Moire 為法文，其英譯為watered， 是古代織布技術的一種應用；將印有規律條?的透明薄片重疊時，稍微移動或轉動其中的一片，會形成極大的圖形變化，稱為moire pattern本作品針對三個moire pattern 的數學式加以推導：(一)、兩張透明片各印有等間隔平行線，轉動其中一片使兩線的夾角θ，亮紋垂直距離和暗?垂直距離的比值為tanθ/2tanθ 。(二)、兩張透明片各印有輻射線，重疊後行成圓系，可由代數或幾何加以證明，利用三角函數可推導出此圓系方程式為：x2+{y-rtan[π/2-(θ-?)]}2)]}={rsec[π/2-(θ-?)]}2)]}\r \r (三)、透明片A 印有等間隔平行線，B 印有符合高斯曲線的平行線，AB 重疊時，形成一系列的高斯曲線，AB 的夾角減少時，會增大曲線的曲率，我們進一步討論曲線的曲率和平行線斜率的關係。Moire is the French word “watered” and refers to an ancient technique employed in cloth making. The moire occurs whenever two or more transparent sheets with periodic strips on them are superposed. The characteristic of moire patterns is the fact that a slight shift of sheets will create dramatic alternations in the observed patterns. In the present report, We derive the equations of three different moire patterns. First of all, take a sheet with equal spaced straight lines and placed it on top of another identical sheet. They are made to intersect and form an angle of θ. As the angle changes slightly, it produces huge changes in the spacing of moire fringes. We can derive a formula related to the interfringe distance. The ratio of bright fringes and dark fringes is tanθ/2tanθ.Secondly, two transparent sheets with radial lines on them are overlapped, forming a pattern similar to the lines of force between point charges. We can find that the pattern is a series of circle by means of algebraic and geometric proofs. And proven by trigonometric functions, we canconclude that they satisfy the equation :x2+{y-rtan[π/2-(θ-?)]}2)]}={rsec[π/2-(θ-?)]}2)]}\r Thirdly, a set of lines of equal spacing is overlapped with a second set of lines whose spacing are derived from a Gaussian curve. A series of Gaussian curves is reproduced in a moire pattern. Reducing the angle of intersection between the two figures steepen the curvature. We discussed the relation between the curvature and the slope of inclined lines.

本研究是以數位科技改良生物實驗上的傳統比色法，並探討中國樹蟾及台北樹蛙的變色行為。有些兩棲類有變色行為，這是眾所皆知的現象，過去一向採用比色法判斷生物體的體色變化；然而，以人眼去測定色差，會有相當大的主觀誤差。本研究及是探討以數位科技量化並比較實驗對象的變色情形。在研究過程中，用電腦量化數位相機所拍攝的影像，以像素的方式呈現出來，得以取的準確且客觀的實驗數據，並加以解析，也經由此一實驗方式，交叉比較中國樹蟾及台北樹蛙在不同環境和不同時間下的變色情形。結果顯示：樹蛙變色和環境顏色及時間有密切關係，且在短時間內以數位量化的方式解析其變色行為的方法極為可行。The purpose of this study is to investigate the color variation behavior of tree frogs using an image processing technology. It is known that some of the amphibians have the ability to change their skin color under different circumstances. In the past, a conventional “color comparison” method was frequently used whenever it comes to analyzing the color variation of organisms. However, it is realized that evaluation of color difference by human eyes is extremely unreliable. An advanced image processing technology is thus suggested to quantify the variation of skin color of tree frogs under different conditions in this experiment. Accurate quantification can be determined from the pixel number of exhibited digital images during the experiment. The color variation of different species of frogs (Hyla chinensis & Rhacophorus taipeianus) is also compared under different parameters. It is found that the color variation of tree frogs is closely related to the color of back ground as well as time. The proposed digital quantification technique has been successfully demonstrated to be an effective method for analyzing the color variation of frogs within a very short time.

