NO.60-04 2021 AUG | 科學研習期刊目錄 本期專題 地球的微觀世界 微觀世界構成的地景—沙丘 | 許民陽 古今山海傳奇的呼喚—有孔蟲 | 張詠斌 孢粉時光機 | 汪良奇 2021重磅天象談星事 | 林琦峯 臺灣火山的活動等級與預警機制 | 蕭乃祺 微觀世界構成的地質公園—桃園市草漯沙丘地質公園 | 許民陽 教學現場 石化石說玩化石 | 李弘善 「停課不停學」的地球科學教育 | 謝隆欽 探究與實作課程線上教學實例-探討觀察物體解析力的最佳距離 | 李文禮、廖宇新 停課不停學，地科線上學 | 陳俐陵 科學新知 新興外來「鬍子異形」現蹤臺灣 | 張瑞宗、廖竣、林威任、陳若尹、曾晴賢 大氣中最爆裂的份子-龍捲風 | 劉清煌 運用 STEAM思維執行學校空間規劃與營造之敘事分享 | 林育婕 特約專欄 促進「聯合國2030永續發展目標（SDGs）--氣候行動」公民意識與責任的繪本閱讀 | 劉淑雯、黃明宏 智能無人機STEAM教學課程 | 陳宛瑜、莊宇韜、黃琴扉 森棚教官數學題—撿礦石 | 游森棚 科普活動報導 海鮮裡的塑膠危機-探究式海洋教育 | 陳彥嘉、陳麗淑 藝數FUN手玩- 跨域、跨界、跨思維的數學美感實作課程 | 李佳玲、呂玉環、彭良禎、蘇萬生 總召集人的話 地球科學是研究涵蓋地球時空的科學，從微觀到巨觀、從以前到現在，如地質學、海洋學、氣象學和天文學等領域。能夠歌頌地球科學的非神曲莫屬，但丁生動想像從地域、煉獄到天堂的飛行旅程，也在不知不覺中捕捉了運動的物理定律；透過非凡的想像力，早了伽利略三百多年準確無誤地描述了飛行的感覺 [Ricci, L. Dante's insight into galilean invariance. Nature 434, 717 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1038/434717a ]。Nature的這篇報導讓我去買了神曲一書來閱讀，這篇文章成功的吸引科學讀者去發掘經典中的科學。當我們在專業領域有了深厚的基礎，我們就寫得出動人有味道的科普文章吸引其他領域的人們，探個頭、開始有了互動、彼此有了理解，跨域合作就不是問題。當大家努力在講課綱、探究實作、STEAM、跨域…這些內容時，以日常生活的問題為出發點，讓學習者有感，在扎實的基礎課程支持下才有跨域及探究與實作。我們該注意到中小學之外的大學階段學習務必要有深厚的專業基礎，才有跨域的本錢；沒深厚基礎的跨域最後只剩嘴巴說說建立平台、只能如掮客般依賴著別人的專業生存。成大的CollegeX非常有成效，我個人對X的認知是一隻竹蜻蜓的俯視圖，交叉點的竹棍子是很深的專業基礎，X是跨域的表徵。 對沙的印象是：小時候沒地方去只能空地玩著泥沙、第一次到海邊看著滿滿的沙、乾沙上面跑步費力、吃著鄰居用一包沙炒出來的花生；長大以後看到影片中的沙漠、流沙、在沙漠上跑不快的沙蜥在沙子下卻是用游泳的模式高速前進；一群沙子的熱傳導以及流體性質跟一顆沙子的固體性質是顯著不同的。從一粒沙看世界，風化碎裂的礦物成不同外型的砂粒狀留在地表；高黏度流體的金屬表面拋光(Abrasive Flow Machining, AFM)、硬碟片以及晶圓表面的化學機械拋光研磨(CMP)都需要沙或砂；沙的外型很多種類，也會影響到摩擦切割時的效能。地球的微觀世界您可以解密沙丘如何形成?組成為何?各地海岸灘沙組成的多樣化可以訴說當地在不同時節的地質狀況、生態環境、外力作用等時間軸的故事。沙粒的組成與風的搬運沉積物及環境造成沙丘，沙丘的型態與層理之美、地景是非常的有特色，桃園市草漯沙丘地質公園就是個不錯的例子。有孔蟲化石是灘沙的重要組成，也是地質判釋或是地質年代解讀的實用微體化石，更是海水酸化的指標；在顯微鏡下豐富多樣、形貌有序，許多山海傳奇等著您來閱讀及發掘。植物不若動物可以移動，也因此演化出許多繁衍傳宗接代的方法，孢粉時光機會讓您驚奇的知道孢粉為何一次產生那麼大的數量?