本研究主要是以一連串的地震分析，來討論台灣地區地震能量的釋放型態。 首先是求出地震的活動參數，接著再繪製地震規模的年發生率，最後是推算台灣地區 地震能量釋放時前餘震與主震所占之比重。 在地震參數上，發現地震活動度較高的月份中，在該月都發生了芮氏規模六級以上的 大地震，因其餘震發生的頻率較小震頻繁，因此造成其a值較大。 在地震規模年發生率方面，我們繪製出圖表，而最後發現台灣地區的地震仍以小震多，另外大地震則有一定的週期。 在研究的最後，了解台灣地區的地震常數之後，本研究以ESRI公司的GIS軟體ArcView8.3版疊合各種圖層，分析人口密集區及水庫的地震危害度分析，提出地圖，對大台北地區，人口稠密的幾個行政區提出警訊；另外在水庫方面，本研究則對幾個在斷層線上的水庫提出警訊。 ;This research presents a series ofearthquake analyses to discuss earthquake’s energy release type. First, we evaluated earthquake’s constant and charted the percentage of earthquake measurement every year. Finally, count the after-shocks and the major earthquake measuring 6.0 and above on the ML happening in Taiwan area. Because the after-shock frequency is more than light earthquakes, as a result it causes the “a” enumeration is large. According to the percentage of earthquake measurement happening frequency every year, we illustrate a chart. Finally we find that in Taiwan area mirror earth-quakes account for a large percentage and major earthquakes happened regularly. When we realize the constant of earthquake, the study folds a variety of layers by using ArcView 8.3 edition of GIS (Geography Information System) of ESRI co., LTD, analyzing the density-populated areas and the dams for seismic hazard to export the map. We raise a warning for the greater Taipei where some districts are densely-populated, and we also warn the dams on the line of fault of large of damage.

Previously, I studied the acute effects of a common broadleaf herbicide, Killex (by Montsano) and a pesticide, Spidercide (by Wilson), on cytoplasmic streaming in detached leaves from the pond weed, Elodea canadensis. I found that Killex, active ingredient 2-4D, an auxin analog, applied at the recommended dose decreased the rate of cytoplasmic streaming by 64% over a 20 minute observational period. The Spidercide, active ingredient d-trans allethrin, a Na+ channel activator, stopped cytoplasmic streaming after a 5 minute exposure and no recovery was observed during the 20 minute observational period.

1.Purpose of the research We observed frequent application of chemical pesticides and herbicides at the pear orchards near our school. Our concerning questions are the influences of agricultural chemicals on soil ecosystem which may be slowly deteriorating. There are many other orchards where the farmers are practicing environmentally-friendly agriculture using organic fertilizers such as composed manure instead of sycnthetic fertilizers. The purpose of this research is to examine chemical and mocrobiological quality of the orchard soil. We report biological control of pear disease using antagonistic microorganisms and suggest improvement of soil quality as a result of nature friendly agricultural practice. 2.Procedures and Data Two orchards were selected: Conventional fertilizers and chemical pesticide application farm; Environmentally friendly farm using organic plant manure and biological control of disease. Several different aspects of soil micro-flora, indicator microorganisms, physiological characteristics of pear fruit, residues of synthetic chemicals in the soil, soil chemical properties were examined. We could observe that use of organic manure and biological control agents for disease control by indigenous microorganisms improved biological and chemical quality of the orchard soil. Results are summarized as follow: A. Microbial diversity could be observed in organic farming orchard soil. Among 42 fungal genus, 7 species of penicillium including P. decumns, 3 Alternaria species, 4 Fusarium species including Fusarium graminearum, 6 Aspergillus species including Aspergillus niger were identified. In case of bacteria, 59 samples were isolated and 17 genus including Cystophaga johsonae were identified. B. Beneficial indigenous bacteria having several biological functions were isolated: Enterobacter intermedium produces organic acid therefore this bacterium can solubilize insoluble phosphate. Several Pseudomonas species were isolated. These bacteria produce iron chelating compound under iron limited environments and can control plant disease. Interestingly, we could find indigenous biocontrol agent Hypocrea vinosa which can effectively control black star disease on pear surface. C. We have formulated ten different microbial-pesticides using several combinations of indigeous microorganisms such as Hypocrea vinosa, Trichoderma atroviride, Rhizopus microsporus etc. These microbial-pesticides could inhibit 100% of black star disease on pear surface which showed similar inhibition effect as commercial pesticides indicate that these microbial-pesticides may replace synthetic chemicals in the near furture. 3.Conclusions Our research demonstrates the eco-friendly organic farming system could improve soil eco-system of pear orchard, where no synthetic fertilizers and pesticides are applied. As a result of manure application, the soil chemical properties are more stable and microbiological flora was more diverse. Use of microbial and bio-pesticide resulted in strong inhibition of black-star disease incidence on pear surface. We suggest that eco-friendly farming systems are needed to diminish environmental pollution in soil and water caused by frequent and abundant use of agricultural chemicals.

