NO.57-07 2018 SEP | 科學研習期刊目錄 本期專題 科學遊戲大家談 科學遊戲「大家」談 | 許良榮 再生材料融入科學創客活動之教學經驗分享 | 許兆芳 從童玩談自造科技 | 王德麟 靜電遊戲 | 陳坤龍 在實驗小學玩科學遊戲 —以岳明國小為例 | 盧俊良 紙愛科學DIY | 謝迺岳 玩碳奈米材料遊戲 —以辦理國小奈米寒假營活動為例 | 林志明、李紫原、唐文華、張美玉 森棚教官的數學題 公園跑切線 | 游森棚 科學話題 日本風神居住地 - 鳥取沙丘 | 梁勝雄 科學讀書會 思考的演算：跟著電腦學思考，你也可以成為計算思考大師 | 白榮銓 總召集人的話 有「愛博士」（Dr. Love）美稱的美國南加大特教系已故教授 Leo Buscaglia（ 1924-1998）曾說：「很弔詭的是，許多教育人員和家長們仍然將學習時間和遊戲時間區分開來，而沒有看到它們之間的重要連結」。科學研習和遊戲該妥為連結。本期特別以「科學遊戲『大家』」談」為專題，請國立台中教育大學科學教育與應用學系許良榮教授擔任特約主編。 專題文章含專題導言共有七篇：「專題導言」〈科學遊戲『大家』」談〉從科學遊戲已受到國人關注但需以嚴謹的方法進行論述、討論或研究切入，並簡介其它六篇專題文章。〈再生材料融入科學創客活動之教學經驗分享〉一文透過教學實務案例，分享如何選取再生材料與活動引導歷程，讓學生從實作中累積經驗，應用科學知識解決問題。〈從童玩談自造科技〉一文借助軌道組和音樂鈴兩種自造科技，介紹其科學原理和科技與工藝概念。〈靜電遊戲〉一文透過五個實驗利用生活中簡單的道具製造不同的靜電效果，藉以說明靜電產生的原理及特性。〈在實驗小學玩科學遊戲—以岳明國小為例〉一文分享科學遊戲運用在實驗小學自然教學的經驗。〈紙愛科學DIY〉一文分享10 種（摺、撕、驗⋯⋯）紙的趣味教學。〈玩碳奈米材料遊戲─以辦理國小奈米寒假營活動為例〉一文介紹可帶領學童認識自然界中碳奈米現象，體現以玩碳奈米材料遊戲的教學模組。 「森棚教官的數學題」刊登〈公園跑切線〉一文，拋出在正三角形公園內的正三角形綠地外跑切線問題，供讀者自主探索或發想科展題目。「科學話題」單元刊登〈日本風神居住地─鳥取沙丘〉一文，介紹位在日本中國地區的鳥取縣一片廣大、狀似「沙漠」的地形景觀，是如何形成的？為什麼當地人一面保護這一片「沙漠」深怕它消失，一面又怕它擴大影響生活？ 十二年國教課綱中，資訊科技課程是以運算思維為主軸。但是，何謂運算思維？包含那些技能？如何應用來解決問題？本期「科學讀書會」導讀《思考的演算：跟著電腦學思考，你也可以成為計算思考大師》一書，該書搭配遊戲、謎題、魔術以及電腦科學家正在研究的真實難題，解釋何謂計算思考（即運算思維），以及相關的各種技巧。 此外，本期是本刊今（2018）年7 ∼ 8 月暑假期間休刊後的9 月復刊號，自本期起本刊僅有官網全本電子書及單篇 PDF 檔的美編版，不再印、寄紙本。 總召編輯委員 - 李隆盛 關於本刊 出版單位：國立臺灣科學教育館 發行人：陳雪玉 總召集人：李隆盛 編輯委員：古建國/全中平/李文獻/李旺龍/李源順/李進寶/林沛練/林坤誼/許良榮/蔣中柱/胡秀芳/陳正改/陳竹亭/陳玫良/楊水平/游森棚/謝隆欽/張子超 策劃：曾聰邦 主編：錢康偉 本月專題特約主編：許良榮 編輯：張志定/吳郡怡 網頁設計編輯：施曉恬/陳璽君 投稿規範請來信詢問：article@mail.ntsec.gov.tw