無法達成交配任務的孢粉在墜落凡塵後又是如何變成化石?孢粉的採集以及顯微鏡下的立體視角描述都是建立對話的標準；孢粉的變化紀錄著植群的變化以及刻印著重大災難事件，是名符其實的時光機器。天有異相吸引人們注意，從古老的災難傳說到現在的大眾科學觀測、紀錄，今年有哪些重要的日食、月食或流星雨?了解科學意涵在觀測紀錄上會更有感覺，2021重磅天象談星事說給你知。有了地表、天空之旅，當然也要往地底前進；台灣火山的活動等機與預警機制讓我們知道判斷活火山、休眠的活火山的許多準則，地底的活動不好觀測，但是長時間的史料及監控紀錄可以作為依據。 疫情的許多限制，大家透過科技手段以遠距課程、線上會議解決許多會造成群聚的問題。停課不停學：地球科學的許多線上資源、如何利用數位教學工具疫情期間順暢的教學在教學現場都有文章介紹。化石教學與學習最令人羨慕的是能親自探索大自然，且一步一步接近真相，如何理解台灣豐富的化石分布、化石材料性質，參與者各式回饋如繪圖、寫作等都值得期待。建中線上探究與實作教學的經驗分享，如何結合場域設計線上作業?如何線上評量?同樣馬賽克磁磚牆的題目，各組產出不同的實驗設計，學生展現那些能力? 交通便利及商業行為需求，物種的遷徙不再是透過自然力，病毒細菌的傳播也更為迅速，Cov19的傳播之速，大家絕對有感。台灣已經有許多外來種的入侵，科學新知特別介紹鬍子異形新興物種的繁殖行為、入侵以及研究其擴散路徑，如何防堵移除避免其雜交成對環境有害的物種，都是大家的共同責任。看過災難電影的一定會同意大氣中最爆裂的份子非龍捲風莫屬，龍捲風有哪些特徵? 如何形成? 如何加速? 如何分級? 移動路徑以及曾在台灣造成的災難?摩擦跟渦漩是兩個很重要的形成因子，如果有人看了此文想學流體力學，那更能理解許多大氣現象以及蜂鳥的盤旋、水黽的水上滑行都跟渦漩有關。有天去拜訪一家沖壓廠，發現老闆本身對於機械加工非常熟捻，順口問問他的專業，老闆回說會計；這呈現的事實是他的家族事業及生存問題逼得他要熟悉所有的工程問題；成功的科學節目主播也有可能是非理工背景，成功的源頭可能是有興趣可能是環境所逼；許多科普書籍的作者是學傳播的；也就是說我們的教育過程不管人文社會科學或是自然科學只要環境、方法論對了，解決任何問題的過程都有STEM的因素。源自於史丹佛機械系的設計思考(Design Thinking)在台灣是在機械之外的許多領域大放光芒。國中小的主管多是文科背景的教師兼任，以個案行政主管處理校舍改建過程的成長及背後團隊的強大支持也有文章分享。 特約專欄中，劉淑雯老師從SDGs:13氣候行動的角度，整理、簡單導讀及推薦各國的繪本閱讀與學習，繪本讓小孩有更多想像，也可以開發他們的眼界，從更廣的角度思考世界的問題。無人機使用的場合越來越多，從噴灑農藥、影片拍攝到現在的大量無人機表演科技等等都需要透過程式的撰寫才能實現，無人機操作證照是現在當紅的考試之一；黃琴扉老師分享團隊的智能無人機STEAM教學課程，對應其間的S.T.E.A.M.。每期期待的動腦時間，森彭教官這次以撿礦石為主題，測試大家的邏輯及數字敏感度。 科普活動報導中，海科館推出海鮮裡的塑膠危機-探究式海洋教育，帶領八所高中，33個同學，經歷一整年完整的科學探究歷程，完成亮麗的成就，要看文章才會知道裡面還有更多連結。給孩子一堂有感覺的數學課是數學老師們努力的目標，藝數放手玩介紹對學生、老師的數學美感實作課程規劃的思路以及實施的過程，好玩才有感覺，歡迎進來體驗。 後記：動手操作的科學活動受到疫情很大的影響，許多中小學生在每天六至八小時的線上課程之後，眼睛需要休息；如何讓學生在用眼過度的條件下，還有機會動手玩科學? 這是線上科普所需要的省思。有多少小朋友期待解封，可以真實有溫度的動手玩科學?偏鄉真實的情形又是如何?家長有空陪小孩去達到線上課程的目標嗎?我們是不是坐在冷氣房下決策?