本研究欲探討垂直水柱遇障礙物成節的形成機制。以數位照相機、光電計時器等進行觀測。 實驗結果如下： （一）因往返水柱波速不同，而且節無波腹大幅振動現象，故節不是駐波現象。 （二）細針插入水柱表面時，當針上方超過某長度後，針下方產生Ｖ字形震波。但不論針相對水柱的速度是否超過波速，針上方都有節，故不是震波所產生的現象。 （三）根據水波槽模擬實驗，不論木條是否超過波速，木條前方均產生波紋。木條前方的水受到木條推動，往前方加速，因此顯現出波紋了。 我們認為，在水柱中所看到的節，不是震波或駐波，而是相對於木條往前傳遞的波。波源是撞擊物，改變了水柱表面的壓力，而成為波源，水柱的水因受撞擊，某個範圍內流速會小於波速，使得撞擊物前方存在波紋。This experiment uses digital camera and photoelectric timer to discuss the mechanism of causing spouts to form nodes on its surface. Because the downward wave velocity of the spout is different from that upwardand there are no significant vibrations of antinodes, standing waves are not the mechanism of causing nodes. In the experiment of inserting a needle into the spout, we found out that while the needle was inserted above a certain length of the spout, v shaped bow waves emerged. However, no matter the velocity of the needle related to the spout is over the wave velocity, there are always nodes above the needle. Therefore, bow waves are not the mechanism of causing nodes. According to the ripple tank simulating experiment, no matter whether the speed of the wooden stick is faster than the wave velocity or not, there are always waves forming in front of the wooden stick. The wooden stick pushes water in front of it and causes the water to accelerate forward. Therefore, waves appear. We think that the nodes we see on spouts are neither standing waves nor bow waves. The nodes are rather caused by the relatively moving wooden stick. The object, which impacted the spout (wooden stick), changed the pressure of the spout’s surface and became the source of wave. Because of the impact, the velocity of the water current of a certain area became slower than the wave velocity and causes nodes forming on the surface of the spout.

安非他命的濫用在台灣是非常嚴重的公眾健康及社會問題。安非他命會導致一連串的行\r 為異常，包括在中腦紋狀體內釋放多巴胺及阻止多巴胺回收來增加使用者的活動力。由於安\r 非他命會對腦細胞造成傷害，本研究的目的為探討低劑量、無立即毒性之安非他命(類似於人\r 類使用習慣)於短期內是否會對老鼠大腦紋狀體內的蛋白質表現有影響。因此利用西方點墨法\r 分析施打低劑量安非他命(2 到6 mg/kg)約一星期之後，C57BL6 小鼠的大腦紋狀體中一些重\r 要蛋白質[包括腺?酸受體A2A-R、第五亞型腺?酸環化?AC5、caspase-8、PARP、NF-κB\r 及血紅素加氧?-1(HO-1)]的表現是否有改變。實驗結果顯示，低劑量安非他命處理對大部分\r 蛋白質的表現並沒有明顯的差異，但在施打安非他命老鼠之大腦紋狀體中，HO-1 有些微但明\r 顯的增加，顯示安非他命可能對腦組織產生氧化性傷害。因此長期使用安非他命對中腦紋狀\r 體是否造成傷害是值得關心及繼續探討的課題。The wide spreading use of amphetamine (AMPH) in Taiwan has become a serious\r public health and social problem. AMPH evokes a series of behavior abnormality including\r enhanced locomotor behavior by releasing dopamine and inhibiting dopamine-uptake in the\r striatum. Since AMPH is known to cause brain damage, the purpose of this study is to\r investigate the expression of several important proteins in the mouse striatum after\r treatment with low and non-toxic dosages of AMPH for a short period (mimicking the\r common usage pattern of humans). C57BL6 mice were daily IP-injected with various doses\r of AMPH (0 to 6 mg/kg) for one week. Expression levels of adenosine receptor A2A-R,\r adenyl cyclase type 5,caspase-8, PARP, NF-κB and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the\r striatum were analyzed by Western blotting technique. Most proteins examined were not\r affected by the 1-week AMPH treatment, except HO-1. A slight but significant increase of\r HO-1 by AMPH treatment indicated that AMPH may cause oxidative damage in brain.\r These results suggest that the injury induced by long-term AMPH exposure warrants our\r further concerns and investigation.

