t2、t3……以此類推。 像是市面上販售的反射式測距器由於其直線性的限制，在我們可負擔的情況下，就只能做一維的測量，而在本實驗中，我們使用多個感應器，而可測量至二、三維空間，並使測出的物體由相對位置轉為絕對位置。再加上正在計劃中的測量儀器改良與自製，例如利用電腦的音效卡接上麥克風或是其他感測器，以及電子零件、電路的組合與設計。而在於一般的實際應用面上可配合工業的破壞性檢測，甚至是橋樑的斷裂處、各種振源的測量，亦或是人員的搶救，都應有不錯的效果與利用價值。 1.The major design of experiment is to spot the location of an object by experiment, calculating and discussing of such figures like the transmission speed of the waver (especially sound wave), plus time value of the receptor and so on to get the result. 2.In practice, the ordinary measuring method has to be implemented under the circumstance of synchrony: however, the distinguishing characteristic in the experiment is to overcome such restriction with the use of the “time lapse” concept. 3.The reflecting measuring instrument on the market is limited by its “straight-line characteristic.” Instead, we use multiple sensors to spot the absolute location of an object in its 1-D, 2-D, 3-D form. 4.We have now been working on the improvements of the measuring instruments, for instance, using sound cards to connect to the microphone to make a new sensor; also, the redesign and combination of other electric parts and circuits are also under construction. 5. We plan to apply the experiment not only in spotting the location of an object but also in further spotting the location of vibration coming from various objects (e.g. in the use of rescue).

聚丙烯酸是尿布中吸水成份，若被隨地丟棄勢必對環境造成污染。分析其結構，由於存在對重金屬離子具螯合作用的羧基，因此，可用於捕捉重金屬離子，作為偵測污水離子的利器。另外，若將螯合的銀離子以化學還原法製成奈米銀，將可應用於抗菌。研究結果有： \r (1)PAA對Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ag等離子具有明顯螯合效果。 \r (2)螯合反應：PAA＋Mn＋ [PAA-M]n－x＋xH＋，其可利用濃鹽酸使其再生。 \r (3)螯合能力以Fe3+最強，Zn2+(Mn2+)較弱。 \r (4)螯合離子的最小極限為10-3(M)，我們採樣的廢水有重金屬污染，推測濃度大於10－3(M)。 \r (5)成功將螯合的Ag＋製成奈米銀，為金黃色，屬於球形銀，甲醛濃度愈高，奈米粒徑愈小。 \r (6)奈米銀與銀離子在抗菌上的確有明顯效果，帄均粒徑小，抗菌效果越強。

胰島素依賴型糖尿病(insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; IDDM)是一種胰島素無法正常分泌的自體免疫疾病;而NOD老鼠(non-obese diabetic mouse，NOD)的病徵與其非常相似。藉由觀察NOD老鼠發病前後外顯行為及疑導組織切片的差異，我們認為胰島素依賴型糖尿病的致病機轉是因為T細胞工及胰島組織中製造胰島素的β細胞，使胰島素分泌不足而引起糖尿病；而樹突狀細胞(dendritic cell，DC)是調控淋巴細胞反映的重要調節細胞，未來可望利用樹突狀細胞進行胰島素依賴型糖尿病的免疫調控治療。本實驗即是利用IL-4、GM-CSF使NOD老鼠的骨隨幹細胞分化樹突狀細胞，並藉由控制NOD老鼠的年紀與的數突狀細胞培養天數，希望取得較多的數突狀細胞，以利未來免疫治療之用。Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is a spontaneously occurring autoimmune disease in which cellular immune components mediate destruction of the insulin-producing βcells of the pancreas. It begins with an asymptomatic stage during theβcells are gradually destroyed. These patients have to depend on injecting insulin to lower their blood glucose, facing the dander of being infected. So we want to research into the cause of IDDM by model animal- NOD mouse (non-obese diabetic mouse). We observe the differences of exterior behavior and sections of pancreas organization between NOD mice and normal ones. It has been shown that the immunophological mechanism of IDDM is T cells destroy βcells of genetically predisposed individuals and result in insufficiency of insulin-producing. Dendritic cells(DC), having great Ag-presenting ability, are related to IDDM. We cultivate bone marrow stem cells of 5-week-old,8-week-old, and 21-week-old NOD mice treated with IL-4,GM-CSF and make them differentiate into dendritic cells. The result shows that using 8-week-old NOD mice to cultivate will get the largest amount of dendritic cells. We also compare the percentage of differentiated DCs for 6 days’ culture with 9 days’,and we find that 9 days’is better. Dendritic cells are the effect Antigen-presenting cells which can be used for immunotherapy of IDDM , though , its complicated mechanism still needs further researching and developing. We hope in the future IDDM patients could get rid of the suffering of injecting insulin in their whole life.

