Early physicists such as Newton thought that all objects have definite positions. For example, they thought that an apple is either inside a fruit bowl, or outside of it. The advent of quantum physics in the early 20th century proved this viewpoint wrong. There is an uncertainty in the position of any object; we can find a set of possible locations where the object might be. This concept was termed superposition. Quantum tic-tac-toe (QT3) elegantly extends the popular game of tic-tac-toe by adding this quantum physics concept of superposition. Each turn, 1 piece is simultaneously played into 2 distinct squares of a 3-by-3 grid. Eventually, however, every piece will occupy exactly one square, like in tic-tac-toe. Yet, despite this intriguing addition, not much research has been done on the game. Hence in this paper we explore the game in terms of extension, analysis and solution. Firstly, we note that the quantum extension proposed by Alan Goff in QT3 is incomplete. In reality, there can be more than 2 possible locations for any object. Unfortunately, the QT3 game rules do not allow for this extension. Thus we non-trivially generalize the game (GQT3) by proposing a new set of rules. We show that the original QT3 is a subset of GQT3 and prove that our generalized game can always be successfully played from start to finish in a finite number of moves. Then, we begin our analysis of GQT3. Firstly, we investigate the game tree complexity, state space complexity and computational complexity of the game; indicators of how complicated the game is. Notably, we find here that QT3 has a total of about 18 trillion possible games, which is substantially higher than tic-tac-toe’s 400 thousand. Then we examine the Nash Equilibrium of the game; the result if two ‘Gods’ play the game against each other. We find that in this scenario, the first player will win by 0.5 points. To make the game fairer, we suggest minor variations on the scoring, which make the Nash Equilibrium a draw. Note that standard methods to analyze all of these would take at least a year, but we bring down the time to about a minute using symmetry considerations and other optimizations. Finally, we extend our programs into an artificial intelligence that is a perfect solution to the game. We then supplement this with a utility function to make the run-time performance pragmatic for more time-consuming versions of GQT3. Ultimately, GQT3 is a challenging and unique game with myriads of exploration possibilities; we have only scratched the surface here.

我們的研究報告，是對校園中所種植的各種變葉木所做的一個研究，經過一連串的實驗證明後，我們確信花青素對變葉木的光合作用會有所影響。接著，我們測定出未氧化的植物色素與已氧化的植物色素吸光能力有很大的差異，我們假設花青素可以吸收某些特定波長的光以防止植物色素的氧化程度過強，實驗後證明我們的假設是正確的。另一方面，我們預期花青素具有保溫的機制，故設計了一個在低溫下花青素可保溫的實驗以證明之，結果和我們的假設相符合。我們預期花青素可利用保溫的特性降低植物因低溫所造成的傷害，減少農業上的損失。This study is about the Codiaeum variegatum which is grown on campus. After a series of experiments, it was proved that “anthocyanin” has a significant influence on the photosynthesis processing in Codiaeum variegatum. A great difference in the pigment of plant’s light-absorbing ability between the oxidized plants and the non-oxidized ones was also found in the experiments. Therefore, it was supposed that anthocyanin could absorb some special range of wavelength to avoid the pigment of plant to over-oxidize. The result of this experiment is in accordance with our supposition. In addition, we anticipated that anthocyanin has the ability to stay warm. By a designed experiment we successfully found that the result is exactly the same as our assumption. According to the findings of our study, we expect the characteristic -- ”staying warm” of anthocyanin could be applicable to decrease the harm to plants caused by the low temperature, and thereby to reduce the loss in agriculture.

These days we hardly see fireflies, the Milky way, and rainbow. What’s the reason of that?\r We think the reason is related to air pollution but the concrete reason is unknown to us. Thus the purpose of this research is to see the relation between air pollution and rainbow with Aerosol. In this research we approached in some ways about why rainbow didn't appear in polluted atmosphere.

