台灣溫泉資源豐富，花蓮區約有十個溫泉。目前花蓮溫泉區開發加劇，溫泉生態改變。但查遍文獻，並無人對花蓮溫泉菌做完整研究。本研究對花蓮的交通、文山及紅葉溫泉取樣培養，樣區水溫從文山３５℃到紅葉的７９℃，ｐＨ值 . 6.9~10.4。本研究共分離出12屬菌，革蘭氏楊性菌有Anoxybacillus、Brevibacillus、Geobacillus、Bacillus、Tepidimonas，革蘭氏陰性菌有 Caenibactrium 、Ramlibacter 、Deinococcus、Thermomonas 、Meiothermus、Xanthomonas，在台灣未記錄的有Brachymonas、Ramlibacter、Tepidimonas、Thermomonas、Caenibacterium、Anoxybacillus、Xanthomanas七屬。更換培養溫度時，發現同種菌取自高溫取樣點的菌株較能適應高溫，有受溫度馴化現象；更換異地溫泉水培養後，六屬菌生長情形無明顯差異，顯示水質不是它們分布的限制因子。

Positive –A Study on a Nanoscale Revision Method and Sensitivity Evaluation This paper took a pyramid and a fixed point as the reference level. It was the intention of our team to establish and prove a new hardness value revising method that is to be used in the deflection of indentation of nano indentor. Such new method was named Material Surface Nanoscale Hardness Revision Method with which we re-measured various materials and error sensitivity of hardness values. We obtained the following conclusions:(1). This paper revision modification method have a highly precision. (2). When the round tip or plane tip was closed to ideal indentor tip, the contact areas during indentation process were close, not demonstrating significant difference. (3). The indentation triangle created when loading effort P was similar with the one left on the sample material when unloading the effort; thus, even though the sink-in and pile up effects due to the mechanical properties of sample material caused the differentiation of side lengths and two indentation areas, the angles of two indentation areas was the same. (4). When the effort was loaded by the tip onto the sample material, if the tip had a certain deflection ψ or rotation ω, the indentation triangle left on the sample material was still significant. (5). In the observation of the indentation triangle left on the sample material, when the triangle cannot become a regular triangle, it meant that there is a deflection or rotation happening to the tip and a further revision of the deflected angle ψ or rotated angle ω is required. (6). The hardness value revision method under indentation deflection situation had the best effect on the projected area revision; the second was on the indentation volume revision and than on the indentation contact area revision. (7). The hardness error sensitivity of hardness value revision method under indentation deflection situation had the best effect on the projected area; the second was on the contact area and than on the indentation volume revision. (8). The method proposed by this study was proved by the silica and aluminum single crystal indentation results and is thus able to be applied to the engineering in the nanoscale measurement of metal materials to obtain more precise data.不偏不倚-奈米級修準方法與敏感度評估之研究在這篇研究報告中，以一個三角錐和一個定點為基準，本團隊建立並證明一個新的在奈米硬度測試儀壓痕偏斜情況下，硬度值的修正方法，取名材料表面奈米硬度修正方法。在新的材料表面奈米硬度修正方法下，重新檢測各種材料及硬度誤差敏感度，得到許多好的結論：（1）本研究之修準方法具有高度精確性。（2）利用圓球尖端或平面尖端的方法近似理想壓頭時其壓痕過程中之接 觸面積相近，並無明顯差異。（3）作用力P 施加(Loading)時之壓痕三角形與卸載時(unloading)殘留於測試材料上之壓痕三角形係屬於相似形；因此，即使各該三角形之邊長因為該測試材料本身的機械性質所產生的滲入(sink-in)與堆放(pile-up)的效應而造成作用力施加與卸載時，壓痕面積上的差異。不過，該兩壓痕面積的角度卻是一致的。（4）當該作用力隨著該壓頭施加於測試材料時，若該壓頭產生某一程度的偏斜ψ 或旋轉ω 時，該殘留於測試材料上之壓痕三角形仍然具有代表性。（5）藉由觀察該殘留於測試材料上之壓痕三角形，當該三角形無法成為一正三角形時，其係表示壓頭已產生偏斜或旋轉的之情況，需要進一步對該偏斜角度ψ 或旋轉角度ω 進行修正。（6）在壓痕偏斜情況下硬度值的修正方法以投影面積修正為最佳，其次是壓痕體積再其次是壓痕接觸面積方法作修正。（7）在壓痕偏斜情況下硬度值修正方法的硬度誤差敏感度則以投影面積為最佳，其次是接觸面積再其次是壓痕體積修正方法。（8）本研究提出之修正方法經由矽、鋁單晶壓痕結果驗證，足以說明適用於工程學上金屬材料進行奈米壓痕硬度檢測時更精確的數據獲得。