A polysiloxane elastomeric lens was formed by mixing a silicone elastomeric base and silicone elastomer curing agent. It was molded from a +100 glass lens attached to a milled Plexiglas mold. The changing focal length as a result of the application of different degrees and ways of applying strain was observed with the help of a diverging laser beam and 28 and 30- diopter lenses. The shortening of the focal length as a function of applied strain using weights was observed for two treatments namely low weight and high weight. The focal lengths were measured using a vernier caliper and an adjustable white board on which the laser beam was reflected. Data for the experiment involving weights showed that there is a general decrease in the length of the foci of the elastomeric lenses as more weights were added to the set-up. This can be attributed to the increase in curvature of the lenses as more weights were added. Data for the experiment involving spring balances showed that there is a general increase in the length of the foci of the elastomeric lenses as the spring balances are pulled harder. This can be attributed to the flattening or decrease in curvature of the lenses as the spring balances are pulled harder. A stretchable lens can be used to replace intraocular lenses in cataract extraction. By changing the focal length, the lens can work for a wide range of distances, and therefore serve as the definite solution to the development of cataracts and other conditions that affect visual activity.

在酯化反應中，經由實驗結果，我們發現離子液體對於此反應有催化的效果。離子液體 是在室溫下呈現液態的離子化合物，將醇類與酸酐放入離子液體中有助於酯化反應的進行， 基於這個新的發現，我們開始尋找使用不同種類的離子液體做實驗，選出適當的離子液體， 並且測試離子液體在不同環境下的催化效果，以及適合的使用計量；更進一步，我們找出離 子液體在催化反應之後，將離子液體回收的方法：利用有機溶劑將離子液體和產物分層並萃 取出產物，把離子液體回收再利用，符合現代推動綠色化學的趨勢。接下來我們探討離子液 體對催化反應的擴展性與應用，先由不同結構的一級醇反應到醯胺鍵的生成，最後推展到合 成阿斯匹靈，實驗結果說明，用離子液體做催化劑，也可以成功的合成阿斯匹靈。 We have established for the first time that ionic liquids, which possess the property of Lewis acid, can facilitate acylation of alcohols with anhydrides to form esters with photo-excitation. With the initial finding, we then screen through different types of ionic liquids with varying counter anions, loading, and external light or heat sources to sort out the best reaction conditions. To gain insights into the working mechanism, the dynamic profile of the catalytic reaction was monitored by analyzing the reaction mixture by using ‘H NMR spectroscopy. The ionic liquids can be recovered by extractive separation from the acylation product, which meets the major theme of green chemistry. To extend the substrate scope and applications of the new catalytic process, different functional primary alcohols and amines were further examined. More importantly, we have utilized the new catalytic protocol for the acetylating of salicylic acid, leading to aspirin with high efficiency.

本研究主題是要探討以電解質作為電介質之電容器的放電情況及電容值。作者在電容器的兩極板中，灌入電解質溶液，作為電介質，發現確實能使電容值大增。作者再以不同電解質和外加磁場為變因，作出以下研究,以深入了解電容和電解質溶液的關係。The main idea of this topic is to explore the amount of capacitance with electrolyte as dielectrics. The authors poured electrolyte solutions into the polar plate of capacitor and found the amount of capacitance increased. Then the authors used the different kinds of electrolyte and added magnetic field as changing factors. Authors performed the following research to deeply find out the correlations between capacitance and electrolyte solutions.

