Recently, there have been several researches aimed at the feasibility of electroactive polymers (EAPs) replacing motors as robotic actuators – the driving forces behind mechanical devices. However, current EAP actuators are either hard to control or incapable of discrete accurate movements. The research aims to design a computer interface that makes it possible for the electroactive polymer, VHB 4910, to become an effective substitute for bulky motors in effecting precise and accurate control of a robotic arm.

本實驗以吸附染料之二氧化鈦奈米結構電極層為承載基材的太陽能電池為研究對象，旨在增進其光電轉換效率，促使染料有效地吸收光能後造成電荷分離，再經由二氧化鈦傳導帶向外傳出而形成電流，即所謂染料敏化太陽能電池。實驗主軸共分三：1、合成染料N3：觀察吸附度與浸泡時間之關係，發現在18~20 小時電池有最佳吸附；改變電解液濃度，求得最佳電解液濃度範圍；酸化二氧化鈦極板。2、天然植物色素：改變溶劑，得出高極性之丙酮對電池最佳；酸、鹼化植物色素；觀察電池隨著光照時間增加，性質趨於穩定。3、混合色素與染料：此實驗旨在印證不同吸能範圍之染料在極板混合浸泡後，電池吸能帶是否有疊加、擴充的效果，並觀察分開浸泡與混合色素一起浸泡之不同效應，量測IPCE 以玆比較。實驗結果可知，確實對於電池吸光範圍有所增加，且分開浸泡之效果較好。This experiment is mainly about the phtosensitization of Ti02 solar cell, aiming at improving the energy conversion efficiency, promoting the electric charge to separate from TiO2 and spread out through after the dye absorbs light. That is so-called dye-sensitized solar cell. The experiment mainly divides into three parts: 1. Ruthenium(II): Observing the connection between adsorption and dipped-time, find out that solar cell has best to adsorb in 18 to 20 hours; change the concentration of electrolyte; acidification TiO2. 2. Photosynthetic pigments: Change solvent, and get the conclusion that pigment has better adsorption in high polar solvents such as acetone; acidification/basification pigments; observe the changing of energy conversion efficiency while the illumination time increases. 3. Mixed the dye and pigment: This experiment is aim at proofing that the absorption spectrum of soaked-TiO2 may mix after dipped in different dye and pigment. Furthermore, we compares the differences between TiO2 dipped in one mix solution and dipped in several solutions separately, measure its IPCE. According to the experiment, the spectrum of soaked-TiO2 is certainly larger, and dipping in solution separately has better effect to the battery.

可聽聲有向四周擴散繞射特性，而超聲波具有指向性，改以超聲波載送可聽音訊號後，其載波與旁頻帶均在超聲波範圍，實驗中人耳卻可聽到高度指向性聲音，且調幅解調後的可聽聲衰減率比純超聲波來的低。那為什麼超聲波會解調可聽音？我們以非線性的數學轉換概念，成功以數學推導解釋實驗中所聽到的可聽聲，是由旁頻經由非線性轉換而來的。為了證實空氣中的超聲波有非線性現象，以發射40KHz單頻訊號，除了接收到40KHz訊號外還可接收80KHz訊號，而80KHz訊號振幅，會隨著發射強度而遞增，也會隨著傳輸距離增加至穩定狀態，這所我們從文獻中的非線性理論所吻合。接下來進行調幅超聲波實驗，我們經理論計算旁頻帶強度為頻率響應與調變率乘積的一半，而解調可聽聲的強度為調變率、頻率響應與非線性係數三者乘積，我們也由實驗數據證實理論計算結果，在實驗中，換能器在40KHz有最佳的頻率響應，其非線性係數與所載送可聽聲頻率高低約略成正相關，並且與換能器距離遞增而越遠而增加。此外在提高高指向可聽音輸出功率方面，除製作專屬的放大器、運用方波取代正弦波來載波、配合陣列換能器輸出；在改善音質方面，利用等化器調整訊源頻譜分佈，降低低頻振幅，增強高頻振幅，讓各頻率的原始訊號都能有適當的調變，達到最佳音質。The audible sound has the characteristics of spreading and diffracting. And ultrasonic is directive. We modulate sound into ultrasonic signal. The carrier and sideband are ultrasonic frequency bands. But in the experiment, human can hear highly directive sound. In terms of attenuation rate, AM demodulation sound is lower than pure ultrasonic wave. Why can human hear the directive sound? By using the nonlinear mathematical transform, we managed to explain the audible sound which is transformed from sideband with nonlinear effect in the experiment. In order to confirm that nonlinear phenomena in the air ultrasonic, we launch 40KHz single tone ultrasonic signal. Besides the 40KHz signal, we also received 80KHz signal. The amplitude of 80KHz signal will increase with the emission intensity, and also with the transmission distance to increase its stability. These are consistent with nonlinear theory in the literature. Next we began AM ultrasonic experiment. We calculated the sideband intensity that is the product of frequency response and modulation index. The demodulation sound intensity is the product of modulation index, frequency response, and nonlinear coefficient. We also proved the calculated consequence through the experiment. In the experiment, the ultrasonic transducer has a best frequency response in 40KHz. The nonlinear coefficient has positive correlation with the modulation frequency, and increases transmission distance. To boost the power of directive audible sound, we made an amplifier, using square wave to replace sine wave of carrier, and in conjunction with array transducer output. To improve the sound quality, We use the spectrum-Equalizer to adjust the frequency distribution of the origin signal. The EQ reduces the low-frequency amplitude, and boost high-frequency amplitude, which enables every frequency of the original signal to be properly modulated, achieving the best sound quality.