1.Purpose of the research We observed frequent application of chemical pesticides and herbicides at the pear orchards near our school. Our concerning questions are the influences of agricultural chemicals on soil ecosystem which may be slowly deteriorating. There are many other orchards where the farmers are practicing environmentally-friendly agriculture using organic fertilizers such as composed manure instead of sycnthetic fertilizers. The purpose of this research is to examine chemical and mocrobiological quality of the orchard soil. We report biological control of pear disease using antagonistic microorganisms and suggest improvement of soil quality as a result of nature friendly agricultural practice. 2.Procedures and Data Two orchards were selected: Conventional fertilizers and chemical pesticide application farm; Environmentally friendly farm using organic plant manure and biological control of disease. Several different aspects of soil micro-flora, indicator microorganisms, physiological characteristics of pear fruit, residues of synthetic chemicals in the soil, soil chemical properties were examined. We could observe that use of organic manure and biological control agents for disease control by indigenous microorganisms improved biological and chemical quality of the orchard soil. Results are summarized as follow: A. Microbial diversity could be observed in organic farming orchard soil. Among 42 fungal genus, 7 species of penicillium including P. decumns, 3 Alternaria species, 4 Fusarium species including Fusarium graminearum, 6 Aspergillus species including Aspergillus niger were identified. In case of bacteria, 59 samples were isolated and 17 genus including Cystophaga johsonae were identified. B. Beneficial indigenous bacteria having several biological functions were isolated: Enterobacter intermedium produces organic acid therefore this bacterium can solubilize insoluble phosphate. Several Pseudomonas species were isolated. These bacteria produce iron chelating compound under iron limited environments and can control plant disease. Interestingly, we could find indigenous biocontrol agent Hypocrea vinosa which can effectively control black star disease on pear surface. C. We have formulated ten different microbial-pesticides using several combinations of indigeous microorganisms such as Hypocrea vinosa, Trichoderma atroviride, Rhizopus microsporus etc. These microbial-pesticides could inhibit 100% of black star disease on pear surface which showed similar inhibition effect as commercial pesticides indicate that these microbial-pesticides may replace synthetic chemicals in the near furture. 3.Conclusions Our research demonstrates the eco-friendly organic farming system could improve soil eco-system of pear orchard, where no synthetic fertilizers and pesticides are applied. As a result of manure application, the soil chemical properties are more stable and microbiological flora was more diverse. Use of microbial and bio-pesticide resulted in strong inhibition of black-star disease incidence on pear surface. We suggest that eco-friendly farming systems are needed to diminish environmental pollution in soil and water caused by frequent and abundant use of agricultural chemicals.

本實驗以綠水螅為研究生物，探討天然萃取物對水螅生殖和傷口癒合影響。結果顯示石蓮花萃取物相較其他天然萃取物，刺激綠水螅螅體生長明顯，而且提高水螅出芽率和傷口癒合能力；隨著石蓮花萃取物濃度愈高，橫切或縱切水螅螅體的細胞分裂能力具有濃度效應，傷口癒合程度和細胞分化作用隨之提高。我們進一步發現綠水螅細胞受到紫外線等物理性因子短暫傷害會抑制細胞分裂，但石蓮花萃取物隨即復原水螅再生能力，而且此天然物會抑制植物細胞的老化和枯萎，我們推測石蓮花萃取物含有類似細胞分裂物的成分，我們期望此天然植物性成分可以刺激動物組織再生，作為天然傷口癒合劑，更進一步延緩細胞老化，以期在生物醫療或美容醫學方面具有應用價值性！

生活中常聽說牛奶可以幫助蔬果生長，我們好奇用牛奶澆灌植物是否真會帶來什麼改變，我們便選用阿拉伯芥進行我們的實驗。首先我們直接以牛奶澆灌植物，卻發現對植物的外觀沒有什麼影響。於是我們又進行了染菌實驗，藉此研究牛奶對植物抗菌是否有幫助。我們發現牛奶能夠提升阿拉伯芥對細菌的抵抗力，又在實驗後確定此現象與初級防禦反應相關。我們推測是牛奶中的胺基酸引起的，於是我們再以Proline等胺基酸澆灌植物，其中Proline亦能協助植物抗病；接下來我們再探討Proline協助植物抗病的機制，發現Proline和牛奶一樣可以增強初級防禦反應及利用callose堆積協助植物抗病。因此我們推測，牛奶中含有的Proline能夠幫助植物對抗細菌。