Our research started from June, 2003 to May, 2004. During these twelve months, we collected and discussed the basic ecology material of malformed “ Rana latouchii ”, which we call it frog in the following paragraphs . Thanks for the favorable geographical position, we collected the first-hand data in the area of Jin-Mian Mountain foothill gully situated in Taipei. Our investtigation project includes：the percentage of the malformed frogs in a whole race, the geographical distribution of dominant-abnormal frogs, the sexual distribution of dominant-abnormal forgs, and the possible roots for the generation of malformed frogs. We have altogether carried seventy-six times field investigations. In those investigations, we focused our research on the randomly-sampled 580 Rana latouchii. In these 580 sample, there are 190 female, 350 male, and 40 adolescent. We discovered seventy-six malformed frogs, constituteed by 21 female, 53 male and 2 adolescent. In another words, the occurance of malformed frog in a race is around 13.1. %. In our observation, we can classify dominant-abnormal frogs, “Rana latouchii”, into eight species. Here are the species: 1. the entire body is obviously malformed, 2. with only one eye, 3. in lack of appendage apod, 4. in lack of arms,5. in lack of palms, 6. with excess webbed toes, 7. the maltfromed of appendiculars, 8. the lack of toes on the palms. Within these 8 species, the last species has the highest occurance, 66.38% in aproximation. If we look at the classfication by sex, the ratio of female to male is around 1 to 2.52(1:2.52). However, the possibility of being maleformed is regarded as the same for female and male frogs in the same group. In statistical term, our research shows that the chi-square is 1.742 while our degree of freedom is 1 and confidence level is 95% (X2=1.742，df=1，p>0.05). During the research, we also observe that each malformed species affect different living activities of malformed frogs. In the worst situation, the malformed nature can result in shorter life. In our sampling area, malformed frogs mostly reside in high concealment and high humidity location. In our research data, within these area, our re-captured rate for malformed frogs is 25% and hirudin-parastical rate is 4.31%. As our research shows, the occurance of malformed “Rana latouchii” in our selected area results from 3 main causes： First, the parasitism of leeches or parasitic worm；Second, the agriculturally chemical contaminants；Third , the injured causes from escape from predator. 本研究自2003年6 月至2004年5月為止，共12個月的期間，於臺北市內湖區金面山南麓溪谷，對拉都希氏蛙(Rana latouchii)族群之畸形蛙個體進行基本生態資料的蒐集與探討，調查項目包括：族群中畸形蛙發生的比例、畸形蛙外部形質異常分佈的情形、族群中雌蛙與雄蛙發生外部形質異常之情況及可能造成畸形蛙產生的原因。 研究期間共進行了76次的野外調查，總紀錄了拉都希氏蛙580隻，雌蛙有190隻，雄蛙有350隻，幼蛙有40隻；畸形蛙個體共紀錄有76隻，雌性畸形蛙有21隻，雄性畸形蛙有53隻，幼體畸形蛙有2隻。族群中畸形蛙發生率約為：13.10％，外部形質異常的畸形拉都希氏蛙總計有八大類，包括：1.整隻個體形質畸形，2.單眼個體，3.附肢缺少，4.附肢缺臂，5.附肢缺掌，6.腳掌多趾，7.附肢腳掌畸形，8.附肢腳掌缺趾，其中以附肢腳掌缺趾類的66.38％發生率最高。畸形蛙中雌雄比約為1：2.52，族群中雌蛙與雄蛙發生畸形的比例並無顯著的差異（X2=1.742，df=1，p>0.05）。 不同部位形質畸形的發生，將會影響畸形蛙的個體活動，甚至可能降低畸形蛙的存活機率。研究調查樣區中，畸形蛙較常活動於濕度高且隱蔽度大的分樣區中，畸形蛙的重複捕捉率為25％，被水蛭寄生的比例則約是4.31％。 由調查研究結果顯示，造成內湖金面山區南麓溪谷拉都希氏蛙畸形蛙發生的主要原因，推測可能有下列幾種：(1)水蛭或是吸蟲類的寄生；(2)農作過程中的化學污染物；(3)逃脫掠食者捕食過程受傷。