陸地上的金字塔無時無刻沒有受到氣體的包覆，這個實驗透過風洞模擬金字塔模型，在流體中的壓力變化，並藉由煙線來觀察流體的移動情形，可具體看到當流體經過物體週遭時流場的改變。經由測量壓力，可更深入的探討風速與壓力的關係。在實驗中，可發現當流體迎面而來，在金字塔後方形成的流場變化中，以渦流最易觀察；且透過壓力的測量，發現模型的前、後方，會有明顯的壓差，會對模型造成力矩，可能會使金字塔結構不穩定。越往金字塔上方壓差越小，因此其受阻力所產生的合力矩應較同底面積、同高的長方體小，故金字塔可以長久在沙漠中屹立不搖。此外，流體流過模型兩側會產生分離的情況，分離點的位置會影響渦流區的大小；一般而言，分離點發生在物體的越後方，尾流的尺寸越小，壓差所造成的阻力越低，實驗中發現流速對分離點的位置影響不大，金字塔的擺放形狀卻會對分離點的位置產生明顯的影響，所以越流線型的物體，其受到壓差所產生的阻力越小。希望透過以上的研究，能夠對金字塔周圍複雜的流場有更深入的了解。The pyramid on land is constantly surrounded by gas. Using the wind tunnel, we can investigate the distribution of pressure surrounding the model of pyramid; furthermore, we can discuss about the relationship between pressure and wind velocity. In addition, with the smoke wire, we can visually observe the dynamic flow filed. In our experiment, we discovered that when fluid comes, there will be obvious difference of pressure between the front and the back of the pyramidal model, causing a torque to the model. At higher parts of the model, there is less difference of the pressure, so the resulting torques of a pyramid should be less than that of a cuboid. Therefore, a pyramid can stand in the desert for a long time. Besides, when the fluid flows through the two sides of the model, it will separate, and the position of the separation points will influence the size of the turbulence area. Generally speaking, the farther the separation points are to the back, the smaller the size of the turbulence area, and the less the drag caused by the difference of pressure. With the study above, I expect to have more understanding about the complex flow field of pyramid.

本文發現發放射毛黴（ Actinomucor elegans）為製豆腐乳之最佳菌種。實驗包括形態、生理及抱子萌芽之生理。在靜態合成毛做培養液（ Still synthetic Mucor Solution ）中放射毛黴佳長以第 5 天之乾重量最高，孢子形成與發育在快速生長期之末。最宜生長之生理條件為憑度 30oC 酸鹼度7，相對濕度 92 % ( 30oC 時），振盪培養。更進一步在不同溫度，酸鹼度、濕度、孢子濃度、基本餐養物、氮源、乙醇蒸氣、二氧化碳濃度下加以探討孢子萌芽生理，結果顯示放射毛黴孢子萌芽最宜溫度為 30oC、釀鹼度7，相對濕度 92%，孢子萌芽率因孢子濃度增加而減少，最有效刺激孢子萌芽之基本營養物需要葡萄糖、硝酸鹽和磷酸二氫鹽三種混合物，數種供試的氮源以酵母抽取物刺激孢子萌芽最有效，乙醇蒸氣 1 ％或 l ％以上抱子萌芽即受仰制，大氣中的CO2濃度已足夠孢子萌芽之需，太高或太低濃度反而有害，孢子熱死點測得為55oC。