NO.59-02 2020 APR | 科學研習期刊目錄 本期專題 變遷中的地球 臺灣清領時期的降雪紀錄 | 林明聖 臺灣海岸變遷的重要因素及氣候變遷影響與對策 | 許民陽 臺灣的新地震震度分級制度 | 蕭乃祺 國中地球科學課程中的環境變遷教育 | 謝隆欽 教學現場 十二年國教課綱中國中地球科學的認知與評量 | 林明聖 由日晷的製作探究日行跡 | 李文禮 十二年國教課綱自然領域氣候變遷融入課程與教學 | 許民陽 悄悄改變的大地面容 | 王郁軒 特約專欄 博物館平權新思維—從國際兒童圖書評議會（IBBY）特殊需求兒童和青少年讀物中心談起 | 劉淑雯 STEAM創意教具研發--貓頭鷹密碼鎖 | 黃琴扉 看數據談氣候 | 盧孟明 森棚教官數學題－糖果分享 | 游森棚 科普活動報導 「週末Let’s go分享大師視野」科普講座分享 | 周文豪 嘿！JUST FUN，金華女孩們！女力探索科學！ | 黃真瑱、蘇萬生 總召集人的話 位於美國費城的富蘭克林研究所科學博物館(The Franklin Institute Science Museum)如此描述其「變遷中的地球」(changing earth)展示： 我們不安的地球一直在變遷，板塊漂移、地殼地震和火山爆發，氣壓下降、風暴形成和降水產生。來了解這些強大的力量如何塑造我們的空氣、陸地、水和天氣，並持續改變我們的地球!來探索我們對地球的變遷如何反應將會影響我們在地球上的未來，並發現你的選擇將如何影響我們未來的地球。 透過圖文，也可以協助讀者了解和探索地球的變遷。本期特別以「變遷中的地球」為專題。 「本期專題」單元共有四篇文章，〈臺灣清領時期的降雪紀錄〉透過詩作和地方史的交叉對比，回顧1683-1895年臺灣的降雪紀錄。〈臺灣海岸變遷的重要因素及氣候變遷影響與對策〉介紹影響海岸變遷的自然與人為因素、氣候變遷對海岸變遷的影響及相關對策。〈臺灣的新地震震度分級制度〉介紹氣象局自2020年1月開始實施的新地震震度分級制度及其研訂背景。〈國中地球科學課程中的環境變遷教育〉除了回顧國中的環境變遷教育，也介紹作者常在課堂上介紹的資源。 「教學現場」單元也刊登四篇文章，〈十二年國教課綱中國中地球科學的認知與評量〉介紹國中階段地球科學在科學認知上的評量向度--學習內容與表現。〈由日晷的製作探究日行跡〉分享在建國中學高一下科學班，四週的日晷製作與日行跡探究教學經驗和反思。〈十二年國教課綱自然領域氣候變遷融入課程與教學〉論述氣候變遷融入課程與(或)教學的要項、方式、時機、方法和案例。〈悄悄改變的大地面容〉由七個真實場景解說地表環境的動態改變。 「特約專欄」單元刊登四篇文章，〈博物館平權新思維—從國際兒童圖書評議會（IBBY）特殊需求兒童和青少年讀物中心談起〉先介紹該中心針對身心障礙者族群閱讀議題的作為，再提出由閱讀開始讓融合成為可能的想法。〈STEAM創意教具研發--貓頭鷹密碼鎖〉分享為國小學生開發的STEAM教具--貓頭鷹密碼鎖。〈看數據談氣候〉以《2015-2019年全球氣候報告》引用的數據介紹值得全球關注的氣候變化和影響。〈森棚教官數學題--糖果分享〉則拋出17 個人圍成圈分糖果的問題。 本期「科普活動報導」單元刊登兩篇文章。〈「週末Let’s go分享大師視野」科普講座分享〉分享科博館的「週末Let’s go分享大師視野」科普演講12年多來的理想與實踐。〈嘿！JUST FUN，金華女孩們！女力探索科學！〉分享科教館透過科技部女性科學人才培育計畫，與臺北市金華國小進行合作交流，入校推廣STEAM課程，實際引導女學生進行科學探究的教學實況。 總召編輯委員 - 李隆盛 關於本刊 出版單位：國立臺灣科學教育館 發行人：劉火欽 總召集人：李旺龍 編輯委員： 物理科吳仲卿/陳耀榮/李柏翰/盧玉玲 | 化學科古建國/許良榮/王伯昌/林如章/周金城 | 生物科王美芬/蕭世輝/陳建志/郭淑妙 | 地球科學許民陽/王郁軒/李文禮/謝隆欽 科技科張玉山/汪殿杰/林育沖/趙珩宇 | 數學科李源順/鄧家駿/溫世展/張宮明 | 跨領域學科李名揚/連信仲 | 特約專欄 游森棚/黃琴扉/陳正改/劉淑雯 策劃：曾聰邦 主編：吳中益 本月專題特約主編：李源順 編輯：佟冠誼 網頁設計編輯：施曉恬 投稿規範請來信詢問：article@mail.ntsec.gov.tw