The purpose of this project is to control the Aphis craccivora Koch. on the cow pea Vigna unguiculata (L.) by using two predators, the earwigs (black) beetle, Proeus simulans Stallan and the ladybird beetle, Micraspis discolor (F.). The experiments were carried out in the closed system in the laboratory and in the opened field with various ages of Proeus simulans Stallan and Micraspis discolor (F.) from the 1st - 4th stage of embryo to the adult form. Prior to the study in the field, the capability of the predators, Proeus simulans Stallan and Micraspis discolor (F.), that can eat the Aphis craccivora Koch. within a period of time was set up in the laboratory. The result showed that the 1st-4th stage of embryo of Micraspis discolor (F.) can eat 8.46+1.25 – 12.50+0.60, at 95% confidence, Aphis craccivora Koch. per day, while its adult can eat at the average number of 43.66 + 0.78, at 95% confidence, per day. The 1st–3rd stage of Proeus simulans Stallan embryo and the adult form can eat Aphis craccivora Koch. at the average number of 2.37+0.33 – 3.74+0.29 and 9.84+0.36, at 95% confidence, per day, respectively. This data showed that Micraspis discolor (F.) was more efficiency as predator than Proeus simulans Stallan. The insecticide activity of these two predators in the closed field (8 m x 9 m) was then determined. The number of Aphis craccivora Koch. on the plant was randomly counted everyweek for 10 weeks. It was found that the number of Aphis on the experimented and control groups were 16.20+4.30 and 2,582.00+102.40, at 95% confidence, per plant, respectively. The result support the efficiency of the two predators in controlling the pest. When the experiment was set up at the two opened field (6 m x 30 m, each field), 27.51+2.74 and 52.11+5.21, at 95% confidence, of Aphis craccivora Koch. were found on the plant of experimented and control groups, respectively, at the 10th week. The lower number of Aphis on the control plant might possilbly due to the interference from natural predators. From this study, the biological control of Aphis craccivora Koch. on the cow pea Vigna unguiculata (L.) could be achieved by using Proeus simulans Stallan and Micraspis discolor (F.). To avoid the use of chemical insecticides, biological control should be trained to farmers to help reduce the environmental problem.

本實驗在探討，當金奈米粒子和植物中的葉綠素產生鍵結作用力時，能量轉移的結果是否能幫助葉綠素激發電子。經由兩者混合後光譜的變化,發現兩者之間發生能量轉移。為探討此轉移現象和濃度的關係，我們將大小不同的金奈米和不同毫升數的葉綠素作用，並將其結果和金奈米與葉綠素的吸收強度和作比較，使用正規化的計算方法算出比值，由此看出兩者之間能量轉移的效率。當金顆粒約大於30nm時，正規化的數值隨的葉綠素濃度的增加而變大；而當金奈米顆粒約小於30nm時，則隨著葉綠素的增加而變小。Much attention is currently focused on chromophoric molecules because they can not only mimic natural antenna systems but also exhibit unique optical and physical properties. Chlorophyll , produced by extracting from green leaves, has electrostatic interactions with Au nanoparticles through carboxyl groups. Herein, we report the charge transfer between chlorophyll and Au nanoparticles using UV-vis electronic absorption spectroscopy. The efficiency of charge transfer from chlorophyll to Au nanoparticles was estimated by the normalization of Q-ban absorption intensity. From the observation of absorption intensity versus concentration of chlorophyll curves, we find that the efficiency of charge transfer is increased while the size of Au-particle is larger than 30nm, but decreased while the size smaller than 30nm.