In this study, we try to know how ectopic eye genes: eyeless(ey), eye gone(eyg), twin of eyeless(toy), twin of eye gone(toe) act cooperatively, and look for some unknown genes which affect the function of eyg. First, through human trans gene screening, we find two human genes change the phenotype of ey>eyg into dorsal out-growth when they co-express with eyg (ey>eyg+X). It means the two genes may relate to cell proliferation. Second, by sequencing the insert genes of mutant fly which was found by EP screening, the result shows the site of the insertion is the same as effete (eff) gene. eff translated wrong proteins which differ from functional ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme may be the major cause of the mutant eye . 本研究係探討果蠅複眼異位基因eyeless(ey)、eye gone(eyg)、twin of eyeless(toy)、 twin of eye gone(toe)間的協同作用，並尋找與eyg 有交互作用的基因、突變株。藉由人類基因轉殖篩選，找到兩株人類基因轉殖株，當其與eyg 共同表現時(ey>eyg+X)，會改變ey>eyg 的複眼性狀，造成dorsal out-growth，顯示這兩個基因可能與細胞增生有關，此外，藉由EP screening 複眼發生突變的果蠅之UAS 下游基因經比對後，位置與effete（eff）部分契合，推測複眼發生突變的原因是eff 的功能發生異常，致使細胞內蛋白質代謝失常所致。

目前教室使用的板擦清潔器，在市面上銷售的有：拍打式、手動板擦清潔機與電動板擦\r 清潔機，這三種清潔機，都是事後的清潔，無法改善擦黑板時粉筆灰到處飛揚的缺點，因此\r 我們根據會影響擦拭乾淨度、空中粉塵量、板擦清潔容易度、溝槽粉塵量及清潔盒粉塵量的\r 各項因素，嘗試製作出新式板擦。

因應發生天然災害的頻率增加，為解決在沒電、沒瓦斯的情況下，災民還能獲得熱騰騰的飲食，研發救難時用的冷水泡麵是必要的。 而泡麵要能煮熟，必須浸泡在高達80℃以上的熱水中，且持續3分鐘之久。為此，我們進行一連串的實驗，發現生石灰與水需在固定的比例下，才能滿足將泡麵煮熟的條件。同時，我們也探討了水溫、容器材質等變因對反應速度的影響，最終找到了傳遞溫度最快的內容器材質與保溫效果最佳的外容器材質。

(一)、探討以豬油和氫氧化鈉來製作肥皂是否可行。(二)、探討豬油的量對肥皂生成量的影響。(三)、探討酒精的量對肥皂生成量的影響。(四)、探討加熱對“以豬油和氫氧化鈉來製作肥皂”生成量的影響。(五)、探討攪拌對“以豬油和氫氧化鈉來製作肥皂”生成量的影響。(六)、探討加糖對“以豬油和氫氧化鈉來製作肥皂”的影響。(七)、探討加檸檬汁對“以豬油和氫氧化鈉來製作肥皂”酸鹼性的影響。