NO.60-02 2021 APR | 科學研習期刊目錄 本期專題 文化與數學數養 以數學建模在STEAM教育中創價數學文化 | 楊凱琳 從數學史談核心素養之涵育：以「畢氏定理」為例 | 蘇意雯 怎識數學真面目？談數學文化與素養 | 劉柏宏 數學建模—操作實務與建構理論的橋樑 | 蕭志如 數學素養導向評量簡介 | 吳正新 談數學素養－生活中的數學記憶 | 李宗祐 教學現場 有數學感的分數教學：半條蛋糕平分給四個人 | 李源順、林旭霓 素養導向的數學課室樣貌―以國小三年級「小數」概念啟蒙教學為例 | 溫世展 素養導向的國小數學課室樣貌―以高年級「分數除法」為例 | 陳玉珊 「數戰棋」奠基模組融入數學教學之設計 | 孫德蘭 科學新知 看見格子點－高中數學的探究與實作 | 張宮明 朝三暮四－談Haberdasher問題的摺紙解 | 李政憲 特約專欄 繪本跨領域創造力探究學習活動 | 劉淑雯、楊紹圓 「今天飛不飛？」－金門高中生活議題之探究實作課程分析 | 丁于真、李育賢、黃琴扉 森棚教官數學題-圓形軌道碰碰車 (配合3/14國際數學日Pi Day) | 游森棚 大氣河長江水 | 盧孟明 科普活動報導 臺灣科學節創意實作科學營推廣與省思 | 洪偉清 女孩們，FUN科學! | 黃真瑱、呂玉環、林琦峯、蘇萬生 科教館GO好玩 「點實成今」-中小學科展一甲子特展紀實 | 蘇珮婷 總召集人的話 最近在看「好音樂的科學」，這是一本同時從科學理性及音樂感性的角度讓我們理解聽眾跟音樂產生共鳴的機制—情感連結，當然還有很多好東西要深究此書才能享用到。科學如同音樂般，透過多層次的轉譯，透過不簡單的語言，讓受眾在情感上受到挑戰、啟發，才有機會與情感對準頻率產生共振，才有主動探究的力道。試想一條琴弦，琴弦的材料、鎖緊的張力以及固定的方式都會對於彈奏的效果有所影響；這時需要數學建模把弦的振動方程式推導出來，再來就是有系統的求解，從不同的振動模態跟音樂之間的關係開始有了連結。 數學建模需要豐富的生活經驗作為後盾，數學建模歷程對於問題解決是個很好的學習典範，又數學建模與STEAM相關學科的整合是實踐數學文化多種價值的很好策略。「文化中的數學」與「數學中的文化」交錯互動耦合成為「數學文化」，您知道多少種畢氏定理的證明方法?人類發展過程中的數學扮演的角色可以透過「柏拉圖多面體」的美與「七橋問題」的趣味來說明。結合數學史的脈絡，展現不同時空文明間的問題解決方法，可以協助學習者將抽象觀念具體化，在學習數學過程中，也能認識這些問題在我們人類文化中代表的意涵。 想知道如何建立「帶著走」的數學能力嗎?如何建立素養導向評量工具?這些目標都是讓學生從真實情境中，學習思考、提問以及建立問題解決的能力，進而產生學習遷移，達到終身學習的目標。生活中的數學記憶則透過生活中的許多實例，如鉛筆工廠的倒三角形容器、酒杯堆疊的二階等差數列、祈福摺紙、牛奶盒的堆疊，讓學生理解生活中的數學應用；有空時也該搜尋自然界中無所不在的數學元素，讓數學之美提升對數學的相關概念及精神並內化到自己的所學。 熟悉代數運算的大人們遇見算術問題的解釋，就突然間發現需要回到童年時期的思考。國小的數學教育是很具挑戰性的，如何在先備知識不多的情境之下逐步建構學生的知識體系?半條蛋糕平分給四個人，要如何表達有感的分數教學?如何透過生活情境、學習需求及操作有感的學習啟動小學三年級的小數啟蒙教學?還有高年級的分數除法，結合數感理論的讓學生說、讓學生畫圖、讓學生舉例等教學策略，引導學生有感的數學學習。 課堂上要吸引學生的目光需要好的任務設計，如何透過活動及遊戲在競爭中增加挑戰性，還要從玩樂中增強學生數學的準備度?看見格子點---高中數學的探究與實作是思考與探究的很好例子，很值得讀者拿起鉛筆，跟著做一遍，動腦歸納動手畫。切割及拼布問題--朝三暮四，是講縫紉商透過適當切割正三角形拼布，再重新拼組為正方形的問題；透過討論四種不盡相同的正方形切割重拚為正三角的組法，並比較不同切割方式的差異性，非常有趣，看了好想跟著動手裁切拼裝。 繪本跨領域創造力探究學習活動透過第一線教師的學習活動分享，讓讀者有典範學習之效。「今天飛不飛？」一文讓讀者理解使用航空站公開資訊結合生活議題，做出不同條件的估算，以達探究與實作之效。森鵬教官照例給了趣味有挑戰性的圓形軌道碰碰車，三輛車從十二等分圓周上的指定出發點及指定方向出發，在特定條件及設定的規則下，這三部車要經過多久才能同時回到原來的出發點。 地上的河流、空中水氣形成的大氣河是全球水循環的基本現象，值此久旱不雨的今天，讀此文章特別有感；對於大氣河的發生及地點的氣象預報準確度提升，有助於因應變動加劇的未來。舉辦活動是需樣樣兼顧、統籌運轉且勞心勞力的工作，臺灣科學節創意實作科學營的舉辦，綿密的合作夥伴以及各方資源的投入都值得參考學習。科教館透過執行科技部女性科技人才培育計畫，入校推廣科學實作的課程以及推動高年級女學生探究與實作課程的教學實況。中小學科展六十年了，有許多好作品值得學習，「點實成今」-中小學科展一甲子特展紀實呈現整個策展的理念以及所欲表達的探究、好奇及融入生活；展現創新思考、解決問題與合作學習的科展精神。 