“Natural phenological per iodization of a year is called nature calendar…”\r The role of rivers in nature and man’s life is great. They connect people and cultures, form climate, give life to the thousands of living beings. \r In the tasks of researches there were:\r 1. To determine the peculiarities of seasonal dynamics of alive and inanimate nature of Olekminsk reserve;\r 2. To find out (to reveal) the peculiarities of phenological seasons of the territory of Olekminsk reserve. \r _ To determine of phenoindicators which are separate from phenological seasons \r _ To establish the middle dates of the advance of phenological phenomena \r _ To determine the duration of phenological seasons of a year.\r According to the general nature of plants the territory Olekma-Amga interriver refers to the provincial of pine-needles taiga zone, to Verkhne-Lensky flora area. Predominating part of the plants of the reserve relates to boreal types. The flora of the superior plants of Olekminsk reserve includes 654 types. The fauna of area is presented by 40 types of mammals from 45 living in the south of Yakutia, 187 types of birds, 2 types of amphibians and 2 types of reptiles.\r Besides, phenological researches were conducted on the testing area of school ecological control and during arranging of field ecological schools since 2000 till 2010. \r In all 169 phenological phenomena were analyzed from different phenological seasons of year for the last seven years. The gross amount of analyzed information composed 4000 information units.\r Results and conclusions:\r 1. The peculiarities of the seasonal changes of natural complexes were determined for the first time for south of Yakutia on the example of the territory of Olekminsk reserve. The calendar of the nature of Olekminsk reserve was composed. The analysis of phenological observations allowed establishing the row of phenoindicators, with the help of which we can determine advance of that or either phenological stage, as well as the disposition of current vegetative period can be forecasted. The information maybe used in organizing of the measures of nature protection, struggle with pests and the diseases of useful plants, parasite and tranmissive diseases of man and home cattle.\r 2. Geographic position and climatic peculiarities of territory form the peculiarity of seasonal rhythms of Olekminsk’ reserve’s nature.\r 3. All components of landscape in its seasonal changes tightly are connected with each other with causative-investigation ties having formed the definite complex of characteristic phenomena per the stage of seasonal development. \r 4. The carried out analysis of the primary materials of the Annals of the nature of the reserve and information from the field of ecological schools for seven years since 2001 till 2007 allowed detecting the peculiarities of phenoclimatic seasons of the territory of Olekminsk reserve.\r 5. Phenological and temperature outsets of phenological stages were determined.\r 6. Intervals and average of many years dates which are characteristic for phenological phenomena are determined.\r 7. The calendar of the nature of Olekminsk reserve was made on the basis of the processed information.

我們成功的用溶氣計偵測到了聚球藻 RF-1 在 28℃下光合作用的概日韻律。和傳統的研究方法比起來，這個方法具有連續偵測的優點，減少因不斷取樣所造成的影響，此實驗可觀察到聚球藻 RF-1 溶氣量之變化圖與一般藻類（如單殼縫藻）不同.在光 /暗條件下 RF-1 之溶氣量的增加與減少均呈週期性變化，而且此變化現象在進入連續照光後仍然可以維持兩個循環以上，這些結果顯示以溶氣計連續偵測聚球藻 RF -1之概日韻律是可行的，而且所得到的變化圖形遠比傳統方法（於不同時間取樣）所得者自然。本實驗同時發現含聚球藻之培養液的溫度，在進入黑暗週期時會有明顯的上升，由於其變化程度比其他藻類明顯，如加以探討應有助於對此藻以及其韻律特性之瞭解。We successfully detected the photosynthesis circadian rhythm of the prokaryote Synechococcus RF-1 under 28℃ by a DO (Dissolved-Oxygen) meter. The advantage of this method, comparing with the traditional methods, is that it can detect signals continuously, reduce the influence of discrete sampling. The DO curves of the Synechococcus RF-1 are different from that of other algae. Under Light/Dark conditions, the DO values of RF-i increased and decreased periodically. The periodic phenomena progressed over two cycles under constant lighting conditions. These results revealed the feasibility of using DO meter to continuous detect the circadian rhythm of the Synechococcus RF-1 The detected DO curves looked more natural than those obtained in the traditional discrete-sampling method. We also found that the temperature of the culture increased in dark cycle. Since the variation is clearer than that of other algae, further investigation will benefit the understanding of the Synechcoccus RF-i and its circadian rhythm.