Refer to Figure 1. Suppose ABCD is a trapezoid and . Passing the intersection M of and we construct a parallel line intersecting and at E and F, respectively. We obtain that , and then we can generalize the result. 如(圖一)，若ABCD為梯形且，過 和交點M 分別作平行線交、 於E 、F ，可得 的關係，再加以推廣。

由於台灣山區溪流短小陡急，土石流災害嚴重，透過式防砂壩攔阻工法為現\r 今之趨勢，而帄面透水柵具有一般透過式壩的優點，不但能將土石流轉化為水砂\r 流，還可以減低土石流衝擊力造成的損壞及改善上游儲砂空間不足的問題。本研\r 究採用改良式帄面柵，在下游處增設分流河道，可改善分離出之細顆粒土砂水與\r 大礫石再度結合之危險。此工法於2003 年引進台灣後，尚未廣泛應用，主要原因\r 為缺乏設計之經驗式，因此本研究針對透水柵的柵棒長度（L/ Dmax）、棒淨間距\r （b/ Dmax）、柵面架設方式、柵面篩分角度（θ）等多項重要因子進行室內渠槽\r 試驗，最後提出土砂篩分比與攔阻率的趨勢方程式，設計時以總攔阻率（R）高為\r 原則，輔以篩分比（S）與貯砂率（R1）高，即可有良好之成效，期望能作為國內\r 外現場工程施做時之參考，結果如下所示。