The first aim of my project is to learn more about mushrooms: their lifecycle, their structures, the nutritional value of mushrooms, the medicinal values of mushrooms as well as the biological importance of mushrooms.\r The second aim of my project was to find how mushroom are cultivated in the world and specifically how they are cultivated in Namibia, where climatic conditions are rather harsh for mushrooms. Through interviews, I aimed to understand why mushroom cultivation is not widely practiced in Namibia and what are direct economic advantages of mushroom cultivation in Namibia.\r The third aim of my project was to see whether I could find cheap and economic methods of cultivating mushrooms in Namibia, a semi arid country where humidity is so scarce.

在一個有障礙的平面上，給三個定點，我們探討連接此三點的最佳網絡。我們討論了諸如直線、射線、線段、圓、網格狀、三角形……等類的障礙，當網絡每穿越障礙一次，就必須付出代價，例如「拖延5 分鐘」。所以，設網絡穿越障礙的次數為y ，則網絡除了原本的總長度之外，還額外加入y 倍某固定數值的損耗。我們以費瑪點的各種性質及三角形不等式等方法為工具，就不同的穿越障礙次數綜合比較，而找出最佳網絡。在某些情況下，最佳網絡不是以費瑪點來連接三點，而是在障礙(如：直線)上找出符合某種與餘弦值相關特殊性質的點，以該點來連接三點，而此網絡可用GSP 軟體相當精確地作出。另外，我們也探討在考慮障礙造成損耗的情況下，兩點間的「實際距離」為何。 最後，我們考慮「混合障礙」問題。在此類問題中，除了前面所討論的障礙，還另加了如同「河流」的兩平行直線間區域之障礙，在這種障礙區域中，網絡的長度要乘以數倍來計算。我們發現，此類問題的最佳網絡也可用特定的正弦條件配合GSP 而相當精確地作出來。;Considering various kinds of obstacles in a plane, such as a line, a segment, a ray, a circle, a triangle or chessboard grids, which function like a red light, we research into the problem of finding the optimal network connecting three given points A, B, C in the plane amidst obstacles described above. Each time when the network crosses an obstacle, it will cause losses, such as five minute’s delay or a loss of one hundred dollars. Taking advantage of Fermat points, some basic inequalities concerning triangles and some special qualities about sine or cosine functions, we obtain the optimal networks in different situations. Besides, we consider what the “real distance” between two points is when there are obstacles in a plane. We also put another obstacle, including a line and a weighted region between two parallel lines, into consideration. In the region, like a river or a muddy ground in real life, the length of the network should be multiplied by a fixed time. Furthermore, we can use GSP to make the networks very accurately.

To contribute to the feeding of the popular sector using a product of the basic basket of\r consumption and in simultaneous form to operate a natural resource, that when being combined\r will derive in a rich product in nutrients. With this project we try to offer to the population an\r innovating product, based on a food of daily but added consumption with all the nutrients of the\r nopal, of this form will be a better nutrition in the tortilla consumers. In Mexico, like in some\r countries of Central America, the maize products, like the tortilla, are the base of the popular\r feeding, its consumption is related closely to the obtaining of energy, calcium, fiber, iron and zinc,\r which usually display deficit levels in the population of the region. The contributions of the nopal\r are diverse, because it counts with some different nutritional and medicinal properties.