相信第一線的老師都有因時制宜的做法及對策。 總召編輯委員 - 李旺龍 關於本刊 出版單位：國立臺灣科學教育館 發行人：劉火欽 總召集人：李旺龍 編輯委員： 物理科吳仲卿/陳耀榮/李柏翰/盧玉玲 | 化學科古建國/許良榮/王伯昌/林如章/周金城 | 生物科王美芬/蕭世輝/陳建志/郭淑妙 | 地球科學許民陽/王郁軒/李文禮/謝隆欽 科技科張玉山/汪殿杰/林育沖/趙珩宇 | 數學科李源順/鄧家駿/溫世展/張宮明 | 跨領域學科李名揚/連信仲 | 特約專欄 游森棚/黃琴扉/陳正改/劉淑雯 策劃：曾聰邦 主編：吳中益 本月專題特約主編：許民陽 編輯：佟冠誼/林博雅 網頁設計編輯：施曉恬 投稿規範請來信詢問：article@mail.ntsec.gov.tw

二十四節氣是中國古代對氣象觀測的智慧結晶，由於近幾年來聖\r 嬰與反聖嬰現象的影響，在透過嘉義氣象觀測站的協助之下，利用\r Excel 進行簡易的雨量和氣溫統計，並配合中央氣象局發布的環流型\r 態和農業災害，來探討二十四節氣在嘉義地區的適用性。\r 以陽曆來區分節氣，每年會誤差6 小時，加上四年一閏，剛好彌\r 補差距，農曆則需19 年。至於聖嬰現象對嘉義地區則呈現涼夏和暖\r 冬，但在反聖嬰現象中則變為加強四季之特性，即是熱夏與寒冬。兩\r 者都造成雨量集中夏秋兩季，形成冬春乾旱。至於二十四節氣則是以\r 夏、秋的氣溫和雨量相關的諺語較適合嘉義地區。\r Abstract\r The 24 Solar Terms, is the achievement of weather observation from\r ancient China. Because of the effects from El Nina and La Nina these\r years, we proceed simple statistics of rainfall and temperature by using\r Excel and the assistance from Chia-yi Weather Station. We adopt the\r Circulation Type and the damage of agriculture from Central Weather\r Bureau, to discuss if the 24 Solar Terms for in Chia-yi area.\r To divide the 24 Solar Terms according to the solar calendar, there’ll\r be a six –hour gap every year. The gap could be made up every four years.\r But with the lunar calendar, it takes nineteen years to offset. The El Nina\r shows cool summer and warm winter in Chia-yi area, but the La Nina\r emphasizes the characteristics of the four seasons. It shows hot summer\r and cold winter. Both of them rain mostly in summer and fall, and cause\r the drought in winter and spring. The saying of the 24 Solar Terms is\r suitable for the temperature and the rainfall during summer and fall in\r Chia-yi area.

