毛細管中的拉午耳
本實驗利用簡單的儀器（使用毛細管與注射針筒）, 求出不同混合比例之有機溶液的各個成分之蒸氣壓、蒸發速率與蒸發量 , 進而可推算出蒸發熱速率,而利用此實驗得到的數值,並可應用在不同的領域,如日常生活中之散熱劑、工業上之機器散熱、及醫療上之人體退燒等,均可利用此實驗程序找出適當的比例,\r 並可進一步理論探討「拉午耳定律中正負偏差」以及「蒸氣中各成分的組成活性」。
\r In this experiment, simple instruments including capillary tubes and syringes are\r used to find vapor pressure, rate of evaporation, and evapotranspiration of all\r elements of organic solution under different mixed proportions. In this way, the\r rate of evaporation that can be compared ; therefore, becomes suitable for different\r areas that include heat dissipation for daily life, machine heat dissipation for\r industry, and fever reduction for medical applications. In other words, the experiment\r proposed here can be utilized to find the appropriate ratio. Meanwhile, we can use\r the results to perform the theoretical investigation of Positive-Negative Bias of\r Raoult's Law and Component Activity of Vapor.
濃差電池與溫差電池
伏打電池中，若兩極的電極種類及溶液種類均相同，僅是兩極的溶液濃度或溶液溫度不同，兩極間就有電位差，稱為濃差電池及溫差電池。典型的濃差電池中 ( 電極為電解液正離子的金屬片 )，濃度大的一端電位較高，電池電壓與兩杯溶液濃度比值的對數值成正比，且在相同濃度比值時，硝酸銀濃差電池的電壓最大，其次為硝酸銅、硫酸銅，硫酸鋅濃差電池的電壓最小。硫酸銅溫差電池，若電極為銅片，則電池電壓與兩杯溶液溫度差成正比，且溫度高的一端電位較高。
我們將硫酸銅溫差電池製成太陽能電池，在太陽下曝曬3 小時，電壓可達 13.6mV， 電流可達0.76mA，因此只要串聯數個電池以提高電壓，再對鉛蓄電池充電，就可以達到方便、實用與重複使用的目的。
In a voltaic cell, if the kinds of both electrodes and electrolytes are the same, but the molality or the temperature of the solutions are different, there will be potential difference between the two electrodes. We can them molality-difference cells and temperature-difference cells. In a typical molality-difference cells－its electrode is a piece of metal which is the same kind of metal with the cation electrolyte.－the electrode with the higher molality has the higher potential, and the potential and the log of the fraction of the molality of the two glasses of solution are directly proportional, and when the fraction is the same, AgNO3 has the highest potential and then Cu(NO3)2 and CuSO4, and ZnSO4 has the lowest potential. In a CuSO4 temperature-difference cell, if its electrode is a piece of cuprum, then the potential and the temperature- difference of the two glasses of electarolytes are directly proportional, and the electrode with the higher temperature has higher potential.
We use CuSO4 temperature cell to make a solar cell, and put it under the sun for 3 hours, the potential can be 13.6 m V, and the current can be 0.76m A. Therefore we can make several of them series to get higher potential and charge a lead storage battery. By this way, we can make a convenient, practical and recycled battery.