本次研究利用Web Sevrice軟體系統和Microsoft SQL Server的全文搜尋(Full-Text search)並藉由使用者選擇的圖片組合排列從系統資料庫中檢索比對，篩檢出正確或者最相似的餐點。Web Service 是建立於網際網路上之系統架構，且為一個具開放性、分散式的軟體元件，其基礎建立在HTTP、XML、SOAP、WSDL和UDDI等標準協定上，此研究即是透過Web Service系統與資料庫伺服器的連結進行。很多數位化資訊是以沒有結構化的文字資料，存成純文字檔及格式化的文件。這一類的文字資料儲存在檔案系統，而許多組織現在將這一類資料儲存到關聯式資料庫。這樣做就可以廣泛利用資料庫的好處-包括高效能存取、查詢能力、對使用者而言簡單的應用程式使用者介面，以及安全的遠端存取、查詢能力、對使用者而言簡單的應用程式使用者介面，以及安全的遠端存取。運用此功能即可在配對完成時搜尋最佳的結果並加以排名。「打破語言隔閡-以圖點餐之數位餐廳 」不只消除語言隔閡，更讓點餐手續方便許多，並讓錯誤的可能性降低。另外圖片資料庫的增減簡單快速、介面明瞭易懂。希望這些應用及創新能讓人們用餐方便及餐廳事業蓬勃發展。This research uses Web Service software system and Microsoft SQL Server. To choose the correct or the most similar meals by checking the combination and arrangement of the pictures chosen by users form the system data banks. Web-Service is a system structure establishes at the Internet. And its an open, dispersed software part. Its foundation is established at the standard agreement of HTTP,XML,SOAP,WSDL, and UDDI. The research proceeds by linking Web Service system and data-bank server lots of digital data are stored as words files and stylization documents without any structural words data. This kid of ward data are stored at file system, and many organized systems now store them at connected data banks. By doing this, people can make the most advantage of data banks- including efficient access, inquiry abilities, simple applies user’ interface, and safe remote access. People can find the best results and place them when this function finishes matching. It can not only eliminate language barriers but also make order procedure more convenient. It can also lower the mistake possibilities. In addition, we can increase or decrease pictures of data banks easily and fast. We can make the interface understood easily. We hope the applications and innovations can make it more convenient for people to order meals. And the business of restaurant can be developed successfully.

在這篇研究報告中，我們討論的是一種方形集合圖形的數量。”多元方形鏈”約略在 60 年代被提出，衍生出一系列的問題和遊戲，例如熟知的電玩軟體 『 俄羅斯方塊 』 ，或是 『 益智積木 』 的遊戲，都是多元方形鏈的應用。在這些問題當中，最令人頭痛的難題就是 n 元方形鏈的圖形總數。為了解決這道難題，我們採用一種轉換方法將圖形轉換成序組，並且給出序組的性質，再據此寫成 C 語言的程式；反覆地修改程式以增進執行效率及速度，最後利用該程式成功地統計出圖形總數。 In this report, we discussed the amount of polyominoes, the graphs of a set of squares. “Polyominoes” has been brought up in 1960s, and later developed into a series of questions and games, such as a well-known video game — Tetrix, and the game of puzzle blocks. Both are the applications of polyominoes. Among those questions, the toughest one is the amount of n-polyominoes. To solve this problem, we used a method which transforms the graphs into sequences. By looking into the properties of those sequences, we obtain a set of rules that can be used to determine the quantity of n-polyomines. The rules are implemented into computer codes in C language with proper modifications made to speed up the efficiency of our algorithm. The computational results show that the amount has been successfully calculated.