跳舞草(Desmodium gyrans) 屬多年生木本豆科植物，其特殊之處在於小葉會對外界的聲音有所感應。本實驗以訊號產生器固定聲音強度，發出2、4、6、8、10 KHz不同聲頻之聲波刺激跳舞草，並以每5秒為單位紀錄小葉擺動角度之變化，分析其擺動週期、擺動幅度等不同的變化。實驗結果為跳舞草小葉之擺動週期與擺動振幅是隨著聲音頻率的增加而呈現sin函數變化之圖形。Desmodium gyrans (Leguminosae) is a perennial woody plant. Acoustic waves can stimulate stipules and cause to oscillation. This experiment used the coroma to immobilize strength, emitted the frequency of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 KHz acoustic wave to stimulate stipules and recorded the changes of oscillation angle every five seconds. We calculated the oscillation cycle、oscillation span, and analyzed experiment data. The most importance result is that the experiment graphs of oscillation angle and oscillation span with different frequency of acoustic waves display sin function metamorphic diagram.

This paper describes the investigation of a fascinating physical phenomenon called the “floating water bridge”. Despite the fact that water is undoubtedly the most important chemical substance on earth, it is practically ubiquitous and it still represents one of the best explored substances, still not all characteristics are well-understood. There are some phenomena like the “floating water bridge”, which cannot be explained. If high voltage is applied to two beakers, which are arranged close to each other and which are filled with deionized water, a connection forms spontaneously, giving the impression of a floating water bridge. For the experiment discussed in this paper, two beakers with a diameter of 50 mm and a height of 80 mm are filled with triply deionized water. Platinum electrodes are submerged in the center of the beakers, one set to ground potential (anode), the other one on high voltage, up to 25 kV dc. Within the scope of this work, an experimental setup was developed, which enables measuring and demonstrating the most important parameters like voltage, current, length and temperature of the water bridge as well as the mass transfer between the beakers. In addition the correlation between the different parameters and the influence on the water bridge could be estimated. Once the beakers are separated, the bridge remains stable for several hours up to a length of 2.5 cm. With platinum electrodes and no electrolysis observed, a small current (≈300µA), a mass flow from anode to cathode and forces were measured. Pictures, taken with an infrared camera and a new developed method to record "infrared-videos", enabled to visualize the heat flow in the water bridge. Furthermore the conversion of energy and the dependence of charge and mass transfer could be estimated roughly. In the course of the investigations it was also tried to prove the water bridge with other liquids like castor oil, olive oil, a mixture of glycol and water as well as tap water - for some of them for the first time. Supplementary the experimental setup was varied by using different electrodes with different sizes and different material as well as beakers of different sizes and materials. In addition, a qualitative explanation was developed. The results of this work enable a better understanding of the floating water bridge and provide a basis for further research as well as for development of future practical applications. One of these applications could be an improved waste water treatment process.

The purpose of the study was to develop and create a semi-automatic multi-purpose sorting and counting machine of standard articles. Currently, there is a problem of equipping industrial enterprises as well as small trade companies and large retailers with computing sorting machines of standard products of a certain shape. We would like to fill this missing link up with a simple, compact and inexpensive device. Procedures The proposed research consisted of a consistent design of a virtual model of the device and its electronic-mechanical implementation. The virtual model is simulated by a computer program "SolidWorks" object, which graphically shows the operation of the future device. In the development of the computing sorting device standard electronic devices and their associated software have been used. The created simplified real model demonstrates the basic principles and characteristics of the proposed device. Data As an example for the implementation of the concept device a computing device for sorting coins, in circulation in Russia has been created. As a basic principle of sorting objects by their geometric and weight characteristics were used. It is important that the device is focused on the correct form of the objects of sorting (balls, rings, coins, regular polyhedrons, screws, nuts, etc). To confirm the effectiveness of the computing device of this type of sorting, a series of tests of counting of objects manually have been carried out . The effectiveness of the device is determined by comparing the time characteristics of manual and automatic sorting. Findings and conclusions As a result of research and work performed, we have concluded that: 1) The proposed device can be used in various industries. (for example, while sorting ball bearings.) 2) Such a computing sorting device may find it's application in various commercial enterprises: to assist cashiers in retail ATMs. 3) Can be used in payment terminals. 4) 4) After a certain modernization of the device it can be used for money encashment.