a. Purpose of the Research Nowadays people are getting unhealthy, especially the heart. Since the outbreak of SARS, the Hong Kong citizens cared more about their health. In the past two decades, due to the technological advancement, many medical instruments that were used by doctors are now available to the public. One of the examples is the sphygmomanometer used for measuring blood pressure. On the other hand, very few heart monitoring devices are developed for public use. As a result, there is a need that such heart monitors should be available to the public. b. The device Our device is a modified stethoscope, which electronic components are added to this common medical instrument. The device mainly consists of 3 parts: 1. The sensor: modified from ordinary stethoscope, which a condenser microphone is added to change the heart sounds into electrical signals 2. The signal processor: integrated circuits and resistor-capacitor couples, which the cost is much lower than digital electronic components, are used to amplify and filter the noise in the electrical signals. The processor is divided into 3 stages: - Preamplifier: Amplifies the electrical signals converted from heart sounds - Low pass filter: Filters the noise in the signal. The cut-off frequency is 600Hz, which most of the heart sounds are below 600Hz. - Power amplifier: Amplifies the filtered signals before outputting into computers or earphones. 3. The output devices: it can be a computer or an earphone. In a computer, the heart sounds can be converted into graphs, enabling precise graphical analysis. Since many abnormal heart conditions will alter the heart sounds, with the aid of computers and graphs, people can know whether their hearts are normal or not, and can seek for medical support before developing any critical situation. Moreover, abnormal heart sounds are more significant in graphs, so any heart problems can be discovered more easily. c. Data During an exhibition in Hong Kong, about 1000 people tried the device. Among them approximately 150 people were confirmed to have heart problems with abnormal heart sounds. Using our device, we discovered 109 of them. As a result, the accuracy of the device is about 72.6% d. Conclusion With the low cost of our device (~€9.80/US$12.80), everyone would be able to afford it. As a result, people can check their conditions of their hearts more frequently, and would be able to discover any early heart problems.

本實驗的目的，就是希望利用幾丁質除污的效果，再配合酵母菌所能累積金屬的能力，以酵母菌包埋於幾丁質的方法，吸附廢水中的重金屬離子。用Langmuir理論求得飽和吸附量，進而求出休眠酵母菌-幾丁質所能吸附金屬離子0.14─0.027(g/g)的數量，與活化酵母菌-幾丁質所能吸附金屬離子1.15─0.050(g/g)，並比較回收效率，以應用於處理工業上工廠所排放的廢水。 筆者在偶然的機會將處理過的蟹殼幾丁質固體置於石綿心網上，竟然在數分鐘內像塑膠般熔化，探討原因竟然是石綿心網上的某些金屬鹽所造成，因此筆者希望能透過這發現，用簡單的方法製造出低去乙醯化、高強度及耐中度酸的幾丁基質，並可應用在廢水處理上。;The purpose of this experiment is to explore the effect of using chitin and yeast plat to clarify the heavy metal cation, and that yeast plat works on the accumulation. In the process, the yeast plat is embedded in chitin to absorb the metal cation, therefore, by the theory of Langmuir, the impregnate absorption of dormant yeast-plat-chitin (0.14-0.027[g/g]) can be obtained and yeast-plat-chitin (1.15-0.050[g/g]) can be activated as well. In this way, the efficiency can be compared to apply to work on the effluent in industry. By putting shell-chitin-solid on the wire gouze by chance, we found it melted like plastic in just a few minutes. Some kinds of metal salt on wire gouze cause this change. Therefore, this easy ways can be used to makelow-deamide function group become of high strength and durable under acid environment. The results obtained from this experiment can be applied for the processing of waste liquid.