金瓜石為什麼產金？ 地殼中的黃金含量稀少，但是在特殊的地質條件下，地層中的黃金卻能夠聚集在一起，具有開採價值，這就是所謂的金礦。 許多金礦的形成，都與古代的岩漿活動有關。如金瓜石地區金礦的形成，就與百萬年前基隆火山群的岩漿活動關係密切。 在金瓜石地區，地下水被岩漿加熱成溫度極高的溫泉，而且岩漿物質也溶入溫泉裡頭，使得這類溫泉大多呈現酸性，能夠溶解許多地層中的礦物質(包括黃金)，稱之為熱水礦液。 熱水礦液沿著地層中的破碎帶向上流動，壓力和溫度降低，黃金等各類礦物在岩石裂隙中沉澱，逐漸聚集成為金礦。這就是「點石成金」的熱水礦化作用。 含有黃金成份的熱水礦液沿著斷層向上滲流，一點一點沉澱累積，終於形成黃金礦體。 金瓜石的金礦，最初深埋在地下，在板塊運動的作用下，逐漸被抬升到現在的高度。隨著覆蓋在上頭的厚重地層漸漸被侵蝕消失，地下的金礦也就離地面愈來愈近，部分金礦甚至還會露出地表呢！ 如何區分黃金與愚人金？ 在九份、金瓜石地區販賣礦石的攤位上，經常可以見到一顆顆黃澄澄的立方體結晶，這就是似金非金的愚人金~黃鐵礦。 黃金的產狀通常都不規則，可是在野外卻常有機會找到晶形漂亮的黃鐵礦。 其次，雖然看起來都是黃澄澄的，可是黃鐵礦的顏色偏白，不像黃金是金黃色的。 把黃鐵礦在白色瓷板上刮刮看，會留下一條黑色的條痕，可是用同樣的方法，黃金的條痕卻是金黃色的。 而且，兩者比重明顯不同，黃金比重高達19.3，可是黃鐵礦只有5.0，將差不多大小的黃金和黃鐵礦分別放在雙手一秤，就可以明顯感受的黃金沉甸甸的份量。 黃金為什麼珍貴？ 金是一種稀有的元素，在自然界分佈相當廣泛，但是含量卻極少。在自然狀態產出的金，常含有銀，偶而也含有少量的銅、鉛、錫、鋅等類的金屬。 自古以來，黃金就是財富的象徵，不單只是它閃亮的金黃色，更因為它的稀有珍貴，所以人們總是把黃金製成錢幣、條塊或各種飾品，既具有保值功用，又有藝術價值。 黃金的導電性佳，不容易受日曬雨淋而發生化學變化，穩定性很高，而且還能敲成非常薄的金箔和金絲，所以許多電器產品的零件都少不了它，像電腦裡的電路板就有這種材料。

This project aims to improve the quality of toilet hygiene. The product designed should fulfill the requirements of being an environmentally friendly, user friendly and economical toilet seat system which guarantees the safety and hygiene of the toilet. This project also aims to discover the efficiency of the toilet seat system in eliminating pathogens through conducting various experiments.\r In this project, the photocatalytic property of titanium dioxide is applied. When titanium dioxide is under exposure to ultraviolet radiation, they generate free radicals, which are efficient oxidizers of organic substances. Also, research has shown that the safest ultraviolet light used will be UVA. Thus, by using titanium dioxide paint under exposure to ultraviolet light to oxidize pathogens and toxins, the aims will be achieved. Other than that, experiments will be conducted to explore the efficiency of titanium dioxide under exposure to UV radiation in eliminating pathogens by counting the number of bacteria on the toilet seat system after different time intervals the seat system has been turned on.\r The procedure of constructing the product includes drafting the product, purchasing the appropriate apparatus and materials, constructing the prototype, and checking if the product fits the goals set. Lastly, improving the design based on the flaws found during the checking procedure, as well as checking the product to see if it fits the original goals set.\r The procedure of the experiments aimed to explore the efficiency of titanium dioxide under exposure to UV radiation in eliminating pathogens conducted includes\r counting the number of bacteria on the toilet seat system after different time intervals by inoculation of bacteria on the agar plates.\r Test results showed that the number of bacteria had a steady and notable decline after different time intervals. Results also showed that bacteria would be thoroughly terminated after the system had been turned on for at most one hour. The information was then used to set the delay timer to restrict the amount of time the ultraviolet lamp was turned on to save energy.\r Moreover, the toilet seat system has also been improved so that it will complete the automatic cleaning procedure even without the user lowering the toilet seat. This improvement was made so that the product could be more convenient to toilet users.\r The system also deodorizes the toilet as the oxidization of bacteria and organic substances reduces the putrid odor released by them when they carry out chemical reactions.\r In conclusion, the project succeeds in accomplishing the goals set and is capable of improving the quality of toilet hygiene, especially in common households. The project is also successful in finding out that the toilet seat system is efficient in eliminating pathogens.