這一期的科學研習月刊是數學含量很高的一期，讓我們跟著動手玩玩、動腦想想，也趁機省思數學文化及數學學習的各個面向。 總召編輯委員 - 李旺龍 關於本刊 出版單位：國立臺灣科學教育館 發行人：劉火欽 總召集人：李旺龍 編輯委員： 物理科吳仲卿/陳耀榮/李柏翰/盧玉玲 | 化學科古建國/許良榮/王伯昌/林如章/周金城 | 生物科王美芬/蕭世輝/陳建志/郭淑妙 | 地球科學許民陽/王郁軒/李文禮/謝隆欽 科技科張玉山/汪殿杰/林育沖/趙珩宇 | 數學科李源順/鄧家駿/溫世展/張宮明 | 跨領域學科李名揚/連信仲 | 特約專欄 游森棚/黃琴扉/陳正改/劉淑雯 策劃：曾聰邦 主編：吳中益 本月專題特約主編：李源順 編輯：佟冠誼 網頁設計編輯：施曉恬 投稿規範請來信詢問：article@mail.ntsec.gov.tw

NO.59-01 2020 FEB | 科學研習期刊目錄 本期專題 科學素養學習 自然科領域探究與實作課程協作平台之建置分享 | 吳仲卿 以開放性問題融入探究與實作課程 | 徐鏞元 發展探究與實作紙筆測驗與作答數據分析 | 何興中、李麗偵、林蓓伶、盧政良 素養導向探究實作課程之實踐與教學策略 | 謝甫宜 108課綱新型態課程-「探究與實作」之規劃與執行經驗分享 | 趙君傑 新課綱自然科學探究與實作的理念與實踐 | 簡麗賢 教學現場 一位高中生的電化學物理研究之旅—科學探究與實作的自主學習案例分享 / | 李柏翰 科學趣味競賽融入多元選修課程之高中教學現場經驗談 | 柯瑞龍 從生活到課堂--三用電表的教學示例 | 林宣安 追「風」逐「電」 －以風力發電機進行探究與實作 | 李宥霖 磁鐵雲霄飛車教學分享 | 廖進德 科學新知 2019諾貝爾物理獎介紹 | 吳俊輝 特約專欄 可可冰之跨域教學研究 | 劉淑雯、洪文徽 閱讀《禮記·月令》設計Reading-STEAM教學活動 | 古建國 歷史上的臺灣龍捲風 | 黃文亭 森棚教官數學題－交換糖果 | 游森棚 科普活動報導 Kiss Science— 科學開門 青春不悶 | 洪美慧 自然科學探究式網路競賽實例分享 | 黃真瑱、李伃芳、李奕賢 科教館GO好玩 女孩們一起動手探索科學趣 | 顏慈瑤、陳虹樺、蘇萬生、陳雪玉 總召集人的話 自2019學年度實施的12年國教自然科學領域課綱，強調以增進學生科學素養作為自然科學課程發展的目標。本期特別以「科學素養教學」為專題。 「本期專題」單元共有六篇文章，〈自然科領域探究與實作課程協作平台之建置分享〉一文分享建置「自然科領域之探究與實作協作平台」的概念與做法。〈以開放性問題融入探究與實作課程〉一文分享台師大物理系利用開放問題進行探究與實作課程（簡稱物理思辨課）的經驗。〈發展探究與實作紙筆測驗與作答數據分析〉一文介紹數學創造力的相關理論與研究、教材與教學策略以及教學實踐。〈素養導向探究實作課程之實踐與教學策略〉一文從數學角度介紹統計與資料科學背後追隨的人工智慧之夢。〈課綱新型態課程-「探究與實作」之規劃與執行經驗分享〉一文討論向銀行「借錢」買房子後，如何「還錢」最划算。〈新課綱自然科學探究與實作的理念與實踐〉一文討論「教學現場」單元刊登五篇文章，〈一位高中生的電化學物理研究之旅 —科學究探與實作的自主學習案例分享〉一文利用小四學生學習長方形和正方形的周長與面積單元，解說該如何讓學生學得完整的周長與面積概念。〈科學趣味競賽融入多元選修課程之高中教學現場經驗談〉一文介紹數學奠基活動國中組中的「矩形拼板」桌遊活動。〈從生活到課堂--三用電表的教學示例〉一文利用類似雞兔同籠問題，說明嘗試錯誤、有規律嘗試錯誤、邏輯推理、代數解法之間的關聯及重要性。〈追「風」逐「電」－以風力發電機進行探究與實作〉一文解說如何藉由小五「多邊形」的學習，引導小六連結「逼近」概念以及先備學習經驗，讓圓面積的學習更有脈絡性。〈磁鐵雲霄飛車教學分享〉一文分享作者多年來帶領高中生從事專題研究，進而形成科展作品的過程。 「科學新知」單元刊登兩篇文章。〈諾貝爾物理獎介紹—從系外行星到宇宙奧秘〉一文帶領讀者面對「颱風假」課題，省思應如何看待及抱持何種態度才不致失焦。〈可可冰之跨域教學研究〉一文則介紹臺灣在集集地震後在地震測報工作的進展。 「特約專欄」單元刊登三篇文章，〈閱讀《禮記·月令》篇設計 Reading-STEAM教學活動〉一文拋出有關兩個三角形全等條件的問題。〈歷史上的臺灣龍捲風〉一文分享走讀日本福音館《かがくのとも》(科學之友)月刊50周年展後對月刊科學繪本的介紹與推薦。〈森棚教官數學題〉一文則提出對PBL-STEAM課程發展與教學活動設計的見解。 「科普活動報導」刊登兩篇報導：〈Kiss Science—科學開門 青春不悶〉透過2019年指導學生參與自然科學探究式網路競賽得獎作品實例，說明進行探究活動的歷程；〈自然科學探究式網路競賽實例分享〉報導國研院善用其強項和方式讓孩童愛上科學的展覽活動。 本期「科教館GO好玩」單元刊登〈女孩們一起動手探索科學趣〉一文，則介紹如何透過有趣的卡牌桌遊，讓民眾甚至年齡更小的學童曉得核災的知識。 總召編輯委員 - 李隆盛 關於本刊 出版單位：國立臺灣科學教育館 發行人：陳雪玉 總召集人：李隆盛 編輯委員： 物理科吳仲卿/陳耀榮/李柏翰/盧玉玲 | 化學科古建國/許良榮/王伯昌/林如章/周金城 | 生物科王美芬/蕭世輝/陳建志/郭淑妙 | 地球科學許民陽/王郁軒/李文禮/謝隆欽 科技科張玉山/汪殿杰/林育沖/趙珩宇 | 數學科李源順/鄧家駿/溫世展/張宮明 | 跨領域學科李名揚/連信仲 | 特約專欄 游森棚/黃琴扉/劉淑雯 策劃：曾聰邦 主編：錢康偉 本月專題特約主編：吳仲卿 編輯：吳郡怡 網頁設計編輯：曾怡/施曉恬 投稿規範請來信詢問：article@mail.ntsec.gov.tw