磁粉探傷過程包含兩個重要的物理現象，其一是磁力線於工作瑕疵處的漏磁現象而形成邊緣磁場，其二是鐵粉顆粒受邊緣磁場的影響而向工作瑕疵處附近聚集現象分別反應出磁場在通過不同介質時所遵循的折射原哩，以及磁場分佈對鐵粉顆粒產生的磁力原理。本研究以電磁通電產生靜磁場，並利用兩電磁鐵間的氣隙來模擬工件瑕疵，因電磁鐵的磁導係數遠大於空氣之磁導係數而造成漏磁場方向機與漏磁面垂直，形成一單純的邊界條件使得邊緣磁通密度的解析解可直接利用馬克斯威爾方程式求得。我們亦導出空氣中的磁通分佈對微小的鐵粉顆粒所產生的磁力公式，發現鐵粉顆粒受靜磁力的大小與該顆粒的體積、磁通密度與磁通密度之梯度成正比，而其方向則與磁通密度之梯度一致，此結論與磁粉探傷過程中，鐵粉向工件瑕疵處聚集的現象吻合。實驗設計採用螢光粉混合鐵粉以獲致明顯的鐵粉顆粒運動軌跡，用數位錄影機紀錄後再擷取影像圖檔判讀其位置與時間之關係，進而反算鐵粉顆粒之位置與所受之靜磁力的關係，以定量的方式證實所推導的邊緣磁場分佈公式以及磁力公式。Two important physical phenomena are observed in the practice of magnetic particle inspection (MPI). The first one is that leakage flux is present in the defect area of the work-piece under inspection. The second one is that magnetic particles aggregate in the vicinity of the defect. These phenomena manifest the theory of flux refraction, which occurs in the intersection area of two different magnetic materials, and the theory of magneto-static force, which is experienced by the iron powder in a magnetic field distribution. Two electromagnets, made of cast steel, are aligned together such that the leakage flux in the air gap forms a fringing field distribution. It is this magnetic field distribution that simulates a defect area in a magnetized magnetic work-piece. Since the permeability of cast steel is far larger than that of air, the direction of the fringing field at the surface of the electromagnets is almost perpendicular to the surface. Such a simple geometry renders an analytical solution to the Maxwell’s equations. The magnetic force of the magneto-static field exerting on the magnetic particle, an iron powder in this case, can be derived by using the principle of virtual displacement. We obtain a formula of magnetic force, whose direction coincides with the gradient of the magnetic flux density and whose magnitude is proportional to the magnitude of the particle volume, the magnetic flux density and its gradient. This formula also agrees with the observation in MPI that the magnetic particles aggregate in the vicinity of the defect.

設Γ為一平面曲線而 P 為一定點 , 自P 向Γ所有的切線作對稱點，則所有對稱點所成的圖形Γ1 稱為曲線Γ對定點P 的double pedal curve , Γ1 對定點P 的double pedal curve Γ2 稱為曲線Γ對定點P 的2-th double pedal curve , Γ2 對定點P 的double pedal curve Γ3 稱為曲線 Γ對定點P 的3-th double pedal curve ,…… 。以下是本文主要的結果：結論A：當Γ為一圓形而P 為圓上一點時 , 計算其n−th double pedal curve 的方程式。結論B：當Γ為任意平滑的參數曲線而P 為任意一點時 , Γ的 double pedal curve 的切線性質。結論C：當Γ為任意平滑的參數曲線而P 為(0,0)時, 計算其n−th double pedal curve 的方程式。 Given a plane curve Γand a fixed point P ,the locus of the reflection of P about the tangent to the curveΓis called the double pedal curve of Γwith respect to P.We denote Γ1 as the double pedal curve of Γwith respect to P, Γ2 as the double pedal curve of Γ1 with respect to P , Γ3 as the double pedal curve of Γ2 with respect to P ,and so on , we call Γn the n-th double pedal curve of Γwith respect to P. If Γ is a circle, and P is a point on the circle, we got the parametric equation of the n−th double pedal curve of Γ with respect to P. And, for any parametric plane curve Γ; we got the method to draw the tangent of the double pedal curve of Γ.

氫氣在燃燒後只會產生水而不產生溫室氣體之二氧化碳，可謂一種潔淨能源。 生質能源是屬於碳中性(Carbon neutral)型之利用方式，因此本研究著眼於如何建構一個操作簡便的共代謝系統，將生質料源從微生物之發酵反應中釋放氫氣出來。 實驗的主要方法是利用好氧性的Bacillus thermoamylovorans 與厭氧性的Clostridium butyricum 共培養分解廢紙漿以生產氫氣。廢紙漿是混合的基質，內富含纖維素、並含一些油墨及少許雜質。利用Bacillus thermoamylovorans 是好氧菌，同時也能將廢紙漿中的纖維素轉換成還原醣的特性，將原本有氧的環境轉換成絕對厭氧的環境，並將廢紙漿中的纖維素轉化成Clostridium butyricum 可以利用的還原醣。如此一來，原本不利於Clostridium butyricum 生長的環境，卻能透過簡單的共培養方式創造出有利於Clostridium butyricum 生長的環境並產生氫氣。除此之外，我們也對不同碳源、不同的植菌量、不同的氧氣量，比較其產氫能力差異，發現增加氧氣量可以提升最後的產氫量大約2.7 倍。 ;Our major goal is to develop a cost-effective biohydrogen production system by the co-culturing of Bacillus thermoamylovorans and Clostridium butyricum. The aerobic Bacillus thermoamylovorans will consume oxygen and converse waste paper pulp into reductant-sugar and the anaerobic Clostridium butyricum will generate hydrogen after oxygen is consumed. With the increase of aeration, the aerobic Bacillus thermoamylovorans growsappropriately leading to more biohydrogen production. However, in enhanced aeration condition, the Bacillus thermoamylovorans will consume sugars that can offer for the Clostridium butyricum. So we can conclude that the control of oxygen is the key point for the system to operate.

