課程名稱 磁浮雪人 科別 物理 作者資料 實驗組 授課對象 親子 課程時間 1小時 教學目標 1. 認識磁鐵的性質。 2. 知道磁鐵在日常生活中的應用。 3. 製作磁浮雪人。 課程簡介 利用磁鐵同極相斥、異極相吸的性質，製作有趣的磁浮雪人。 教學流程 一、 引起動機(5分鐘) 1. 演示磁浮雪人玩具，觀察並預測雪人為什麼可以貼在牆壁上滾動。 2. 解釋是圓形磁鐵與藏於軌道內的磁鐵條相互吸引所造成。 二、 發展活動(15分鐘) 1. 準備很多物體，用磁鐵吸引後，分為可以被磁鐵吸引與不能被磁鐵吸引兩類。有些學生會誤認為金屬就一定可以被磁鐵吸引，在這部分可以用鋁罐來實驗。 2. 讓學生用磁鐵尋找教室內有哪些物品可以被磁鐵吸引。 3. 介紹與觀察磁鐵具有兩極，同極相斥、異極相吸的性質。 三、 操作活動(30分鐘) 1. 磁浮雪人製作 器材：磁浮軌道紙模1張、玩偶1隻、長條磁鐵2條、圓型磁鐵1個、泡棉膠1小塊。 操作步驟： (1) 將長條磁鐵貼至紙片指定位置上。 (2) 將紙片按照各褶線組成長形軌道。 (3) 將圓型磁放置軌道測試是否能順軌道滾動。 (4) 測試後，將雪人玩偶與圓形磁鐵用泡棉膠互相貼緊，再將雪人玩偶放置軌道，能順利滾動，即完成磁浮雪人製作。 四、 綜合活動(10分鐘) 1. 解釋兩條長形磁鐵與圓形磁鐵的NS極分布。 2. 補充磁鐵在日常生活中的應用。 所需材料或儀器 磁浮軌道紙模1張(附件)、玩偶1隻、長條磁鐵2條、圓型磁鐵1個、泡棉膠1小塊。 關鍵字 磁鐵、磁浮。 與教材的相關性 121-1a.察覺物質各具不同特徵(如顏色、形狀、軟硬、氣味、粗細等)。 121-2a.察覺物質各具性質(例如不同物質雖然大小相同，輕重卻不同；導熱性不同；有的易溶於水有的不易；有的硬脆有的可延展)。 222-1a.察覺磁鐵會吸引含鐵的物體，且能隔空或透過紙、木片、玻璃來吸引鐵釘。 222-3a.察覺磁鐵具有兩極，同性極相斥，異性極相吸。 411-4a.實際製作一個成品模型。 420-4a.認識以下各種人造材料的特性、簡單的製造過程及其在生活上的應用： (1)石化工業產品；(2)衣料纖維(例如聚合物)；(3)常用木材製品； (4)常用金屬製品；(5)玻璃與陶瓷；(6)新興的科技產品。

在我們週遭環境中常可見到許多種類的植物，然而可以叫出名字的卻少之又少，或許我們可以查閱植物百之類的書籍，但是這類書籍通常多不在手邊，就算有了植物百科，也不易翻到顯示該種植物的正確章節。假如我們可以將想要認識的植物葉片影像取得後，透過網路將該影像傳送至植物葉片資料庫查詢，經過電腦的自動分析辨識後，再將結果傳送回來，這樣不是比查閱植物百科方便多了嗎？本研究提出一種利用輸入葉片的影像來進行植物資料庫辨識查詢的方法，藉著兩階段處理的策略及最佳權重組合式的特徵值來調校系統，以達到較佳的整體辨識效能，從實驗測試的結果得知，我們的策略與方法確實有效，有82%的查詢葉片可以被精確的辨識出來，而每次查詢的平均反應時間只要17.22 秒。In our living environment, there are many kinds of plants, but we can only name a few. We may consult an encyclopedia about plants, we always can’t find any encyclopedia with us. Besides, even if we have one, it won’t be easy to find out the proper section or the exact page immediately. How should we solve this problem? One significant improvement can be expected if the plant recognition can be carried out by a computer. First, we take a picture of the unknown plant’s leaf. Then, we transmit this image into a leaf database to recognize. After the recognition we will get the answer easily. By using a computer-aided leaf recognition system, non-professionals can also identify many plant species. Isn’t it much more convenient than checking the encyclopedia? In this study, we present an efficient method for leaf database retrieval by inputting leaf images. We use a two-stage approach and combined features with optimized weight to adjust the system to get the best system performance. The result of the experiment shows that our approach is workable and efficient. 82% leaves of the query images can be recognized accurately. And in general, the average response time only takes 17.22 sec per query.