The human eyes can adjust automatically the color of object under different illuminants. But digital camera does not have such mechanism, must join the white balance to simulate the color constancy of human eyes. There are many existing white balance methods. They can be categorized into two types. The first type utilizes the widespread assumption on the dealing natural scenery, which has the advantage of simplicity. Another type explores knowledge of the semantic content, which has the advantage of accuracy. In this study we modify and enhance the widespread assumption methods that can adopt the advantage of the simplicity and accuracy. Our proposed method is structured in two main parts: a color cast detector and a color cast remover. The detector first analyzes the color distribution of the image with simple statistical tools to determine whether or not the image has color cast. The remover, a modified and enhanced version of the widespread assumption methods ( gray world and max RGB ), is then applied on the color cast image. From the experiment results, it demonstrates the efficacy and performance of the proposed method.人類的視覺能夠自動修正因光線變化而改變的物體顏色，但是數位取像設備的感光元件卻不具有這樣的功能，必須加入白平衡的功能，才可模擬人眼維持色彩恆常的特性。現有的白平衡演算法可分為兩大類型，第一類型為廣泛假設型，具有運算速度快、與取像設備無關的特性，但是平均誤差會較大；另一類型為預知特性型，其特徵為準確性較高，但是運算較速度較慢、建立色彩特性資訊時所需的成本較高，本篇研究針對廣泛假設型的演算法做些修正與增強，使其具有較小的平均誤差以獲得較佳色彩品質的影像。我們將影像的色偏校正分為色偏偵測與色偏移除等兩個階段來進行，由於僅有被偵測出有色偏的影像才需要進行色偏的移除，所以可以避開將無色偏或固有色偏的影像做錯誤的修正，由實驗的結果看來，我們的方法確實有效，除了具有運算速度快、與取像設備無關的優點外，其色偏校正能力也較現有的方法好，使得影像色彩更能與人眼所見相近。

全球暖化造成水災頻繁，嚴重威脅植物生存。看似耐淹水的水稻，在完全淹水下亦有其生存危機。水稻FR13A 因耐水性極佳而常用於分子育種，IR64 產量高卻不耐水。是那些特質使稻種間有不同耐水機制？我們觀察其幼苗淹水24 小時後生長情形、通氣組織 (aerenchyma) 變化及應用即時反轉錄聚合?鏈反應 (real time RT-PCR)，研究酒精醱酵的主要蛋白質：乙醇脫氫? (alcohol dehydrogenase, ADH1, 2) 及丙酮酸脫羧? (pyruvate decarboxylase, PDC2) 基因之表現量。兩種水稻的胚鞘及根都因淹水減緩生長，以FR13A 減緩最明顯。通氣組織在淹水期間都有增加，FR13A 中的形成近似於對照組，IR64 則明顯較差。FR13A 中ADH1 及ADH2 在淹水一小時後迅速增加60 至100 倍，IR64 僅增加10 至20 倍。PDC2 在IR64 中表現量的增加幅度較大，但最大值仍小於FR13A 之基礎表現量。由此可知，FR13A 在完全淹水時成長減緩而原有通氣組織則持續生長，且酒精醱酵中的基因有獨特誘導反應，因此耐水性較佳。藉由此研究揭開水稻細胞及分子生物學上的耐水反應策略，將可更精準地改良稻作使其對抗淹水逆境，解決未來因環境造成的糧食危機。Global warming increases the frequency of flooding, which drastically reduces the growth and survival of plants. Although rice (Oryza sativa) appears well-adapted to flooding of roots as it is often farmed in paddies, problems arise when the whole plant is submerged in water. I am interested in the structural and molecular responses that result in different submergence tolerances in rice cultivars. Indica rice FR13A is submergence-tolerant and frequently used in molecular breeding for this trait, while IR64 is a high-yield but submergence-intolerant cultivar. In this study, I monitored the growth rate, aerenchyma formation, and gene expressions of the carbohydrate metabolism in FR13A and IR64 seedlings subjected to submergence for 24 hours, by means of real time RT-PCR and microarray. FR13A had prominently inhibited coleoptile growth and sustained levels of aerenchyma formation whereas IR64 did not. The mRNA levels of alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (ADH1) in FR13A was induced prominently, while ADH2 was induced in IR64 during early hours of submergence. The induction of pyruvate decarboxylase 2 in FR13A was stronger than IR64. The expression of sucrose synthase was similar in both strains. Expressions of the genes involved in anaerobic carbohydrate metabolism were also studied by analyses of microarray data. My findings demonstrate that elongation quiescence, persistent aerenchyma formation and shifts in anaerobic carbohydrate metabolism gene expressions are beneficial strategies of FR13A towards submergence. Through elucidating the molecular basis of coordinating submergence tolerance genes as this study provided, it will be possible to discover multiple traits associated; hence crop improvement for flooding tolerance could be achieved.