The purpose of investigation was to find and test an inexpensive and effective remedy against malaria. After a great deal of research, I learnt that an effective herbal remedy against malaria may be extracted from Neem (Azadirachta indica)leaves. This remedy is not very well known about all around the world, however, the Neem tree is found in many parts around the world and is therefore a very accessible and inexpensive remedy against malaria. The purpose of my project was also to inform people about the harmful effects of malaria on the human body, as well as to advise people on how to protect themselves.

光催化氧化反應以半導體金屬氧化物為催化劑，進行有機性空氣污染物之快速分解反應。其原理係將半導體材質（如：二氧化鈦，TiO2），在適合之光能量照射下，將半導體激發成為具有氧化/還原能力之催化劑，可加速氧化還原反應之進行，迅速分解有機污染物。 研究動機在於利用TiO2在紫外光的照射下，將H2O 分解產生自由基，使其和水中的重金屬離子進行氧化還原反應，期待可以還原水中的重金屬藉以降低水中重金屬離子濃度，同時藉由使用界面活性劑對奈米微粒具保護作用，可回收重金屬奈米微粒。 由實驗結果得知在紫外光照射下，TiO2 使用量0.5 克，AgNO3(aq) 0.01M，照光24 小時其電導度值上升最多且在溶液表面觀察到銀白色銀金屬薄膜生成而所測得銀金屬析出量明顯增加。探討超音波振盪對TiO2還原力的影響得知，超音波震盪的時間越久，所上升的電導度值愈多。 探討常見的界面活性劑（陽離子型及陰離子型）對TiO2還原力的影響：從數據中可觀察到，加入陰離子界面劑時，電導度值明顯上升；而加入陽離子界面活性劑後，電導度值迅速下降，照光後電導度值也不理想。 探討日光及不同頻率的紫外光照射光源對TiO2還原力的影響：發現紫外光的波長愈短，銀金屬析出的量愈多。 探討除氧處理之溶液對TiO2 還原力的影響得知，除氧處理後所配製的AgNO3（aq）0.01M， 經照光24 小時後電導度值明顯上升，且在溶液表面觀察到大片銀白色銀金屬薄膜生成而所測得銀的析出量也大幅增加。 ;In the experiment, we used the properties of T i O 2 that can catalyzed by UV rays and breaking the molecules of water and produce free radicals, which free radicals can redox metallic oxide as accelerator to analyze organic pollutant briskly. We use different shinning time and to find the best effect of the redox reaction . So we want to use this attribute to begin the redox reaction with the metal ion (for example: Ag＋) in water, expecting to reduce them. And then we can use this method to recycle the metal and to reduce the pollution in rivers. Throughout shining UV rays in 24 hours, we can find out the best effect of TiO2 reducing the metal ion solution. We can also find that we use ultrasonic first; the more redox it will have. In this research ,we can observed that if we put more anion surface-active agent, the more redox it will have. We find the effect of UV rays is better than visible light. The most important is that we deoxidize the metal ion solution, we can get the best effect of the redox reaction . In our research，we can't get the satisfing result of the copper sulphate (CuSO4) by TiO2 accelerating the redox reaction under UV rays.

高血壓所誘發的機械性展延是造成心肌肥大的基本因子，本實驗即藉由微陣列基因分析法同時大量的分析機械性展延所造成心肌細胞的基因表現。將新生鼠的心肌細胞施以 20﹪的機械性展延，抽取其 mRNA製作成 cDNA 探針與現成的 cDNA 晶片進行雜漬反應 （此晶片上包含了 480個如訊息傳遞、控制細胞生長週期、細胞骨架等的已知基因），在眾多有因為機械性展延而造成基因表現差異的基因中，我們選擇了 eNOS 基因（內皮細胞 NO合成?）進行西方墨點法及 NOS活性和 NO 產生量測定的實驗，進一步證實 eNOS 的基因表現量的確是增加的，此一結果與微陣列基因分析所得之結果不謀而合。 Mechanical stretch induced by high blood pressure is an initial factor laeding to cardiac\r hypertrophy. The use of cDNA microarrays has made it possible to simultaneously analyze\r stretch-induced gene expression in cardiomyocytes. Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were cultured on\r malleable silicone dishes and were stretched by 20%. We compared the transcript profiles of\r cardiomyocytes under mechanical stretch for 60 minutes by hybridization of cell-derived cDNA to\r DNA probes immobilized on microarrays. The microarrays contained probes for 480 known genes\r including signal transduction, cell cycle regulators, cytoskeleton and cell motility, and so on. Eighteen\r genes were indentified that showed significantly differential expression in response to mechanical\r stretch in cardiomyocytes. Of the represented genes expressed, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)\r genes was the most interesting one. Northern blot and western blot analysis further quantified the\r expression of eNOS gene. Mechanical stretch also increased constitutive NOS activity and NO\r production. Our results indicate that mechanical stretch induces eNOS gene expression thus increases\r constitutive NOS activity and NO production in cardiomyocytes.