作者好奇白三線蝶（Athyma perius）幼蟲棲息在糞橋上，於是展開了探究。過程中觀察白三線蝶的一生，並發現糞橋建造的位置約60％蓋在葉尖主脈上，長度隨齡期增加，一～四齡幼蟲多在糞橋上棲息，五齡之後食量、排糞量大增，棄糞巢而去不再回橋。糞巢的組成有糞便、碎葉片及絲線。幼蟲孵化吃掉卵殼後隨機選定建造位置，以吐絲器吐絲黏上糞便向外築糞橋，也會不斷吐絲纏繞鞏固糞橋。不管是剪斷糞橋、移去糞巢幼蟲都會持續加蓋，根據換葉子和換橋實驗得知幼蟲不會認自己的橋，當找不到原糞橋時會另外建造糞橋，如有現成的糞橋也會續用。糞橋和糞巢對幼蟲有躲避與偽裝的功用，對螞蟻等小型行走的天敵則形成物理性屏障，另外也發現有類似蓮花效應的擋雨效果。

原產於西非的「神秘果」，嘗了之後，30~200 分內，所有酸苦的東西嘗起來都是甜的。在深入蒐集相關資料後，我們發現神秘果有多種特殊效果，僅擷取以下幾種感興趣之方向來研究。〈1〉使酸苦的感覺變甜〈2〉解酒〈3〉消除蚊蟲叮咬之腫、癢〈4〉抗氧化能力極強。用食鹽水可萃取出miraculin 這種醣蛋白，經由生化實驗，推測使酸味變甜為其cover 舌尖甜味味蕾之結果，分子量約為40000 左右；但在檢測過程中，發現對咖啡、黃連和肉桂，都沒有太顯著的效果，只有酸味有顯著的改變，和以往所閱讀的研究報告有出入，因此懷 疑有氧化還原等其他化學效果，將再做深一層研究。消除蚊蟲叮咬之腫癢的成分確定為小分子所致。經由Prolox 當量測定法檢測神秘果抗氧化能力數值高達4974g/nmol，比一般中草藥及蔬菜多3000 左右。使酸變甜的原因若深入研究對糖尿病患者和減肥者都是一大福音，塗抹蚊蟲叮咬藥膏也可用天然物質製作，而抗氧化能力高更對人體健康有所幫助。當台灣已大量栽植，相對於日本及美國因地寒而無法培育成功，神秘果研究可成為另一項產業發展契機。 "Miracle fruit” is a fruit from West Africa. Though it's not sweet itself, if you eat anything that is sour or bitter after eating miracle fruit, the taste will turn sweet. After researching further material, we discovered that there are many amazing functions in miracle fruit, and decided to pick up some of which to study. (1) Turning the sour and bitter tastes into sweetness (2) Relieving alcohol (3) Relieving the hurt from mosquitoes and bugs (4) An excellent antioxidant. We can extract the miraculin that changes the taste from NaCl (aq), and through the biological experiment, we guess that's because miraculin covers the sweet sensor. The molecular weight of miraculin is about 40000.According to the experiment, we found out that miraculin doesn't have a great effect on the taste other than sourness, such as the bitterness of black coffee, Coptis chinensis, and cinnamon. . It is much more different from the former report we read. So we doubt that there are some other reactions. The thing, which relieves the hurt from mosquitoes and bugs, are sure to be a simple molecule, not a protein. By the Prolox equivalent weight experiment, we found that the ability of antioxidation got to 4974g/nmol, which is much higher than the normal vegetables and fruits. The effect of taste changing is really good news for diabetics and weight reducers. And the medicine can also be made by natural material. The excellent antioxidation is helpful for our health, too. Since Japan and America cannot grow the miracle fruit because of the cold weather, developing the functions of miracle fruit seems to be another chance for Taiwan to stand out in the world.