自由基會產生在神經系統、免疫系統、血液循環系統等等，進而影響到人體各器官的運作,甚至於近年來許多醫生學者提出自由基病理:自由基是百病之源。本次實驗筆者挑選葡萄子、維生素C、綠茶來抑制清氧自由基(OH.)所採用的方法是將10%雙氧水製入注射筒並加亞鐵離子催化,,使其與抗氧化物反應,由於雙氧水分解會產生氫氣自由基與氧氣,因此筆者用倍率放大器(OPA)放大生成氧氣造成的電壓,並用Data Studio測量記錄,最後可由氧氣體積對電壓的趨勢圖看出抑制氫氣自由基的效果;Free radicals will be produced in our nerves system blood circulation immunization system etc. and they able to influene the operaion for our organs many medical scholars have even come up with "free radical pathology"-free radicals are sourse of all he diseases in recent years.In this study, I chose rape stone vitaminC and green tea to restrain hydroxide radicals(OH.) Here is summary of the experimental process. First,I put 10%hydrogen peroxide into an injector and then added ferrous ion to hydrogen peroxide to catalyze it. Second I let it reaact with the sample. Because hydrogen peroxide can produce hydroxide radicals and oxygen, I used the mutiplier(OPA) to amplify the pressure caused with the prducion of oxygen, measuring and recording resuls by the software"Data Studio"Finally, we can tell which antioxidant is more effective in restraining hydrode radicals from volume-voltage gragh.

Lotus effect（蓮花效應）是蓮葉表面化學組成（wax）與物理組成（微纖維結構）兩者所造成。本研究是以模擬Lotus effect，採用Sol-Gel 製成，將氟化矽聚合為奈米膠體。實驗結果發現，以異丙醇為溶劑，再依序加入氟化矽、硝酸以製成的Sol-Gel，將其塗覆於玻璃表面，可得到最高的接觸角（114.71°），且少量的氟化矽可製成大量的成品，已具有實用價值又兼顧成本的優點，最重要的是，本研究克服了目前Sol-Gel 製程與應用的四大難題（機械強度、與基材接著問題、透明度、溶膠凝固問題），可說是一大創舉。利用所研發出來的奈米溶膠，我們能成功地將Sol-Gel 附著於布料、玻璃、釉表面、粉體，也能成功地研發出具有自潔透氣的布料、救生衣、雪衣、棉被及自潔功能的玻璃、磁磚與市面上尚未研發出的防水粉體（接觸角＞140°），因此我們研發出的Sol-Gel 應用甚廣，有無限的發展潛力。Chemical composition (wax) and physical characteristics (microstructure) of lotus leaves are both responsible of the so call Lotus Effect. In this study we intend to demonstrate louts effect by applying Sol-Gel method to polymerize fluorosilane into nano-scale colloid. Our experimental results shown that the sol-gel made based on isopropanol solvent with fluorosilane and nitric acid added in order, when coated on glass plate, can achieve highest (liquid-surface) contact angle of 114.7 degrees. In addition, only small quantity of fluorosilane is sufficient to produce large amount of product, making this method feasible and cost-effective. More importantly, this procedure overcome the four major difficulty of sol-gel processing and application, namely mechanical toughness, adhesion with substrate, transparency, and consolidation. Using the nano-sol-gel developed in this study, we have successfully coated the sol-gel onto fabric, glass, ceramic grazing surface, and powder, which allow one to make self-cleaning breathable clothes, life jacket, snow cloth, futon and self-cleaning glass and tiles, as well as water-proof powder (contact angle > 140 degrees) which is brand new on market. We therefore believe that there is a great potential for the application of sol-gel developed in this study.