本研究主要以正三角形作為基本單元，透過窮舉討論得到正三角形邊的作用方式只有五種，再經由排列組合歸納出11 種正三角形密鋪磁磚設計方法。進一步，運用我們的研究結果，配合數學簡報系統製圖，創作新圖樣，也彌補了Escher 在手繪時所造成的誤差，達到完全密鋪的效果。碎形磁磚的部份，我們也依據其背後的數學理論創作幾套結構圖，利用結構解析，碎形密鋪磁磚將變得十分容易，學習者將可輕鬆製作富有創意的新圖樣。 ;This research mainly takes the regular triangle as the basic unit. Through the enumeration, we obtain that there are only five operations for edge of the regular triangle, and then 11 kinds of regular triangle design methods are induced. Even more, utilizing our findings and Mathematical Presentation System (Math PS), we created the new pattern which makes up Escher’s errors and achieves the tiling. As to Fractal Tiling, we create several sets of structure drawings according to its mathematics theory. Using structure analysis, the Fractal Tiling will become extremely simple, and the learner can make the rich creative new pattern easily.

豆類澱粉?抑制劑具害蟲防治與血糖調節之功效。本研究從台灣五種豆類中進行澱粉?抑制劑活性初篩，篩選出四季豆對麗蠅的澱粉?有明顯的抑制效果，粗萃後分離純化出單一蛋白質，經胺基酸定序結果得到兩個多?片段-VGLDFVLV 與TETSFNIDG ， 與已發表文獻比對推測為腰豆澱粉?抑制劑—αAI-1。經測試發現此抑制劑在85℃時仍具備抑制果蠅澱粉?之活性，為一熱安定性蛋白質，其抑制作用受pH 值影響很大，在偏酸性環境下的效果最好，且其抑制作用具特異性，可明顯抑制果蠅、入侵紅火蟻、白蟻、蟑螂及麵包蟲等昆蟲的澱粉?活性。在調節血糖方面，本研究利用豬胰臟澱粉?進行抑制活性測試，篩選出四季豆、花豆與黑豆對豬胰臟澱粉?有明顯的抑制效果，進一步利用Wistar 品系大鼠，進行豆類澱粉?抑制劑降血糖功效之活體試驗，將四季豆、花豆和黑豆粗萃經濃縮乾燥後餵食大鼠，發現花豆、黑豆在第一小時具有顯著抑制血糖增加效果；四季豆、黑豆在第三小時血糖回升，花豆仍可維持較低血糖濃度。此初步結果顯示，花豆粗萃物可能具備減緩消化吸收作用，具應用潛能，其確切分子作用機制值得深入探究。Amylase inhibitors can be applied in pest control and glucose adjustments. The study screens Phaseolus vulgaris from five Taiwan’s beans that has the most significant inhibition towards Chrysomia megacephala. The protein was isolated and sequenced two fragments, -VGLDFVLV and TETSFNIDG, highly homologous to that of αAI-1 from Phaseolus vulgaris. The pure protein still inhibits the amylase from Drosophila melanogaster at 85℃, suggesting it is thermal-stable. Its activity was specific and was affected by pH, reaching the peak in weak acidic condition. It obviously inhibits amylases from D. melanogaster, Solenopsis invicta, Odontotermes formosanus, Periplaneta Americana Linnaeus, and Alphitobius sp. In addiction, the study points out Phaseolus vulgaris, Phaseolus coccineus L. and Glycine max, which have significant inhibition toward pancreatic amylase. The amylase inhibitors’ functions of decreasing in blood glucose were detected by animal experiments on Wistar rats. The rats fed with the extracts of Phaseolus coccineus L. and Glycine max showed the inhibition of glucose increasing at the first hour, while blood glucose concentration after rats fed with Phaseolus vulgaris and Glycine max increase at the third hour, and blood glucose after rats fed with Phaseolus coccineus L. maintains low. Its premier result indicates that the extract from Phaseolus coccineus L. might postpones digestion and has potential to be applied. According to these results, amylase inhibitors are worthy to further analysis.

為了了解淡黃蝶Catopsilia pomona無紋型crocale-like及銀紋型pomona-like中間受到環境因子的差異。先比對兩型的粒線體ＤＮＡ，之後模擬夏季和冬季自然環境進行實驗。得知兩型為同種。另一方面進行溫度和光週期的實驗，顯示淡黃蝶幼蟲和成蟲雌雄個體各部位會受到此兩環境因子的影響。In order to realize if Catopsilia Pomona and Catosilia crocale are the same species, we analyzed and compared the DNA sequences of Mitochondria, and the result revealed they are indeed the same species. Then we observed the developmental process of the butterfly, and inspected the effects of different factors: photoperiod and temperature were shown to affect the phenotype of the butterfly; lower temperature and shorter day resulted in phenotypic shift from crocale-like to pomona-like, and vice versa. Also, the conflicting factors produced intermediated form. (e.g. lower temperature with longer day) Not only changed the phenotypes of adult with photoperiod and temperature, those of larvae also did. However, the mechanism how photoperiod and temperature affect the phenotype of the butterfly is unknown.