Abstract (一)、 In our study, we discuss a m×n chess and any beginning square p finding a directed path of chessman from p moving to an end square in which the chessman moves to adjacent squares including only three directions which are right move, up move and diagonal left down move. A m×n chess is ruled into m columns and n rows creating the number of (m×n) squares (二)、 A chess directed path moves from any beginning square to end square in a m×n chess and every other square is visited just once. In the view of the beginning squares, the chess paths are solvable paths in a mxn chess and the corresponding squares are solutions. (三)、 First, we find out that some beginning squares are located in a special area with no any solvable directed paths. We define the special area be no-solution area. (四)、 According the 3-color theorem, we determine more than two thirds of no-solution area. (五)、 Then, we derive properties of reversibility and symmetry in solvable paths. i.e. A solvable path exist another solvable path by reversibility and symmetry respectively. (六)、 Utilizing the generalization of no-solution area which is extended from the concept of no-solution area provides judgment for the next moves effectively. The judgment is defined as effective move principle. (七)、 Furthermore, using the other theorem called rules of shift Hamiltonian path gets augment solutions. (八)、 According to the effective move principle finding a number of solvable directed paths, use the reversibility and rules of shift Hamiltonian paths to get augment solutions. Finally, utilize symmetry to find out all solvable paths in the m×n chess. (一)、研究規則：在m×n 的格子中，任取一格A 當作「起點格」，在起點格上放一顆棋子，只能往「上」、往「右」、往「左下」的方向移動。(二)、定義：若棋子從「起點格」，按照上述規則能不重複的通過所有m×n 格子到達某一「終點格」，則對於「起點格」而言，此移動路徑稱為m×n 的「有解路徑」，其任4一「終點格」稱為「起點格」的「路徑解」。(三)、我們先研究出「基本無解區」。(四)、根據遊戲規則我們利用三種顏色將n × n 方格塗滿，並判斷出大部分的「無解起點格」。(五)、利用遊戲規則得到兩重要性質：(1)[可逆性性質] (2) [對稱性性質](六)、利用「廣義基本無解區」，當作我們[有效移動]的判斷，讓「有解路徑」快速的找出。(七)、利用本研究所稱的「平移哈式鏈」，得到[擴充解]。(八)、根據[有效移動]求出部分「路徑解」，再利用[可逆性性質]、 [擴充解] ，最後利用[對稱性性質]完成所有「路徑解」的尋找。

伏打電池中，若兩極的電極種類及溶液種類均相同，僅是兩極的溶液濃度或溶液溫度不同，兩極間就有電位差，稱為濃差電池及溫差電池。典型的濃差電池中 ( 電極為電解液正離子的金屬片 )，濃度大的一端電位較高，電池電壓與兩杯溶液濃度比值的對數值成正比，且在相同濃度比值時，硝酸銀濃差電池的電壓最大，其次為硝酸銅、硫酸銅，硫酸鋅濃差電池的電壓最小。硫酸銅溫差電池，若電極為銅片，則電池電壓與兩杯溶液溫度差成正比，且溫度高的一端電位較高。 我們將硫酸銅溫差電池製成太陽能電池，在太陽下曝曬3 小時，電壓可達 13.6mV， 電流可達0.76mA，因此只要串聯數個電池以提高電壓，再對鉛蓄電池充電，就可以達到方便、實用與重複使用的目的。 In a voltaic cell, if the kinds of both electrodes and electrolytes are the same, but the molality or the temperature of the solutions are different, there will be potential difference between the two electrodes. We can them molality-difference cells and temperature-difference cells. In a typical molality-difference cells－its electrode is a piece of metal which is the same kind of metal with the cation electrolyte.－the electrode with the higher molality has the higher potential, and the potential and the log of the fraction of the molality of the two glasses of solution are directly proportional, and when the fraction is the same, AgNO3 has the highest potential and then Cu(NO3)2 and CuSO4, and ZnSO4 has the lowest potential. In a CuSO4 temperature-difference cell, if its electrode is a piece of cuprum, then the potential and the temperature- difference of the two glasses of electarolytes are directly proportional, and the electrode with the higher temperature has higher potential. We use CuSO4 temperature cell to make a solar cell, and put it under the sun for 3 hours, the potential can be 13.6 m V, and the current can be 0.76m A. Therefore we can make several of them series to get higher potential and charge a lead storage battery. By this way, we can make a convenient, practical and recycled battery.

本實驗旨在設計各種不同的裝置，利用太陽能及溫室效應的原理，做出可以加熱食物的天然增溫器。1.經過太陽照射後，鐵製便當盒溫度比塑膠盒與紙盒高，因為鐵製便當盒比較會吸熱。2.不同形狀之鐵製便當盒，吸熱效果相當接近。3.相同形狀、大小的鐵製便當盒，包上保鮮膜比沒有覆蓋上保鮮膜的吸熱效果好。4.用膠帶封牢鐵製便當盒與保鮮膜之縫隙比只包保鮮膜的鐵製便當盒溫度高。5.放入紙箱比沒有放入紙箱的保溫效果佳。6.紙箱內縫隙處塞沙子的鐵製便當盒，其保溫效果紙箱內縫隙處沒有塞沙子的鐵製便當盒佳。7.四周加上鏡子能使更多的太陽光射入鐵製便當盒內，使盒內溫度上升。8.藉由本實驗活動，發現我們可以利用生活中隨手可得的簡單材料，做出天然增溫器，既節約能源、又符合環保精神。