費曼曾說：There is plenty of room at the bottom。喬治亞理工大學的Mostafa El-Sayed 教授發表的癌細胞辨識、與科學月刊報導『台大抗煞一號』引發我們對膠體金粒子的興趣。膠體的性質主要是由界達電位 (zeta potential)決定。參考台科大、成大、中山…等超音波應用研究，提出改良篩選物理法製造之膠體金粒子的儀器設計與製作。經沉降過濾可達平均粒徑 100 nm；而離心式篩選機與超音波管式篩選機可達平均粒徑30 nm。篩選後的膠體粒子以電容原理調控膠體金粒子之界達電位 (zeta potential)，成功地從-30 mV 提升至-59 mV，並發展成電容超音波界達電位控制儀(Capacitor Ultrasonic Zeta Potential Controller)。以膠體金粒子與蛋白質鍵結量來測試調控界達電位的效果，發現蛋白質鍵結量之增加曲線與界達電位的增加曲線的增加趨勢相似；此功能的發現對於生物科技方面的應用應會有很大的幫助。透過界達電位控制系統，本研究達到費曼先生所期望的「在原子或分子的尺度上來加工材料和製造設備」。“There is plenty room at the bottom.” The words of Mr. Feynman are the beginning of nano technology. Mostafa El-Sayed, a professor of Georgia Institute Technology, identified cancer cells through nano gold-antibody complex. So, our study focuses on the zeta potential of colloidal gold particles. At first, the filtering method and equipments were developed. The theories were based on the ultrasonic studies of universities such as National Taiwan University of Science and Technology. Then the colloidal gold’s sizes were filtered to100 nm through settling. At last, by using Continual-Filtering Centrifuge (CoCe.) and Tube Well Mass (TW-MS), the mean particles sizes can be filtered to 30 nm. The most important results are: Zeta potential of the gold colloid was controlled with Capacitor Ultrasonic Zeta Potential Controller. The zeta potential can be raised from -30 mV up to -59 mV, which is -20 mV higher than the conventional pH-changing way. The function of zeta potential to protein binding quantity was tested. The increasing curves of zeta potential and protein binding quantity were similar. This property would be a significance of biotechnology. Thourgh Capacitor Ultrasonic Zeta Potential Control system, the zeta potential’s limitation of gold colliod, which is produced by SANSS (Submerged Arc Nanoparticles Synthesis System), can be controled in a wilder range. The study which is focused on nano-scale, like the wish of Mr. Feynman – “To manufacture material and produce equipment in atom and molecular scale”.