動力機械(內燃機)模型引擎之研究
最古老之動力機械為蒸氣引擎，在早期蒸氣火車發電機皆由蒸氣引擎發展而來，本研究即利用最古老之蒸氣引擎(俗稱飛龍引擎)之製作，以探討內燃機之基本理論以作為模型引擎設計之基礎。在飛龍引擎製作中，歷經引擎無法轉動之痛苦，並極力找尋一百年前發明蒸氣引擎之同樣思考，最後找尋到引擎啟動之合適尺寸，再用其尺寸延伸做實驗，以發展其理論，最後發現引擎設計之重要變數如管長﹑火焰﹑本身重量均為設計中重要因數，最後用正式機械設計方式完成第四代引擎亦正式運轉，可見本蒸氣引擎之設計基礎具有相當實用之基礎。The oldest locomotive engine was the steam engine. All early steam locomotives were developed from the steam engine (Heron engine) and this research project uses the Heron engine to explore the fundamental theories behind the internal combustion engine as a model for basic engine design. During the production stage of the Heron model, there were difficulties with engine rotation, and so efforts were made to find the same thought processes involved in producing the steam engine 100 years ago. The dimension appropriate for moving the engine was first found, and then the idea was extended with experimentation of the size in order to develop the theory of engine design. In the end, the length of the steam hose, the strength of flame, and the actual weight of engine were all found to be important factors of design. Finally, the fourth generation Heron engine was able to rotate properly using the proper engine design method, so it can be seen that the fundamentals of steam engine design has quite a practical engine design basis.
“碘化鋅”產率變變變---溶劑對產率的影響
The research mainly discuss the influence on the rate of zinc iodine with different solution as catalytic agent. We use water, acid water, ethanol methanol acid ethanol, and acid methanol and so on as different solution to participate in the process of an equation： Zn+I2 → ZnI2 to work out the variation of the product's amount. Besides, we also change the proportion of Zinc and Iodine to discuss the difference between the proportion of reactant and the product's amount. The result shows that the product of this equation is ZnI2 not Zn(I3)2. Ethanol and methanol have the same effect as water to accelerate the process of the equation. We find out that this reaction get higher product's amount in acid condition. Also, put the mass Zinc with the mass iodine can get higher product's amount, Furthermore, acid in specific range (0.01M—1.00M), the denser the acid is, the higher product's amount we get. But how the water as catalytic agent work in the reaction is the direction we can research deeply in the days to come.
鋅和碘作用生成碘化鋅的反應，是用水作為催化劑，然而一小滴水卻使這個反應劇烈進 行，我們嘗試了多種和水具有相同作用的催化劑，由於反應時間極短不易測量，我們考慮由 產率部分著手，讓原本只需一小滴的水〈催化劑〉改為此反應的溶劑，計算其產率的變化。
實驗分為三部分，第一部份先是改變不同的溶劑，讓鋅和碘在不同溶劑〈水、酸化水、乙醇、酸化乙醇、甲醇、酸化甲醇〉下反應，計算出產率的變化，我們發現在酸中的產率的確較不加酸者來得高。第二部分我們改變加入鋅和碘的量，改變鋅和碘的比例，讓鋅由過量到成為此反應的限量試劑，觀察其產率的變化，我們發現碘作為限量試劑較鋅作為限量試劑的產率高。由於此反應在酸中產率較高，但酸的濃度高低是否又會影響產率呢？我們繼續第三部分的實驗，改變酸的濃度，讓此反應在不同的酸化水濃度的溶劑下反應，討論產率和酸濃度的關係，我們發現在一定範圍內〈0.01M~0.5M〉，酸的濃度越高，產率亦越高。