A vast amount of research has been conducted on various ant species such as Monomonum pharaonis, Formica rufa, and Lasius niger, demonstrating the coexistence of polygyny and monogyny colonies. In polygyny colony, the high heredity variability of filial generation could be expected, but what could the monogyny colony do to hold the high heredity variability in order to increase the fitness? I hope I can account the sex ratio in the colony of spiny weaver ants, Polyrhachis dives, and compare the different colony with different reproductive strategies. I also want to check by V8 that the colony can form a polygyny colony and virgin queens can mate with many males of the same colony in the artificial nest. The results suggest that in the colony of spiny weaver ants, the higher the number of the dealate queens, the lower the number of the male. In the monogyny colony, workers control the sex ratio. According to the observation, we can see the alate adult mate in the artificial nest, and multimating can be recorded for the first time. The following study was there for undertaken to examine what’s the aftereffect made by the Reproductive strategies of polygyny colony and monogyny colony.在多后聚落內，子代變異度高是可以預期的，但是單后聚落中，又如何維持遺傳的變異度以增加其對環境的適應力呢？我們希望能計算黑棘蟻聚落組成，比較不同生殖策略的聚落之各種性比，並且錄影證實黑棘蟻聚落可以為多后聚落並進行巢內自交。我們發現：黑棘蟻聚落內，蟻后數愈高，則雄蟻比例較低；單后聚落之性比決定於工蟻；而根據錄影觀察，聚落中的有翅生殖族可在人工蟻巢中完成交配，多次交配的現象首次被實地紀錄，並且佔所有交配新生蟻后的92.8%。本實驗可利用黑棘蟻來了解單后與多后聚落的生殖策略對其族群發展的影響。

本研究以結構穩定、能溶於水，並會影響人體生長發育的固醇類激素──副腎上腺皮質激素作為探討對象，嘗試了解此類之類固醇類激素對植物的生長發育是否有影響。結果發現無論是雙子葉的豆科植物或是單子葉的禾本科植物，其根、莖、葉的生長皆會受到激素的抑制，且出現激素濃度越高，抑制情形越顯著的情形。此外，統計學的結果顯示，類固醇會蓄積在植物體內，造成累積性的抑制作用，此現象和動物使用過量類固醇類激素時產生之副作用十分相似。 The present study investigates the effect of cortical sterile on the growth of plants. The results show that it has effect on both dicotyledons and monocotyledons in the roots, stems and leaves. It is also shown that the higher the concentration, the more marked suppression of their growth. Statistical analyses suggest a cumulative effect, which has also been found of overdoes of cortical sterile on animals.