NO.59-03 2020 JUN | 科學研習期刊目錄 本期專題 生物與環境的對話 亞洲島弧青斑蝶散布生態探討 | 陳建志 臺灣的蝸牛暨其生態 | 吳書平 歐亞水獺：金門淡水生態系中的頂級掠食者 | 張廖年鴻 浮游生物：一群海洋流浪漢開的美食街 | 蕭世輝 臺灣的候鳥 | 沙謙中 教學現場 「楨」探教室－由廚餘桶的柚香事件說起 | 黃晴楨 以預測、觀察、解釋開啟科學實驗教學 | 許慧嫻、蕭世輝 和孩子在大自然裡學生物的核心概念 | 戴欣怡 科學新知 運用立體模型教學來探究聖嬰現象 | 胡靚妤、陳鈞嗣、吳育雅 特約專欄 博物館友善平權思維初探－以國立臺灣科學教育館為例 | 劉淑雯、歐蓓縈 暮然「迴」首，STEAM就在你我身邊 | 陳毓凱、黃琴扉 火星探究的新任務：人類登陸火星的超前部署 | 吳育雅 森棚教官數學題－散步的費波那契 | 游森棚 科普活動報導 中研院「院區開放 OPEN HOUSE」 你與最高學術研究機構最沒有距離的一天 | 劉韋佐 串出不一樣的思維能力－以STEAM概念發展女力空間思維 | 呂玉環、顏慈瑤、黃奕誠、蘇萬生 總召集人的話 生態系是由生物及其與非生物環境之間的交互作用所構成，所以要了解其中的任何一部分都需要了解該部分如何與其他部分交互作用。因此，「生物與環境的交互作用」是12年國教自然科學領域課綱中國中教育階段學習重點「生物與環境」主題中的兩項次主題之一。本期特別以「生物與環境的對話」為專題。 「本期專題」單元共有五篇文章，〈亞洲島弧青斑蝶散佈生態探討〉介紹青斑蝶的生存策略、標識再捕法和臺日兩國交流。〈臺灣的蝸牛暨其生態〉介紹蝸牛的定義、經濟價值、傳染性疾病和生態 。〈歐亞水獺：金門淡水生態系中的頂級掠食者〉介紹倖存於金門島的歐亞水獺棲地及食性研究等。〈浮游生物:一群海洋流浪漢開的美食街〉介紹人類發展與浮游生物的關聯、浮游生物在地球生態系運作中扮演的重要角色、浮游植物及浮游動物。〈臺灣的候鳥〉介紹與候鳥相關的遷徒、遷徙原因、遷徙能源、遷徒時定位方向的依據、濕地鳥的遷徒……。 「教學現場」單元刊登三篇文章，〈「楨」探教室－由廚餘桶的柚香事件說起〉分享在課程設計中兼顧「確立以學生為主體的教學目標」、「培養課程設計的能力」及「採用多面向及多元評量」的案例。〈以預測、觀察、解釋開啟科學實驗教學〉分享許多教師在校園裡運用的POE教學策略與作者經驗的融合。〈和孩子在大自然裡學生物的核心概念〉分享家長可以如何抱持開放心態，跟孩童討論你的觀察和推想脈絡，使貼近他們的生活經驗及理解程度，及用問答的方式帶入生物主軸概念。 「科學新知」單元刊登〈運用立體模型教學來探究聖嬰現象〉一文，分享作者所設計的一組聖嬰與反聖嬰現象在赤道太平洋的立體模型及其應用經驗。 「特約專欄」單元刊登四篇文章，〈博物館友善平權思維初探－以國立臺灣科學教育館為例〉分享筆者和夥伴於科教館所規劃身心障礙者的建議參訪動線以及繪本閱讀和科學操作的體驗課程。〈暮然「迴」首，STEAM就在你我身邊〉分享一個呼應STEAM教育的主題式教學單元－迴力鏢。〈火星探究的新任務：人類登陸火星的超前部署〉介紹火星任務的太空接力賽、地質證據如何揭露火星的氣候環境變遷、以及21世紀的火星生命旅程 。〈森棚教官數學題－散步的費波那契〉則拋出在散步中找最遠的落腳處可以離家盡量近之走法的問題。 本期「科普活動報導」單元刊登兩篇文章，〈中研院「院區開放 OPEN HOUSE」你與最高學術研究機構最沒有距離的一天〉介紹該院每年10月舉辦的「院區開放 OPEN HOUSE」活動。〈串出不一樣的思維能力－以STEAM概念發展女力空間思維〉介紹使用串珠協助學生探索立體結構及空間思維能力的STEAM課程。 總召編輯委員 - 李隆盛 關於本刊 出版單位：國立臺灣科學教育館 發行人：陳雪玉 總召集人：李隆盛 編輯委員： 物理科吳仲卿/陳耀榮/李柏翰/盧玉玲 | 化學科古建國/許良榮/王伯昌/林如章/周金城 | 生物科王美芬/蕭世輝/陳建志/郭淑妙 | 地球科學許民陽/王郁軒/李文禮/謝隆欽 科技科張玉山/汪殿杰/林育沖/趙珩宇 | 數學科李源順/鄧家駿/溫世展/張宮明 | 跨領域學科李名揚/連信仲 | 特約專欄 游森棚/黃琴扉/劉淑雯 策劃：曾聰邦 主編：吳中益 本月專題特約主編：王美芬 編輯：陳敬予 網頁設計編輯：施曉恬 投稿規範請來信詢問：article@mail.ntsec.gov.tw