雷射光碟（以下簡稱ＣＤ）除了在電腦、音響方面有甚佳的視聽功能外，在光線照射下，呈現彩虹狀的光譜，必定引起你我研究其光學性質的興趣。國內以ＣＤ研究光的繞射的著作，有李偉等四人近三年發表五篇，國外科教期刊自1991年迄今共有19 篇，在老師指導下，利用ＣＤ進行了8 項實驗，分成三大項。1.利用氦氖雷射分別照射舊唱片、ＣＤ、ＤＶＤ，反射光形成繞射現象，由dsinθ=mλ，量出槽距。2.將ＣＤ-R 的鋁層刮掉，（整疊購買的ＣＤ-Ｒ上下有數片未鍍鋁的瑕疵片），成為透光式ＣＤ（透射式光柵），將其中心半徑5.5 公分部份，用黑紙遮住，正對陽光，螺旋狀的溝槽將陽光聚成一點，量出各色光到ＣＤ的距離，可算出色光的波長。3.透射式ＣＤ置於投影機鏡頭前方，投影機置物台上，放置化學藥品，可直接在屏上觀察吸收光譜。The rainbow of colors reflected from the surface of an audio compact disc (CD) is a familiar sight.It is the phenomenon of light diffraction. A standard CD has 20,625 turns of the spiral, and each line is spaced by 1.6μm. This provides a grating of 625 lines/mm. We used ordinary CDs as reflection grating in our experiment,and transparent factory rejects with no coating but printed data spirals as diffraction grating. We conducted eight experiments of diffraction using the two kinds of CD. (a) Determined the grating spacing of an ordinary CD using a laser beam. (b) Determined the grating spacing of a transparent CD using a laser beam. (c) Studied the diffraction patterns caused by a laser beam held at angles to a transparent CD. (d) Measured the wavelengths of sunlight using a transparent CD. (e) Measured the wavelengths of sunlight using an ordinary CD. (f) Formed a rainbow using a transparent CD. (g) Observed the scattering of light using a transparent CD. (h) Demonstrated the absorption spectrum using a transparent CD and an overhead projector.