本實驗針對隔音材質的特性，如各孔板之孔徑、開孔率，並以夾層做不同孔板配置進行研究。本主題共進行三階段的實驗。第一階段探討不同材質的影響，因材質加工問題，實驗誤差過大；第二階段改以PP 塑膠板探討，因儀器誤差，數據難以解析；第三階段仍以PP 塑膠板探討，並修正實驗步驟，以降低實驗誤差。本報告乃以第三階段實驗結果做探討。為了提高實驗準確度，將整個實驗分成若干組，在實驗前後以空白測試，以減低實驗誤差。利用Excel 軟體，進行各組實驗數據噪音傳送損失之修正與分析。本試驗以125Hz、250Hz、500Hz、1000Hz、2000Hz 及4000Hz 六段週波頻率做測試。由分析結果顯示，孔徑與開孔率、同心圓的排列方式，對噪音傳送損失有顯著的影響。;This experiment is to focus on the properties of sound barriers, such as hole diameter, open areas, and the layout of holing boards. We have performed experiments in three steps. In the first step, we discussed the differences between different kinds of material but found many errors caused from faults in the process of making boards. So in the second step, we chose the ploy-propene board but still found errors from instruments. And in the final step, we used the ploy-propene board again and modified the experiment procedure to lower the error from instruments. The report is based on the final step data. With a view to raise the precision of the experiment, we divided the experiment into several parts with the blank test. We modified and transferred the original data to the noisy transfer loss (TL) in the same intensity level, and analyzed the data with Microsoft Excel. In experiment, we detected the noise-pollution level (dB) in the frequency of 125Hz, 250Hz, 500Hz, 1000Hz, 2000Hz and 4000Hz. According to the result, the hole diameter, open area and the layout of concentric circle have a significant influence on TL.

有鑑於SARS 期間活性碳口罩因原料均從國外進口，而造成活性碳急需用時的短缺，於是我們的研究是以國內最常見的木材自製成活性碳，並探討活性碳對生活週遭常見物質的吸附能力。我們利用六種不同的木材配合兩種活性化方法來製成不同的十二種活性碳，觀察活性碳對有色溶液的吸附效果，發現不同的活性碳對不同的物質有不同的吸附效果。在定量實驗中，我們採用不同大小、不同性質的物質依次為氯離子、氨分子、葡萄糖分子及三氧化二砷等，用十二種不同的活性碳作吸附效果的比較，發現每種物質都有對其具有最佳吸附能力的活性碳。再利用電子顯微鏡觀察並測出活性碳孔洞的大小，將結果與活性碳對各種物質的吸附能力相對應而得知，【1】活性碳的孔洞大小與物質質點相容性大即得最好的吸附效果【2】雖然木材本身並不帶電，但其中所含的礦物質可能會具有電性，所以在必要情況下亦可將電性列入考慮。