靈光乍現：弦的震盪由直到彎，從單懸到雙懸迴盪不已，共振駐波顯現半波長的微妙變化。故佈疑陣：曲弦振盪、共振頻率、弦上張力、半駐波長，玄機重重。 高潮迭起：推翻同一弦上所受張力相同，得知曲弦曲度不同所受張力亦不等的真相。 明天過後：重現曲弦程度，知彈性係數迴旋，將曲弦駐波性質變化摸透透。 ;Inspirations: Vibrating the string of thing bar from longittudinal to transverse; from both arm to single arm; from the waves of the string to the mystery ofλ/4. Battle: Resonance frequency, string tension force, half stationary wave, questions flying everywhere. Revolution: Overturn the theory that the tension force on the same string equalizes everywhere by measuring the length of eachλ/2 ; proof that the tension force enlarges from the top of the string to the end because of the gravity of the string ; Calculate the constant of the difference between the length of the incomplete wave on the end andλ/4 / the last completeλ/2. Proof that the constant is decided by the thickness of the string rather than the length of the string ; Finding the fact that the number of completeλ/2 on the same string equals no matter where the vibrating spot is.

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have cheaper and easier means of fabrication compared to the currently used solar cells, which are mostly silicon-based, so DSSCs are developed for a prospect of solar energy accounting for a higher percentage in the world’s total energy production, which is currently 0.1%. However, compared to their inorganic counterparts, their efficiencies are low, and the search for a dye that will maximize the potential of DSSCs is still ongoing. The aim of this study is to be able to evaluate the absorption range in the solar spectrum of dyes extracted from Basella alba leaves and Bixin orellana seeds, and of dyes resulting from the mixture of both extracts, using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer, with the objective of increasing the absorption; to be able to fabricate functional DSSCs from the individual and mixed dyes; and to be able to evaluate the different conversion efficiencies of the DSSCs of the individual and mixed dyes using Linear Sweep Voltammetry, with the aim of increasing the conversion efficiency due to a wider absorption range. B. alba leaves and B. orellana seeds were extracted using soxhlet extraction. The clean extracts were mixed in different proportions, and were characterized using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. The two individual dyes together with two proportions of the mixed B. alba:B. orellana dyes, 1:1 and 2:1, were then incorporated into DSSCs. In the fabrication of DSSCs, twelve plates of Fluorine doped tin oxide were coated with titanium dioxide (TiO2) using spray pyrolysis. They were sintered and scraped, and were afterwards immersed in the four dyes for four days. Platinum plates were placed on top, and iodine-triiodide couple electrolyte was introduced via capillary action. The sealed DSSCs were subjected to Linear Sweep Voltammetry under dark and illuminated conditions, using a sun simulator. Results from the UV-Vis spectrophotometry showed that mixing the dyes had increased the absorption range of the individual dyes, although not superpositionally, and that the 2:1 mixed dye has the most potential. Being incorporated into DSSCs, the dyes, including the mixed ones, have successfully converted solar energy into electrical energy, as shown by the significance in conversion efficiencies under dark and illuminated conditions. However, despite the increase in the absorption range, neither of the mixed dyes have shown a higher conversion efficiency than the individual ones, which can be accounted for a possible weaker interaction between the two dyes and the TiO2, resulting to lower efficiencies. The study has been able to obtain and characterize dyes from B. orellana seeds and B. alba leaves and has been able to incorporate the dyes into DSSCs. With the wider absorption range of the mixed dyes, the study has been able to confirm the possibility of the dyes to maximize the potential of DSSCs, as shown by the successful conversion of solar energy into electrical energy of all fabricated DSSCs, including those of mixed dyes. If the possible problem with the dye-dye as well as the dye-TiO2 interactions could be solved, the possibility of much higher conversion efficiencies could be expected.