Our aim to attend this science fair is to design an instrument that can plat and measure the mass at the same time. In hope of designing a simple, accurate and convenient apparatus, we created an electronic circuit to display our original idea. In the process of constant improvements, we finally accomplished a “Super Mass Plating Gauge”, which can be easily and widely utilized in school teaching. The production of microbalance and the arrangement of electric circuit are the most significant parts in our research. The major components of the “Super Mass Plating Gauge” include a straw, metal clips and our creativity—the well-arranged electric circuit. The idea of microbalance originated from the Internet, but we advanced it by numerous experiments. First, we attached a steel cord to one side of the cathode in the electricity supplier. Next, we fixed the other side to the negative plate. And then, on the end of the negative plate, we tied a metal clip with the metal that will be plated. Eventually a new “plating gauge” was invented. By doing so, we could use this instrument to make our experiments. Our experimental goal is to research how different kinds of metal, time, electrode and voltage can affect the reduced mass on the cathode. We made use of such metal as copper, zinc and silver to carry out the experiments. In the end, by analyzing the results, we concluded a plating formula that can be applied to metal plating. 我們做此科展的目的，是要設計一個可以邊電鍍、邊測量質量的儀器，我們希望這個儀器是簡便、精確、且線路簡單，並且能推廣到教學的器材。經過我們不斷改良，終於完成了「便利質量電鍍器」 。 其中製作微量天秤和線路的配置方法，是本研究的重要部分。微量天秤的主要結構是吸管、鱷魚夾、及線路。微量天秤的構想，是參考以前的科展作品並加以改良，可精準測量到0.00010g，而裡面的線路，則是我們的創意（如圖一） 。只要把電源供應器的正極，接上左右任一鋼條，負極接到容器另一端，並加上一個鱷魚夾，夾上被鍍物，便是一個可邊電鍍，邊測量質量的儀器了！如此一來，我們就能以此儀器來作我們以下的實驗。 我們實驗目的在探討電鍍時不同金屬、不同時間、電極大小及電壓，對正極金屬片所減少質量的影響。 最後，我們推導出一個有關電鍍時正極金屬片質量變化量的實驗公式。為此，我們也要做許多次、許多種的實驗，來驗證我們的公式是否正確，並以我們所學的理論來推論。

Lotus self-cleaning effect arises because the leaves have the superhydrophobic surfaces. When rain falls onto a lotus leaf, water beads up as a result of surface tension. The water drops promptly roll off the surface, taking every dirt with them. This phenomenon is called the lotus effect. With the aid of a light microscope and an Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope, we observe and describe the morphology of the leaves of Nelumbo nucifera in detail. We successfully observe the real interface between air, water droplets and the papillae of a lotus leaf, and find the evidence of a composite surface that is formed by epicuticular wax crystals and air. These observations improve our understanding of the two-level composite surfaces that are formed by micro-scale papillae, nano-scale epicuticular wax crystals and air. We try the method of using the critical angle of a static drop beginning to roll on inclined surface to evaluate the self-cleaning ability. We then find out that it may be a more precise criterion compared to using the static contact angle for the evaluation of the lotus effect. Literature review shows that the earlier investigation lacks the height(H) and interval(I) of the projections on the lotus leaf surface. A close relationship between the self-cleaning property and the H/I ratio is found. In this study, we present the experimental data of the height and interval of the projections on four different species of plant leaves that all have lotus effect, which may be of great help to technological applications. 蓮花效應是指蓮葉表面具有超疏水性與自我潔淨的能力，當雨水落在葉面，因為表面張力的作用形成水珠，水滴迅速滾離葉面，把灰塵一起帶走。本實驗以光學顯微鏡和環境式掃描式電子顯微鏡觀察蓮葉，詳細描述其表面形態，成功的發現空氣、水滴和蓮葉乳突真實的接觸界面以及表面蠟和空氣構成複合表面的證據。實驗結果可以使乳突、奈米表面臘質和空氣構成的雙層次複合表面更容易被了解。我們嘗試以水滴傾斜滾動臨界角來評估自潔能力強弱，實驗結果比傳統使用靜止接觸角更為準確。表面高度和間距的比值與蓮花效應有很大的關係，查閱文獻顯示蓮葉缺乏這些資料，本研究提出四種有自潔能力的葉子的實驗數據，這些數據應該對科技應用有很大的幫助。

This project aimed to create a simple model of coin sorter with cheaper price, electricity saving using recycled materials for use in place of manual separation and compatible to the automatic coin sorters commercially available in the market. The principle applied in inventing this device was the gravity force that pushed coins to fall through its upper compartment to the lower part via a slope that determines the coin path as well as the speed of the coins. The upper part of the box was designed to control the rate of the descending coins and transported the coins to the separation section in single file order to prevent jamming. The lower part of the box consisted of the coin sorting mechanism which conveyed the coins to their assigned compartment according to coin diameters. The box could separate three kinds of Thai coins, 1,5 and 10 baht, with 95-98 % accuracy. The efficiency was in the range 150-250 coins per minute with highest accuracy at 150 coins per minute. The box was made from acrylics. The designed box can separate coins faster than manual sorting although not with as high efficiency as automatic machines which can sort up to 500 coins per minutes. At the present stage, it can not count the number of coins. However, it can be built at cheaper cost, does not require electricity or electronic devices and is suitable for small and medium size business. We aim to improve the box to give higher accuracy with coin counting ability.