同時，在現代化的生活環境中，人們與電磁波的接觸已無可避免；而電磁波因頻率的差異而有不同的特性，因此對於人們的影響也不相同，新聞報導中常出現宣稱竹炭具有遮蔽電磁波的效果。於是我們深入地去探討竹炭對電磁波的影響原因。 在我們實際測量過程中發現，基地台、高壓電塔、行動電話和家庭電器所釋放之電磁波總和均在安全範圍之內。竹炭的燒製溫度須達550℃以上才可在內部形成具有導電性的石墨結構才進一步具有屏蔽效果。 ;During the ravage of SARS, a great amount of activated carbon was imported to Taiwan, leading to the shortage of actived carbon for emergent use in our country. In view of this phenomenon, we investigated six kinds of wood that are most commonon the market and processed them into twleve kinds of actived carbon. We found that different actived carbon has distinct adsorptive power on different substances by observing theadsorption in the colored solutions. In quantitative experiments, we applied substances of different sizes and properties (chlorine ions, ammonium ions, glucose molecules, arsenic(Ⅲ) oxide) to compare the adsorption of these twelve kinds of actived carbon. We found that each substance is adsorbed the most by a certain kind of actived carbon. Then we observed the apertures of actived carbon under stereoelectric microscope and contrast the result with adsorption. We had two following findings: Actived carbon has better adsorption if its apertures fit the adsorbate molecule well in size. Wood itself doesn’t have electric charge. But sometimes the minerals contained would enable it to have electric charge. We have to take the electric charge into consideration in the experiment if necessary. At the same time, in a modern life, the contact between us and electronic waves are not avoidable. Electronic waves with different frequency have varied characteristic and therefore cause dissimilar influences on humans. The news reports keep on showing the charcoal can shield us from electronic waves. Therefore, we want to find the causes why the charcoal affects the electronic waves. During the process of the research, we find that the total of all electronic waves released by electricity tower, mobile phones, household electronics are within the secure spec. The charcoal has to be burned higher than 550℃ and then it can generate the electric conduction graphite structure inside and then it can have the shielding function.