NO.57-09 2018 NOV | 科學研習期刊目錄 本期專題 Fun科學的探究實作活動 Fun科學的探究實作活動 | 謝甫宜博士 指尖陀螺玩科學－從科學遊戲到探究歷程 | 謝甫宜博士 蛇類推廣與破解迷思教育 | 曾文宣碩士 簡易觀察太陽的方法 | 曹嘉修碩士 長壽牌衛生紙－反應速率的探究與實作 | 柯人彰碩士 自製橫波演示器及教學上的使用 | 廖酉鎮老師 森棚教官的數學題 湊成一 | 游森棚 科學讀書會 後真相時代：當真相被操弄、利用，我們該如何看？如何聽？如何思考？ | 白榮銓 教學現場 探索生活事物的顯微觀察—科工館顯微家族活動 | 黃振中、陳相仲 總召集人的話 創立卡內基訓練以教導人們人際溝通及處理壓力的美國人際關係學大師卡內基(Dale Carnegie, 1888-1955)曾說：人們很少成功，除非可從自己所做的事情中尋得樂趣(People rarely succeed unless they have fun in what they are doing)。科學研習也是如此，樂趣、探究和實作可以結合在一起。本期特別以「Fun科學的探究實作活動」為專題，請高雄市陽明國中老師謝甫宜博士擔任特約主編。 專題文章含專題導言共有六篇文章：專題導言〈Fun科學的探究實作活動〉從我國學生在TIMSS和PISA的表現切入，指出自然科老師也能成為開發創意教材教法以活化教學的創造者，因此本期共有五位致力於科普實作活動的資深教師，寫出兼顧寓教於樂與增進概念理解的五篇文章，並簡介這五篇專題文章。〈指尖陀螺玩科學〉一文分享以科學遊戲本位所設計生動有趣的兩個指尖陀螺的科學探究活動課程單元，其活化教學的理念為：「科學遊戲，提供動手玩科學的樂趣；探究歷程，為我們留下思考的痕跡」。〈蛇類推廣與破解迷思教育〉一文指出活體觀察是生物相關的課程中，最能讓學生目不轉睛、也絕不分神的一項活動。本文分享以蛇為活體觀察的經驗與看法。〈簡易觀察太陽的主題〉一文分享透過針孔成像原理，在不傷害眼睛的狀態下觀察太陽的一種基本方法和兩種進階方法，也介紹可觀察的太陽特殊現象。假設在物資缺乏下，如何以善用燃燒一張衛生紙所發出的光來照亮去路並使之發揮極致？〈長壽牌衛生紙--反應速率的探究與實作〉一文分享指導學生分組面對此一挑戰的經驗與看法。〈自製橫波演示器及教學上的使用〉一文則分享如何製作低成本、輕巧且構成波形之介質不相連的橫波演示器，及演示橫波之產生與傳遞、頻率與波長關係等性質。 「教學現場」刊登〈探索生活事物的顯微觀察〉一文分享國立科學工藝博物館(簡稱科工館)透過舉辦顯微家族活動，向親子觀眾推廣顯微觀察與實作技巧的經驗。 分子是1分母為正整數的分數被稱為單位分數。本期「森棚教官的數學題」刊登〈湊成1〉一文，拋出如何用一些不同的單位分數加起來湊成1的問題，供讀者自主探索或發想科展題目。 不少訊息是傳播者利用真相的繁複面貌加以操弄，塑造出對自己最有利的面貌。我們該如何排除誤導的陳述，選擇最值得相信的真相呢？本期「科學讀書會」導讀《後真相時代：當真相被操弄、利用，我們該如何看？如何聽？如何思考？》一書，該書除了探討事實真相，也探討了其他難以確定是否為真的「真相｣。 總召編輯委員 - 李隆盛 關於本刊 出版單位：國立臺灣科學教育館 發行人：陳雪玉 總召集人：李隆盛 編輯委員：古建國/全中平/李文獻/李旺龍/李源順/李進寶/林沛練/林坤誼/許良榮/蔣中柱/胡秀芳/陳正改/陳竹亭/陳玫良/楊水平/游森棚/謝隆欽/張子超 策劃：曾聰邦 主編：錢康偉 本月專題特約主編：謝甫宜 編輯：吳郡怡 網頁設計編輯：施曉恬/陳璽君 投稿規範請來信詢問：article@mail.ntsec.gov.tw