含羞草會因為受到各種不同外界刺激(光照、外力等等)，而造成膨壓改變。外 觀上表現出葉片閉合或有葉柄下垂的現象。其中含羞草處在黑暗的環境下一段時 間後，會做出睡眠運動。當它重新暴露於光照之中，將會需要一段時間以恢復原 先葉片張開的樣子。這個實驗是研究不同類型的環境因子(主要是光照和溼度)在打 破睡眠運動之後，對其葉片復原時間所造成的影響。我們針對上述環境因子在不 同狀況時，進行我們的實驗上百次，進一步得到了多項的數據。也在實驗中，為 了精確了解整個恢復的程序，而將恢復程序程序做成書面說明。以下是我們所紀 錄與分析完數據後的結果，以及我們在實驗期間，進行一些不同的實驗嘗試，所 發現不同於表面所見的驚人事實。 The mimosa can accept plenty of stimulation (light, force, etc), which results in the change of turgor pressure, and on outward appearance, it shows the phenomenon that the leaves become closed or that the stalks get pendent. Among the stimulation, the mimosa will undergo nyctinasty when it is left in the dark for a period of time, in order to enable it to be exposed to the light once more, which requires certain time. This experiment is based on how different kinds of elements of the environment (primarily light and hydro level) effects the rehabilitation time after the nyctinasty is broken. A large number of data are gained after experimenting on it for hundreds of times. Steps of habilitation are also made into illustration in writing, so as to understand the whole steps accurately in the experiment. Below are our records and analysis based on the data, including a few special experimental tries during our working time, in which some surprising facts that were discovered are different from what are seen on the surface.

上體育課的時候看到同學投空心球（籃球在沒有碰著籃框的情況下進入籃中），覺得好厲害。因此，我們利用相關的數學知識與運動原理來討論籃球投出後的運行軌跡，以及影響其命中率的相關因素。我們得知籃球的運行軌跡是一條拋物線，並求出其二次方程式；並利用標準籃球直徑與籃框直徑找出籃球進入籃框的最小入射角。若要提高命中率，必須考慮籃球投出時的投射角、初速度、籃球投出時的高度以及籃球與籃框水平距離之間的相關影響。此外，我們藉由電腦軟體列出相關數據提供作為實際投籃時的參考，並藉此進一步分析上述因素如何影響籃球運行軌跡以及如何提高投籃的命中率。Those who always shoot nothing but the net in basketball games were always heroes to me. I have being thinking for a long time how to become a person of that kind. For this, we investigated the trajectory of shooting a basketball and the factors to increasing the field goal percentages through our knowledge on mathematics and physics. We have obtained that the trajectory is in fact a parabola and, we further, found its quadratic equation. We also derived the minimal incident angle from the diameters of the standard basketball and hoop as well as the quadratic equation we have found. To raise the field goal percentages, some important factors must be taken into consideration, such as the vertical and horizontal distance between the basketball and the hoop, the incident angle and the initial velocity of shooting. Finally, we provide some concerning data for reference, and analyzed how the important factors we have mentioned above have affected our basketball trajectory and how, of the most importance, to increase the field goal percentages