BCH (Bnip-2 and Cdc42GAP homology) domains are a novel class of protein-interacting domains. First identified in BNIP2 and in Cdc42GAP, a GTPaseactivating-protein (GAP), canonical BCH domains play important and varied roles in the control of cell morphology and apoptosis induction, amongst others. However, this domain is currently classified under lipid-interacting sec14 domains due to low sequence identity (~20%). Given this intriguing similarity, the relationship between BCH and sec14 domains is worth further study. As BCH/sec14 domains are closely associated with cell signaling and human disease, characterization of these domains and the elucidation of their functional diversity could better aid our understanding of their cellular functions and disease pathogenesis.

重金屬對人體傷害的無遠弗屆-人人皆知，根據流行病學的研究指出，長期處\r 在重金屬含量過高之地區，易造成生理病變。比方說，長期生活在砷含量高的環境\r 中，易導致肝臟、周邊血管及神經系的損害，各種癌症的發生機率也大為提高；長\r 期處在含量過高的鎘環境中，易引起不正常的鈣代謝﹐產生骨質疏鬆症、軟骨症、\r 糖尿、胺基尿酸、尿蛋白、貧血、和肝功能異常的症狀；而目前坊間所看到各類茶\r 品中含有的兒茶素則被發現具有抗氧化、抗突變及清除自由基等功能。故本實驗以\r 人類胃癌細胞(SC-M1)為材料，以微核(micronuclei)偵測技術觀察細胞長期處理兒茶\r 素((-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, EGCG)後，對於亞砷酸鈉(sodium arsenite, NaAsO?)\r 及氯化鎘(cadmium chloride, CdCl?)所造成的細胞遺傳毒性有何影響。另一方面則利\r 用SRB 分析法測量細胞存活率，探討長期處理兒茶素後，亞砷酸鈉及氯化鎘對於細\r 胞的毒殺情況是否改變。實驗結果顯示細胞長期處理兒茶素不會造成微核的增加，\r 但是卻會增加細胞的存活率；單獨處理亞砷酸鈉和氯化鎘則都會使細胞中微核明顯\r 的增加，且會降低細胞的存活率；而長期處理兒茶素的細胞對亞砷酸鈉所誘發的微\r 核有抑制作用且會增加細胞對於亞砷酸鈉的耐受度，長期處理兒茶素無法抑制氯化\r 鎘所誘發的微核與細胞毒性。\r \r \r It is well documented that exposure to heavy metals could cause seriously adverse\r effects to humans. Epidemiological evidence has shown that illness is frequently\r observed in residents living long-term in heavy metal contaminated area. For example,\r long-term exposure of arsenic was associated with increased incidences of liver diseases,\r peripheral vascular and neurological diseases, as well as cancers. And long-term exposed\r to cadmium may lead to abnormal metabolism of calcium, osteoporosis, osteomalacia,\r glucouria, aminoaciduria, proteinuria, anemia and abnormal liver function. Recently,\r numerous reports have shown that (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major\r polyphenol from green tea, have ability to anti-oxidative stress and anti-mutagenesis. In\r this report, we investigated the effects of EGCG long-term exposure in sodium arsenite\r and cadmium chloride induces chromosomal damages and cytotoxicity in a gastric cancer\r cell line, SC-M1. Our present results demonstrated cells long-term exposure to EGCG did\r not induce micronuclei (MN) formation but induce the growth rate. Sodium arsenite or\r cadmium chloride alone significantly induced MN formation and cytotoxicity in cells\r without long-term EGCG exposure. However, long-term treatment of SC-M1 cells with\r EGCG significantly reduced MN formation and protects the cells from cytotoxicity\r induced by arsenite. Long-term exposure of EGCG had no effect on MN induction and\r cell survival in cadmium-treated SC-M1 cells.