As soon as a drop from the same liquid falls to the surface of the liquid, a crown emerges, which is followed by a Liquid Column shortly afterward. In order to measure the diameter of the short-lived crown and the height of the liquid column, we developed two incredible and useful devices for each one of that. After a series of experiments and discussion, we decided to adopt collision and oscillation to illuminate the phenomenon. And the details are in the reports. 液滴活泉：一種碰撞與振盪的交合，也是表面張力與黏滯力的拉鋸。碰撞的同時與 表面張力交柔展現皇冠；振盪的同時與黏滯力以圓形波動吞噬液滴。 望冠興嘆：激起的液體皇冠徑和隆起的液柱高猶如曇花一現，測量技術就簡單設備 而言是窮則思變的契機。 滴滴入扣：滴落小液滴如質點的碰撞，隨著液面的振盪，而終止於波心；滴落大液 滴如多個小液滴集體行動，如聖誕老公公灑落糖果般，爾後激盪擾動迴旋 不已。

氣體動力論是一種微觀理論，而波以耳、查理定律雖是巨觀的實驗，但對我們而言，終究還是一種看不到的氣體性質推理，而促使我們本次的模擬實驗藉由真實粒子撞擊所形成的現象，解說氣體定律。 一、 理想氣體的粒子模型很難取得，因為真實的粒子必有重量，也很難達到彈性碰撞，我們以B.B 彈為氣體粒子模型，以馬達轉動撞擊B.B 彈，輸入的電功率P＝IV 轉為粒子的動能，就算粒子與器壁為非彈性碰撞，若其散失有一定的比例，也就是當能量平衡時，以功率觀點， p電＝ p粒子得到 ＋p散逸 ⇒p電＝kop粒子得到(ko＞1)，我們可視為粒子Ek 不變，由 IV＝ko．NEk(N：粒子數，Ek：粒子動能)，所以當N 固定時，我們可由p電值來代表粒子動能的大小，當N 非固定時，可由p電/N 代表粒子動能大小。 二、 ∵分子動能 1/2 mv2= 2/3 KT ∴ IV / N 也可用來代表氣體溫度（T）。 三、 垂直放置的活塞受有重力Mg (↓)，若底部有粒子撞擊而使活塞上升一段距離而平衡，可得到F撞擊力 = Mg，而壓力P= F/A =Mg/A，∴若活塞截面A 固定則活塞質量 M 可代表氣體壓力P。 四、 B.B 彈活動的空間體積V=hA 也就代表氣體容器的體積，∵活塞的截面積A 固定∴可用 h 來代表容器體積。 ∴此次探討中，氣體的P、V、N、T 各以M（活塞質量），h（活塞高度），N（粒子數），p電/N（電功率/粒子數）來代表。

Monte Carlo methods are non-parametric algorithms that use random numbers and theorems of probability theory to approximate values that are not random. The purpose of my research was to approximate the surface of different geographical areas that can be easily approximated to polygons (e.g. lakes, glaciers, deserts) with Monte Carlo simulations starting from either Cartesian coordinates or pictures. Computer science would not exist without math, and this research project showed me the importance of a deep understanding of probability theory in the world of simulations and, more generally, the importance of developing new theorems and algorithms. The results of my research could be developed in different ways: it would be interesting to produce software that allows one to approximate areas from pictures taken from a smartphone; as well, the theorem I found has to be proven, and also Monte Carlo methods as a means of random number generation can always be improved. There are still many possibilities.

聲納探測深度對部分聽得到超聲波的水底生物而言，是一種非常嚴重的干擾，因此我們嘗試找出一種不會傷害水底生物，又能探測水底深度的方法。觀察船航行時於船後方的兩道水痕，發現其夾角與水深存在著有趣的關聯。我們藉由文獻探討與設計實驗，驗證水痕夾角與深度之關係方程式sinθ=√gh/νb=3.13√h/νb，利用上述方程式撰寫程式，應用於實際水池與湖泊之深度測量，並比較此方法與實際測量的結果。我們的方法優點是僅需由水面波痕之夾角與船速就可有效推算出水底深度，我們方法的限制為待測水底若太深，上述方程式需進一步研究修正。