吹長笛時，按同一按鍵，以大小不同的力量去吹，會引發不同頻率的泛音，而通常越用力吹，引發泛音的頻率越高，所以我們想了解為什麼越用力，泛音的頻率會高，其間的關係究竟是什麼？風經過管口會產生各種頻率的噪音，其中某些特定頻率的聲音會因為會在管內形成駐波而放大，所以我們只能聽到某些特定頻率的聲音。當風速增加時，會在管口形成渦漩逸放的紊流現象。其渦漩頻率與流速成正比（註一）。我們以塑膠管實驗。發現以特定的風速引發該基音後，繼續增加風速，當風速達某一定強度時，才會躍遷為下一個泛音的頻率。這個現象告訴我們：在一封閉管下，風速與泛音的關係並非「線性遞增」，而是越「躍遷遞增」的關係。另一個實驗測量不同管長、其諧音之頻率的關係，我們可以得知，越短的管子，因為相鄰兩泛音間頻率差較大，越不易激發更高階泛音。經由這些實驗結果，我們能夠推論：當管子越長、基音頻率越低時，諧音間頻率的差距相對越小，繪出的風速－頻率關係圖應更加顯示了風速與頻率呈正比關係。未來我們可以以閃頻器觀測紊流渦漩的產生，再變化至不同吹入角度，及各式管口造形，這些實驗能協助我們更進一步了解樂器的發聲原理，甚至開發一個以聲音頻率測量風速的儀器。註一：林婉如、張?文2006 國際科工程組佳作作品。When we press the same key and blow a flute using different strengths, we can get different overtones. Usually, the harder we blow the flute, the high the frequency we get. We want to understand why we get a higher frequency when we blow harder into the flute and to understand the relationship between them. When wind passes through the mouthpiece, many kinds of noises will be produced. Some of the frequencies will expand because they will form standing waves in the tube. Therefore, we can only hear certain frequencies. As wind speed increases, a turbulence of the vortex shedding will be formed. The frequency of the vortex shedding and wind speed will be in a direct ratio. We experiment with plastic tubes. When we increase the wind speed and get certain magnitudes, the frequency will jump to the next overtone. The phenomenon shows that the relation, in a closed tube, between wind speed and harmonics is not a linear increase but a transition increase. In another experiment, we measured the relationship between wind speed and different lengths of tubes. We can infer that the shorter the tube, the higher high-frequency harmonics can be produced. Through these experiments, we come to the conclusion that the longer the tube, the lower frequency of the fundamental tone we get and the discrepancy in frequency between harmonics is smaller. Then we make a diagram between wind speed and frequency that indicates that there is a direct ratio between wind speed and frequency. In the future, we can use “” to observe the production of turbulence. Then we can switch to different angles when we blow into flutes. Otherwise, we can experiment with different shapes of mouthpieces. These experiments can assist us to understand more how the instrument sounds. We can develop a device measuring wind speed with frequency.

在炎炎夏日總希望來點可以「降火氣」的食品，依據古籍記載某些中藥材具有降火氣的效應，而中醫所謂的降火氣與西醫的抗發炎反應密切相關。本實驗利用巨噬細胞株受到LPS (Lipopolysaccharide，革蘭氏陰性菌細胞壁表面所含有的脂多醣體)刺激後，會分泌發炎介質的現象，再分別加入各項傳統認為可降火氣(以菊花、薏仁、仙草作為樣品)或上火氣(選用龍眼作為樣品)的中藥食材，來評估中藥材對巨噬細胞分泌發炎介質能力的影響。經由實驗，我們發現市售的『降火氣』中藥食材，在適當的濃度下，確實具有降低IL-6、TNF-α 分泌量的能力，但濃度過高時卻會造成細胞凋亡。另外，傳統以水熬煮的方式比冷凍乾燥取得的樣品有更好的降低IL-6、TNF-α 分泌量的能力。 我們期望以此一系列的實驗，來建立篩選『降火氣』食材的抗發炎效用的研究模式，並在後續實驗中可用以篩選出更多具抗發炎效應的中藥材。In summer, people always consider eating some special things to refresh themselves. According to ancient books, there are some Chinese herbal medicines that were recorded to have the function of cooling us down, which is related to anti-inflammation in the Western. Macrophage cell lines can be stimulated by LPS (Lipopolysaccharide) and secrete proinflammatory mediators. Thus, it is often used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of different herbs. In our experiment, we also use macrophage cell lines to test different anti-inflammatory effects between chrysanthemum, Job’s tears and grass jelly. In addition, some Chinese herbs such as longan that can parch us are also tested in our experiment. In our results, we found these herbs that are available indeed have ability to anti-inflame in appropriate consistency; however, high dose does harm to cells. In addition, the samples that are poached in ancient ways have better ability to show the low dose of IL-6 and TNF-α. Finally, we would set up a model to test the anti-inflammatory ability of different herbs that were said to be able to cool us down, and then we could test more herbs in the future.