給定下面範例：\r 058823529411764705882 +235294117647058823532\r =0588235294117647058823529411764705882353，\r 其等式結果與質數17 的倒數結果(1/17)有某種關聯(卻沒有一個決定性的證據)，意即\r 1/17=0.0588235294117647=\r 0.058823529411764705882352941176470588235294117647...... ( Len(17) =16 )\r \r 曾經在下列網站上發現過幾組數字(挑戰試題)，引起我們極大的興趣。\r http://www.domino.research.ibm.com/Comm/wwwr_pondernsf/challenges/March2000.html\r http://www.math.smsu.edu/~les/POW08_96.html\r \r \r The two examples that I have are 0588 2+23532=05882353 and 058823529411764705882+23529411764705882353 2=0588235294117647058823529411764705882353 These were found by the Canadian professor Alf van der Poorten, and he gave a talk on these identities in December at the west coast number theory conference. He was unspecific as to exactly where these identities were coming from, but they are connected with reciprocals of primes:1/17 = 0.0588235294117647= 0.058823529411764705882352941176470588235294117647 ΛΛ ( Len(17) = 16 ) Though not mentioning how to obtain these equations, Prof. Poorten demonstrated the relationship between the above examples and the reciprocal of the prime numbers 17 (1/17 ) without a definitive proof.

秀麗隱桿線蟲(Caenorhabditis elegans)為在科學界備受矚目的模式生物，對於其生殖及發育過程已有諸多研究，然而對於其覓食及攝食行為的相關研究卻仍闕如；每一種生物都有其獨特的行為模式，而為了解線蟲發展出何種覓食與攝食的行為以適應自然的環境，因此著手進行研究。本研究歸納出線蟲的七種一般行為：前進、探頭、偏移、擺頭、後退、轉向及拐彎行為，並探討其意義。其中，前進及探頭行為為恆常出現。偏移與轉向行為與攝食有關，在有菌環境中出現，可避免其遠離食物來源，而連續的後退及轉向行為也構成特殊行為之樹枝狀行為，推測應為幫助線蟲的消化所出現的行為。擺頭與拐彎行為與覓食有關，在無菌環境中出現。後退行為雖在有無菌環境中皆出現，但由後退後行為的不同可以了解後退行為在兩種環境下具有不同意義。在有菌環境中，後退後通常伴隨轉向行為；在無菌環境中，後退後通常伴隨拐彎行為，為逃離不適環境且藉以覓食的行為。經過研究，發現線蟲的覓食機制為嗅覺，且對嗅覺有依賴性及專一性，在其他氣味存在的環境下會大大降低覓食的效率，但最後仍然能正確地找到食物來源。線蟲於覓食的過程中所出現的特殊行為之混亂行為，由實驗結果發現為是E. coli 所釋放至培養基的化學物質所造成，化學物質濃度越濃，線蟲所表現出的混亂行為就越明顯。推測此種現象發生的原因，應為E. coli 釋放化學物質以干擾線蟲，以避免本身受到捕食，然而，線蟲也演化出適應的能力，因此在發生混亂行為後仍然能抵達菌落，此種特殊的交互作用表現出線蟲與E. coli 間的共演化現象。Cenorhabditis elegans has long been a model organism used for developmental biology studies. However, researches about its foraging and feeding behaviors are still limited. Every organism has its unique behaviors, and this research was conducted in order to understand more on what kind of foraging and feeding behaviors were developed by C. elegans and how they helped C. elegans to adapt to the environment in which it lives. The research concluded with seven general behaviors of C. elegans : advancing, probing, slanting, swaying, backing, turning and bending, and the meanings of it. The advancing and probing behaviors are constant. The slanting and turning behaviors, which appear in presence of food, are feeding-associated behaviors, which help C. elegans avoid leaving the food source. Continuous backing and turning behaviors also make up the branching behavior, one of the special behaviors, which help C. elegans’ digestion. Swaying