在眾多的蝴蝶中有不少是具有眼斑。傳統上認為眼斑的功能是驚嚇天敵或欺騙天敵。有關眼斑本身結構的瞭解很少。我們利用臺灣及馬祖產的蝴蝶，分別記錄圖鑑上峽蝶、眼蝶及灰蝶合計 60 種以上，以及鳳蝶幼蟲七種的眼斑特性。記錄的眼斑特性包括數目、組成的色彩結構，以及記錄眼斑在翅的腹面或背面明顯。進一步測暈孔雀峽蝶、台灣波眼蝶、蘇鐵小灰蝶等三種蝴蝶的眼斑和翅面積。眼斑在腹面及背面都有，但以腹面明顯者佔多數，而眼斑數 l 一 7 個都有，在後翅者佔多數。眼斑慕本是由數個同心圓組成，分別為輪廓、眼白、虹彩及障孔。在峽蝶及眼蝶的結構都相當完整，輪廓為褐或深褐，眼白為黃色為主，虹彩都為黑色或深褐色，障孔為白色或淡藍色。在灰蝶的眼斑較不完整，大都輪廓不清晰，眼白的黃色或橙色部份比例高，但都缺少障孔。幼蟲有眼斑成蟲不一定有。鳳蝶的幼蟲（ 8 種）都為綠色，其眼斑輪廓黑色，眼白為白色及紅色但明顯比上述成蟲的眼斑之眼白部位要小，而黑色的虹彩都很大。幼蟲的障孔為白色的細線形，我們認為這和立體形狀的幼蟲及成蟲平面翅的差異所造成，在文中也討論到水棲蝶魚的眼斑和蝴蝶眼斑的差異。眼斑和翅面積的相關分析結果變異很大，在統計上正相關及負相關都有。眼斑數目的不定及和翅面積並沒有一定關係，我們討論到蝴蝶的眼斑在不同種類有些可能有求偶生殖上的功能。這方面值得科學家大量投入研究。Quite a few species of butterflies have colorful eyespots on their wings. The main functions of these eyespots were considered to startle or deceive predators by most scientific researchers. In fact, only limited literatures dealt with the basic structure and color patterns of butterfly eyespots. The purpose of this study is to study the basic structure and color patterns of these eyespots. We measured the surface area of eyespots v.s. wings from specimens. From the color plates of Taiwan and Matsu butterfly field guide, we recorded the eyespots either on ventral or dorsal side of wings, and the color patterns for more than 60 species. \r The number of eyespots on wings varies from I to 7 among individuals we checked. Majority of eyespots were found on ventral side of wings. The basic structure of eyespots were formed by I to 3 concentric circles, i.e., outboundary, cornea, iris and pupil . Pupil was not found in certain species. The color in cornea section is yellow and in iris is black or dark brown. The contrast in these two areas is quite prominent just as the contrast showed in warning coloration of after animals. The pupil is either white of light blue. Caterpillars with eyespots were found in Papilionidae, their adult stage were without this character. We checked 8 species of caterpillars, their basic structure of eyespots were similar to other butterflies, with cornea, iris and pupil. The cornea is either red or white color, and the iris is black in colors. The ratio(iris/cornea) is much higher in caterpillar than in butterfly. The pupil is a thin thread shape instead of a tiny spot like the one in butterfly wings. We discussed the difference of pupil between juveniles and adults from the aspect of dimension structure of a subject. In the paper we also discussed the difference of eyespots between butterfly and butterfly fish in the coral reef. Base on the no significant relationship between the surface area of eyespots and wings. We suspect that butterfly eyespots may have another function, such as intersexual selection between males and females beside startling and deceiving predators.\r