NO.58-01 2019 FEB | 科學研習期刊目錄 本期專題 運用科技的物理教學 智慧型科技與行動學習： 以手機APP為例 | 賈至達 綠能數位與實作教材 之發展與運用 | 盧玉玲 蠟燭燃燒實驗的IoT 之旅 | 李柏翰 、江政龍、蘇萬生 智慧型手機立體影像STEAM實作教材 | 洪連輝、張益嘉 運用Arduino探究視覺暫留 | 陸健榮、鄭依佩 科學探究隨手做：手機感應器的物理原理與教學上的應用 | 盧政良 教學現場 動手玩科技：射箭Robot自己做 | 施皇羽、許弘叡 量子力學之美：電腦叢集計算在附中 | 李柏翰 科學新知 淺談「智慧電網」 | 蔡振明 特約專欄 變色龍 | 游森棚 帶得走的STEAM課程設計：古機械鐘創意課程 | 黃琴扉 趣讀科普，昇華閱讀，活化STEM腦 | 劉淑雯 科普活動報導 看得獎影片 學有趣科學 | 李名揚 科教館GO好玩 電漿球演示融入科學劇的情節歷程--以｢電漿球｣演示為例 | 陳香微 總召集人的話 本刊自本期起改為雙月刊，於「臺灣網路科教館」網址刊登，文章方向將更緊扣STEAM教育與國中小物理、化學、生物、地科、科技、數學六大領域或分科。除將於「本期專題」和「教學現場」單元刊登和12年國教課程與教學相關文章外，亦結合科教館「科普傳播中心」做更多元化的分享與傳播。物理科召集人是國立彰化師範大學物理學系吳仲卿教授，「本期專題」推出「運用科技的物理教學」專題。 「本期專題」共有六篇文章：〈智慧型科技與行動學習：以手機APP為例〉一文以智慧型手機的APP為主軸，論述智慧型科技在「行動學習」的應用，以及在科學學習的幾個面向。〈綠能數位與實作教材之發展與運用〉一文分享作者研究室所研發的「綠色能源」數位教材，教材係整合情境式數位學習與實作探究而成，以風力發電為主題。〈蠟燭燃燒實驗的IoT之旅〉一文帶領讀者利用國中理化課程單元--密閉容器蠟燭燃燒實驗，結合國家晶片系統設計中心開發的MorSensor測定晶片，設計一套創新的實驗流程。〈智慧型手機立體影像STEAM實作教材〉一文作者分享其整合STEAM教育精神，所開發出主題為「立體視覺與虛擬實境」的一套光學領域課程與教材。〈運用Arduino探究視覺暫留〉一文分享如何運用新科技--開源微控制器，針對視覺暫留現象進行定量的探究與實作，同時訓練學生測量與分析以及程式與電路等跨領域的基本素養。〈科學探究隨手做：手機感應器的物理原理與教學上的應用〉一文分享利用手機進行數位量測教學的的經驗與建議。 「教學現場」刊登兩篇文章：〈動手玩科技：射箭Robot自己做〉一文分享在國小利用木工課程搭配microbit的程式設計，進行「射箭Robot」的設計經驗。〈量子力學之美：電腦叢集計算在附中〉一文分享在高中開授多元選修課程「量子力學之美，電腦叢集計算」的經驗與成果。 「科學新知」刊登〈淺談「智慧電網」〉一文，介紹智慧電網的三大要件：智慧電表，資訊、通信與自動化系統，和儲能系統。 「特約專欄」刊登三篇文章：〈變色龍〉拋出兩隻不同顏色的變色龍相遇會同時變成第三種顏色的問題。〈帶得走的STEAM課程設計：古機械鐘創意課程〉一文分享跨校、跨領域、跨單位整合，創建一系列古機械教具與教材教法的經驗。〈趣讀科普，昇華閱讀，活化STEM腦〉一文從STEM教育觀點介紹四種類型的科普書籍。 「科普活動報導」刊登〈看得獎影片 學有趣科學〉一文，報導已有公播版的「永不妥協－實驗室的挑戰故事」系列影片。 「科教館GO好玩」刊登《電漿球演示融入科學劇情節歷程探討—以｢電漿球｣的演示為例》一文，分享科教館科學劇「今天我們去哪兒」，將展品｢電漿球｣的演示融入劇情中，彰顯科學與藝術跨領域整合的效果與心得。 總召編輯委員 - 李隆盛 關於本刊 出版單位：國立臺灣科學教育館 發行人：陳雪玉 總召集人：李隆盛 編輯委員： 物理科吳仲卿/陳耀榮/李柏翰/盧玉玲 | 化學科古建國/許良榮/王伯昌/林如章/周金城 | 生物科王美芬/蕭世輝/陳建志/郭淑妙 | 地球科學許民陽/王郁軒/李文禮 科技科張玉山/汪殿杰/林育沖/趙珩宇 | 數學科李源順/鄧家駿/溫世展/張宮明 | 跨領域學科李名揚/連信仲 | 特約專欄 游森棚/黃琴扉/劉淑雯 策劃：曾聰邦 主編：錢康偉 本月專題特約主編：吳仲卿 編輯：吳郡怡 網頁設計編輯：施曉恬/陳璽君 投稿規範請來信詢問：article@mail.ntsec.gov.tw