1. Purpose of the research :\r One of the greatest challenges for 21st century society is to meet the growing energy demand for transportation, heating and industrial processes. U.S. and Brazil are currently converting corn starch and sugarcane juice into ethanol; however, these are edible products. To stop global warming and poverty, we tried to determine to develop new pretreatment method to produce biofuel using non-edible parts of agricultural products.\r 2. Procedures :\r For our research purpose, we conducted ‘Preparation of Rice straw - Powder’, ‘Pretreatment Method of Rice Straw and Statistical Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology’, ‘Enzymatic Hydrolysis for Saccharification of Pre-treated Rice Straw’, ‘Analyses of Pretreatment Efficiency and Production of Glucose and Xylose Using HPLC & TLC’, ‘Ethanol Fermentation and Recovery’, ‘Strain Improvement for Pichia’.\r 3. Data :\r For the first time, rice straw was pretreated in a novel manner using hypochlorite-hydrogen peroxide (Ox-B) solution. The optimum pretreatment condition was analyzed by response surface methodology and the pretreated rice straw was hydrolyzed using two kinds of enzymes. Following hydrolysis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia stipitis were inoculated for ethanol production. The optimum condition was 60 min pretreatment using Ox-B solution containing 0.6% hypochlorite and 25% hydrogen peroxide for 1 g rice straw in 240 ml total reaction volume. The Ox-B solution treatment was an essential step for efficient hemicelluloase hydrolysis. Under these conditions, 406.8 mg glucose and 224.0 mg xylose were obtained from 1 g rice straw. The structural change of rice straw after pretreatment and enzyme hydrolysis was examined by scanning electron microscopy. With the 10% initial sugar concentration, the final ethanol concentration was about 3.46%, which is 90.5 % of stoichiometric and fermentation efficiency yield.\r 4. Conclusions :\r Rice straw was pretreated in a novel mean by using an Ox-B solution broadly used in potable water treatment. Pretreatment modified the structures of lignocelluloses. The Ox-B solution treatment was an essential step for efficient hemicelluloase hydrolysis. Pretreatment modified the structures of cell wall. Further optimization studies of the fermentation process and strain improvement research (for derepressed mutant) are in progress. In the future, I hope to see cultivators to move by the ethanol produced from rice straw and agricultural wastes.

此篇報告中,主要是在敘述以單晶片8051為主體,運用其所具有之功能,製作成此作品,稱為記數抽籤機,又稱抽籤機,根據本篇報告結果,可歸納出以下結果:1.本實驗能讓初學者對單晶片8051之特性與功能有更深的了解,以增進實驗與成品實作的能力。2.此作品以便利為原則,故其體積不大,重量輕攜帶方便。3.使用之元件普遍,價格便宜,在電子材料行均可買的到,成本低。4.依本品之功能,可用於學校讓老師進行抽問,也可用於其他有抽籤或抽獎活動之場合,公平又公正。;In the report, we take the single chip 8051 as a main body, making use of function to do the counting drawing lots machine, which are also called drawing lots machine. According to the resultof this report, conclusions are as followings: 1. With the experiment, the beginners egt deeper understanding about the characteristics and the finished products. 2. This machine is light and its volume is small, so it is easy and convenient to carry with. 3. The essential elements are common,cheap and can easily be bought in the store which is sellong electronic materials. 4. The drawing lots machine can be used at schools when teachers want to pick out some students to ask or it can be used for some drawing lots occasion as well. The outcome is just and fair.

由人類活動造成的溫室效應可能導致地球溫度升高,聖嬰現象加劇等現象與災害,本文利用個氣候中心發展出的模式,推估台灣和東亞地區未來氣候變遷的情況,我們發現當大氣中的二氧化碳濃度增加為現在的1.9倍時,台灣地區的年平均溫度將升高0.85-2.50度C而東亞地區將會升高1.46-4.07度C,在同條件下個模式的平均推估量也顯示,台灣地區將每天增加0.10公厘的降水，而東亞地區每天將增加0.08公哩,我們希望這個研究結果可以做為其他相關研究的基礎,使大家提早因應未來氣候變遷所可能引發的種種變化;Greenhouse effect, incurred mainly by human activities may result in lots of phenomenon and damages such as the increasing of the world's average temperature and he aggravation f the "ElNino" effect. In this research, we simulate future metrological values by employing several simulation modes developed by different climate centers and predict future climate changes in Taiwan and East Asia area. We found that when the concentration of carbon dioxide exceeds 1.9 times than current value, the estimated range of the increased year-average temperature are0.85-2.5℃ and 1.46-4.07℃ for Taiwan and East Asia, respectively. Under the same condition, the ensemble mean reveals that the precipitation raises will be 0.1 and 0.08mm per day, for Taiwan and East Asia respectively. We hope our work can be the foundation of other related researches, and all the researches together can help for coping with possible damages caused by future climate changes.