This research is about two ponds in the Behu park’s and the Dahu park’s snail(Square Mystery Snail：Sinotaia quadrata) in Taipei city of Nei-hu District for research object, carry out the study of the following research proceed: 1.Discriminate the algae species that are growth on the snail shell and which is a kind of interaction with the snail; 2.The influence of the snail and algae with difference of temperature, salinity, pH value and dark ; 3. The factors affect algae growth on snail shell; 4.Use the variation of snail and algae to be a biological incator. The result manifestation: the algae that are growth on snail shell have two kinds, one is Oscillatoriaceae and the other is Cladophora sp. The interaction between algae and snail belong to communalism, but under the condition of lacking of food, the snail then will eat the Cladophora sp. which grow on the shell of other snails. The temperature adapts aspect, upper limit of the feat existence of the snail should be low in 28℃. When over than 28℃, Cladophora sp. as the most strong, Oscillatoriaceae is secondly, and the snail then is most poor. For the maximum tolerance of the salinity, the snail is about 4.38?, Oscillatoriaceae is about 5.00?, Cladophora sp. is then about 5.83?; Under the different salinity for the tolerance , the Cladophora sp. still the most strong, Oscillatoriaceae is secondly, and the snail then is most poor. Under the dark environment, the speed of Oscillatoriaceae begin to be bleaching is very fast than the Cladophora sp.. In the tolerance of pH value range: The snail is about pH=5～10, Oscillatoriaceae is about pH=7～8, Cladophora sp. is about pH=6～8; When the pH value range is in the pH=5～8, the speed of the Oscillatoriaceae occur changing is very fast than Cladophora sp.. The algae are growing on snail shell very different between two ponds, the main reason is water pH value dissimilarly: When pH value over than 8.5, there is no Cladophora sp. to grow on the snail shell, after the pH value to decrease, Oscillatoriaceae then will compare early than Cladophora sp. to grow on the snail shell. Calculate by the classification of the freshwater biological incator : Two organic pollution degree of the ponds may be lain in theβ-mesosaprobic to theα-mesosaprobic, and the polluting degree of the Dahu pond is more seriously. As for two ponds, have already faced what level of eutrophication? Belong to actually which stage of pollution grade? Not only added the classification data of floating and fixative algea in two ponds, and also according to the parts of chemistry analysis method measure of the data makes the substantial evidence, then could carry out the more accurate and thorough study in the days to come steadily studying process.本研究是以臺北市內湖區兩個綠地公園(碧湖公園與大湖公園)池塘內的石田螺(Sinotaia quadrata)為研究對象，進行以下研究目的之探討：1.鑑別石田螺螺殼上藻類的種類及其與石田螺的互動關係；2.溫度、鹽度、酸鹼值及黑暗等環境因子的差異，對石田螺及螺殼上附生藻類的影響；3.影響藻類附生於石田螺螺殼上的因素；4.將石田螺及螺殼上附生藻類的變化作為監測環境因子或水質變異的指標現象。結果顯示：附生於石田螺螺殼上的藻類有顫藻(Oscillatoriaceae)與剛毛藻(Cladophora sp.)兩類；與石田螺的互動關係應屬於片利共生(communalism)，但在缺乏食物的情況下，石田螺則會採食同伴殼上的剛毛藻。溫度適應方面，石田螺適宜生存的溫度上限應低於28℃，超過28℃水溫環境的耐受程度，是以剛毛藻為最強，其次是顫藻，而石田螺則為最差。對於環境鹽度最大耐受度方面：石田螺約為4.38?，顫藻約為5.00?，剛毛藻則約為5.83?；在不同鹽度環境下，鹽度的耐受程度，仍以剛毛藻為最強，其次是顫藻，而石田螺則是最差。在黑暗環境下，顫藻褪色產生白化現象的速度明顯地比剛毛藻要快了許多。在環境酸鹼值耐受的範圍方面：石田螺約在pH＝5～10 之間，顫藻約在pH＝7～8 之間，剛毛藻則約在pH＝6～8之間；而酸鹼值範圍在ｐＨ＝5～8 時，顫藻產生變化的速度明顯地比剛毛藻還要快。而兩樣區池塘水體酸鹼值的不同，應是造成石田螺螺殼藻類附生現象差異的主要原因：當酸鹼值超過8.5 時，螺殼上就無剛毛藻附生，當酸鹼值降下後，顫藻則會比剛毛藻早出現在螺殼上。藉由淡水生物指標的分類推測：兩樣區池塘水體有機污染程度，可能介於β-中腐水性(β-mesosaprobic,βm)至α-中腐水性(α-mesosaprobic,αm)的範圍之間，而Ｄ池塘受污染的程度應會比Ｂ池塘還要更嚴重些。至於兩樣區池塘水體，已面臨了何種優養化的程度？究竟是屬於哪一個階段的污染等級呢？除須補充水體中浮游性及附著性藻類分類的詳細觀察資料外，仍必須參照部分水質化學分析法所測得的數據作佐證，才能在日後持續地研究過程中進行更精確及深入的探討。