and bending behaviors, which appear in absence of food, are foraging-associated behaviors. Although backing behavior appear both in presence and absence of food, the difference in post-backing behaviors show that there are distinct meanings of backing behavior in each environment. In presence of food, turning after backing is usually observed; in absence of food, bending after backing is usually observed, which indicates the act of escaping from unsuitable environment and searching for food. Studies show that the foraging mechanism of C. elegans is by olfaction, and C. elegans is highly olfaction-dependent and specific: efficiency of foraging decreases significantly under environment with scents other than that of E. coli, but C. elegans is still able to locate the food. According the experiments, the chaos behavior, one of the special behaviors, appears during the foraging process of C. elegans, and is caused by chemicals released to the medium by E. coli. The density of the chemicals and the extent of chaos behavior is in direct proportion. The theory is E. coli secrets chemicals to disturb the worm to avoid being preyed upon. C. elegans, however, also evolved the ability to adapt to the chemical so that it can still reaches the food source even after chaos behavior appeared. This unique interaction is a manifestation of co-evolution between C. elegans and E. coli.

近在台灣新發現的筆筒樹萎凋病，造成大量筆筒樹(Cyathea lepifera)枯萎死亡，對於此疾病的防治已成亟需解決的問題。先前的研究中，已確認病原菌為新屬真菌並命名為Ophiodiaporthe cyatheae sp. nov.。本研究則在於以生物交互作用方式進行防治，尋找拮抗菌，針對特性實際應用。 研究中因實驗素材與操作方法的差異分為細菌與真菌類拮抗菌兩大主軸，且皆成功自土壤中各分離出數種有應用潛力的拮抗菌。細菌方面，尋獲並經鑑定為Burkholderia gladioli，對於病原菌有良好抑制效果，然由於此菌本身安全性有疑慮，實用上仍有待商榷。真菌方面，拮抗菌以超寄生方式與快速的生長能力制伏了病原菌，期待透過比較消除病原菌的速度，篩選出其中最強大適切的拮抗菌種，運用於實際田間病殘株處理。

目的：1. 以地理資訊系統分析臺北市靜水生態系的分布狀況；2. 分析靜水生態系的連接度。過程和結果：我實地踏察了臺北市區的381 個地點，在其中187 處發現224 個靜水生態系，首次統整出臺北市區靜水生態系的現況資料。靜水生態系的平均密度為0.82 個/km2，其密度與人口密度成正比。以 GIS 軟體標定這些水池，發現它們成任意或叢生分布。再以 VisualBasic 程式語言設計程式，以預測移動能力不同的濕地生物在這些靜水生態系間移動的情形。結論：由程式模擬可知，能在所紀錄地點間自由移動的濕地生物種類很少，顯示都市化對靜水生態系的隔絕效應。In a city, still water ecosystems (ponds and lakes) are divided by buildings and roads, so they are not continuous in the space. I surveyed 381 sites in Taipei City and found 224 ponds and lakes at 187 sites. The density of still water ecosystems is 0.82 per square kilometer. The density of still water ecosystems is higher in areas where more people live. I use a geographical information system software to mark the locations of these ponds. Their distribution is either random or clumped. I use Visual Basic to design a program to predict how do wetland creatures move among these sites. My program tells that very few creatures can move freely, indicating still water ecosystems in this city are quite isolated.