Autonomous car is a very new concept, being a car without any driver. Several concurrent software process data using Artificial Intelligence to recognize and propose a path which the car should follow. The goal of the project is that a driverless car can reduce the distance between the cars, lowering the degree of road loadings, reducing the number of traffic jams, avoid human errors, and allowing people with disabilities(even blind people) to travel using an autonomous car. Theoretically a car without driver in the future should be much safer, because human reaction speed is higher than 200 ms, and the computing power of the newest computers allows traffic calculations even to 10 ms. The necessary power is provided by three multi-core laptops that process with Artificial Intelligence in order to recognize traffic signs, traffic lanes , traffic car fingerprints, processing the data from a 3D radar, using particle filters to localize car in a GPS map, the management of database with traffic signs, magnetic sensors, acceleration sensors, a distributed software, a supervisory system and the software which drives the stepper motor to turn the steering wheel (acceleration and braking). Currently the software is able to recognize the traffic signs, register them in a database using Google Maps. The fields record the sign and direction of travel from that area. Each car participating in the traffic and using this software will register new signs detected and the will modify the degree of confidence of recognition for other users. Another software component is able to recognize the demarcation lines between lanes, with three cameras to calculate exactly or using probabilities where it is on the road, where the roadsides are and to propose a new direction even in the absence of traffic signs for the next seconds. Another part of the software is trying to use Artificial Intelligence to detect other car fingerprints from webcam images. The calculation was performed on 3 computers, requiring distributed processing. I developed a management information system based on semaphores that allows data processing and supervision from 3 different computers. This project presents a hardware version of a LIDAR – a 3D radar and a software for creating a 3D environment in which the car navigates and using it the car will take decision to avoid obstacles. The LIRDAR contains a total of 16 avalanche photo-detector mounted on a stepper motor that spins at a frequency of 10 Hz. The information provided by my radar is about 576.000 pixels at resolution of 10 bits. The 3D radar helps the entire software system to increase the confidence of decision.

The aim was to determine whether there is an amount of gyroscopic force that keeps a bicycle wheel upright and stable. Two hypotheses were used, the first being as the mass of a wheel increases so does the force required to tilt the wheel by thirty degrees and the second that as the speed at which the wheel is spun increases so does the force required to tilt the wheel.

Lipocalin 2 (LCN2), a 25-kDa secreted protein that belongs to the lipocalin family, is known to bind to a class of bacterial Fe-binding molecules known as siderophores. Iron is essential for bacterial growth. To obtain iron from host cells, bacteria produce siderophores, such as Enterochelin (Ent), to bind and transport host iron into the bacterial cell. In response, the host produces LCN2 to bind the iron-laden enterochelin, forming the tricomplex, LCN2: Ent: Fe3+. This inhibits bacterial growth as iron has been sequestered by LCN2. Devireddy et.al. 2005, proposed the binding of the tricomplex, LCN2: Ent: Fe3+ with the LCN2 receptor (LCN2R). This resulted in the internalisation of the complex, releasing the bound iron into the cell. The increase of intracellular iron was reported to cause cell mortality. Recent publications postulated 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5-DHBA) to be an endogenous mammalian siderophore homologue in mouse in vivo and in vitro studies, which could sequester LCN2 and iron. High iron concentrations in the brain have been consistently observed in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Accumulation of intracellular iron is known to be toxic to neurons, resulting in neurodegeneration. Hence, this study aims to determine the role of 2,5-DHBA as the mammalian siderophore in a cell culture model of neurodegeneration. We hypothesise that addition of 2,5-DHBA to cells exposed to LCN2 will result in increased iron uptake into neuronal cells, reducing cell viability. SH-SY5Y (human neuroblastoma) cell line was used in our study. To determine if SH-SY5Y is a suitable cell line, endogenous levels of LCN2 and LCN2R mRNA and protein expression were determined using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western Blot analysis respectively. Preliminary results showed presence of both the LCN2R mRNA and protein but absence of LCN2 mRNA. This could be due to the low expression of LCN2 when not exposed to stress. Hence, to simulate conditions of neurodegeneration (by inducing high expression of LCN2), SH-SY5Y was treated with Kainic Acid (KA). After KA, LCN2 mRNA and protein expression levels will be detected again. With the successful upregulation of LCN2 gene expression, SH-SY5Y will be treated with 2,5-DHBA with KA treatment to determine cell viability using the MTS cell proliferation assay. A decreased cell viability or increased expression of pro-apoptotic genes would support the function of 2,5-DHBA as a mammalian siderophore in the brain. Furthermore, KA treatment can also be applied to microglial or astrocyte cell lines, which are known to secrete high levels of LCN2 when treated with KA. Co-culturing these cells with SH-SY5Y can allow us to study the downstream effects of secreted LCN2 from glial cells binding to the LCN2R receptors on SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. This study will help to further understanding of the relationship between 2,5-DHBA and cellular iron transport. If 2,5-DHBA is able to bind LCN2 and iron to increase intracellular iron levels in the neuronal cells, the formation of the tricomplex, LCN2: 2,5-DHBA: Fe3+, could be targeted for therapeutic interventions in neurodegenerative diseases by reducing intracellular iron levels to help ameliorate the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.