The purpose of this study is to set up a quick, easy and economical way to evaluate the ability of different concentration of various antibiotics to penetrate biofilm and establish the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of various antibiotics. The susceptibility of five antibiotics upon sessile cultures of Bacillus subtlis ATCC 6633, Escherichia coli XL, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 and Sarcina lutea ATCC 9341 were measured ATCC 27853, and S. aureus ATCC 29213 proved to be very difficult to eradicate, with only Gentamicin proving to effective at achievable drug concentrations, but the S. lutea ATCC 9341 biofilm was the most susceptible to the Penicillin. The results demonstrated that for biofilms of the same organisms, several hundred to thousand times the concentration of a certain antibiotic were often required for the antibiotic to be effect, while other antibiotics were found to be effective at the MICs. The concentration of antibiotic to penetrate the biofilm is proportional to the thickness of biofilm. Indeed, our research have already indicated that the use of MIC values to indicate antibiotics effectiveness is misleading, because MIC values can not represent the actual effect of anticbiotics on microbiologicals that have developed biofilm. The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of antibiotics to various bacterial biofilm are different. The susceptibility of the mixed biofilm depends on the physical and biological change of biofilm. Our biofilm device offers a new technology for the rational evaluation of antibiotics effective against microbial biofilms and for the screening of new effective antibiotic drugs.此研究之目的是要建立一套操作簡便、快速且費用低廉之生物膜厚度產生方法，藉此探討不同生物膜厚度對抗生素抗菌之影響，進而完成抗生素對生物模之抗菌圖譜。本實驗將測試五種抗生素Bacillus subtilis ATCC6633，Escherichia coli XL，Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853，Staphylococcus aureus ATCC29213和Sarcina lutea ATCC9341之抗菌圖譜。試驗結果顯示Gentamicin對前四株試菌有較佳之穿透力，對S.lutea ATCC 9341則是Penicillin。實驗結果證明最小抑制濃度值確實無法實際有效地表達對已形成生物膜菌體之抗菌效果，要完全去除生物膜之抗生素濃度是為最小抑制濃度之數百倍到數千倍，而且抗生素用藥濃度隨著生物膜厚度增加而成比例增加。不同抗生素對不同菌株生物膜有不同之抗菌圖譜，混合菌株生物膜是否會促進或抑制抗生素之穿透力，端視其生物膜結構有無改變。本實驗方法可以做為一種快速檢定抗生素對細菌生物膜敏感性之新技術，同時亦可有效地篩選新的抗生素藥物對生物膜的抗菌效應。

在國一自然科課程內做芹菜蒸散作用實驗(附錄一)，出現實驗結果與理論相異的情形。 檢視芹菜蒸散作用實驗過程可能出現的誤差，發現無裂縫芹菜葉柄具中空管狀結構，在摘除葉片後形成極微細會漏氣的小洞，因此水會流進芹菜葉柄的中空管，量筒液面下降造成誤差(甚至達2.1ml)，液面下降的原因並非來自於芹菜葉片的蒸散作用。本實驗透過中空玻璃管、吸管模擬芹菜葉柄，證明實驗誤差的存在，並藉此改進實驗方法。 本研究發現，透過排水法可找到條件相同的芹菜，在芹菜葉柄上縱切一刀則可明顯降低實驗誤差，透過修正後的實驗方式，蒸散作用實驗結果就會出現與理論相符的情形。

活性探視過濾器才中一個重要的成份，奇可脫色、除臭、對於有機無機物的吸附也有一定的功效，平均每克活性碳具有吸附８個網球場面積的能力，由於取材經濟環保、是一種值得利用的材料。活性炭的製造是運用廢棄的含碳物質，如果殼、木屑或煤屑等，在高溫下經由炭化、活化兩步驟完成，以目前工業界而言，大多使用木屑或椰殼加工製成。本實驗將取四種不同材料來加工，分別是椰殼、稻穀、木碳及衛生紙（取衛生紙的原因在研究動機中會提及），利用實驗室裡簡單的加熱設備，改變不同的加熱時間，比較四者碳化後對色素的吸附的能力。並藉由浸泡不同的活化劑，在定溫及變溫下反應、探討較佳的活化條件。雖然我們無法在高溫(500℃~800℃)下進行反應，但我們做出來的成品，仍具有80%以上的脫色能力。此外，數據也可以比較四種材料的優劣，及活化條件之差異。