實驗方法是將鋅和碘置入同一試管中反應，並使其在不同溶劑中反應，接著離心，將碘化鋅水溶液與未反應完的反應物分離，將所得的碘化鋅水溶液使用結晶法得到碘化鋅晶體，秤重並計算其產率。
鬼腳圖的數學原理
We can prove 鬼腳圖 have an one-to-one characteristic; it is mean that you can not design a 鬼腳圖 which will make two starting point to the same end. We also can prove you can design any 鬼腳圖 you want; you can predict a result, and you can design a 鬼腳圖 which suit the result, no matter what the result it is. We can design any 鬼腳圖 we want, but it possibly becomes very big and complicated. We develop a method to make it become briefer. According to the method, we make a function that can design the 鬼腳圖 you want in a very short time. You predict a result in computer, and the\r function will design a 鬼腳圖 which suit the result, and it will be the briefest. 吾人已經可以證明鬼腳圖具備一對一的性質，意思就是：不可能從兩個起點開始畫線，最後到同一個終點上。吾人亦證明：鬼腳圖的結果沒有限定：同一組初始條件可以轉換成任何一組結果。而同一組結果也有許多種不同的畫法，顯示鬼腳圖的畫法不具唯一性。即使如此，畫出來的鬼腳圖可能過於複雜，於是吾人又發展出簡化鬼腳圖的方法，可畫出較簡潔的鬼腳圖。吾人並根據這種化簡方式編出一套程式，只要將欲得的結果輸入，電腦就可以畫出最簡潔的鬼腳圖。
耐熱性酵素生產菌Bacillus Subtilis WLA12 之分離與定性
本實驗針對一取自台北縣烏來南勢溪下游之溫泉菌，進行微生物學、生物化學、分子生物學三方面之觀察與實驗，期能得到一可生產特定酵素之菌種，且具耐高溫之抗逆境能力。對其酵素進行定性，並嘗試轉殖出相關基因，使之可大量表現。目前已篩選出一種可生產多種酵素之菌種〔依其採集地點暫稱WL-A12〕經菌種鑑定為Bacillus subtilis WL-A12。藉由菌落檢測法以及Zymogram 的方式做酵素分析，並以電導轉形等技術，希望能成功轉至E. coli 上表現。另外，也對該菌種作了一些基本微生物方面的觀察〔如需氧情況、最適生長溫度〕。We isolated enzyme-producing thermophilic bacteria from hot springs near downriver of Nan-shi, Wulai, Taipei (北縣烏來南勢溪). Through microbiological, biochemistry and molecular biological analyses, a multiple enzyme-producing Bacillus subtilis strain, designated WLA12, has been isolated. The growth condition of WLA12 was observed. Using basic colony assay and zymogram analysis (gel electrophoresis) to observe the expressed enzymes, molecular weight and gene size of the enzymes were revealed. With comparison to E. coli control strain, the related enzymes were only found in WLA12. To express the Bacillus genes in E. coli, molecular cloning and gene transformation via electroporation was carried out.
聽音辨位--聲波的測量應用
本實驗設計主要是以波的傳送速度(特別是聲波)，以及接收收到的時間值來做實驗、運算、討論。而其特點是為了應用於實際生活中，做了許多異於平常測量方法的設計。主要是使用時間差(｜t1–t2｜V=發聲器到兩感應器的距離差 )來消彌掉一般測量時，需要採取同步的條件，說明如下：
1. 由以上的圖中，t1’ = T + t1 為實際由感應器開始感應到感應器#1 接收到訊號的時間；同理，t2’ = T + t2 為實際由開始感應到感應器#2 接收到訊號的時間。而T 為感應器開始感應到發聲器開始發聲的的時間(之後的 T 皆為如此)。由以下式子得知：
｜t1’ - t2’｜=｜( T + t1 ) - ( T + t2 ) ｜=｜t1 - t2｜及為本實驗所需的時間差。利用減法將T 消除，便及為發聲器與感應器不必採取同步，此為本實驗目標以及優點之一。
2. 之後的公式推導中，實際由感應器開始感應到感應器接收到訊號的時間中，表示為t1、t2、t3……以此類推。
像是市面上販售的反射式測距器由於其直線性的限制，在我們可負擔的情況下，就只能做一維的測量，而在本實驗中，我們使用多個感應器，而可測量至二、三維空間，並使測出的物體由相對位置轉為絕對位置。再加上正在計劃中的測量儀器改良與自製，例如利用電腦的音效卡接上麥克風或是其他感測器，以及電子零件、電路的組合與設計。而在於一般的實際應用面上可配合工業的破壞性檢測，甚至是橋樑的斷裂處、各種振源的測量，亦或是人員的搶救，都應有不錯的效果與利用價值。
1.The major design of experiment is to spot the location of an object by experiment, calculating and discussing of such figures like the transmission speed of the waver (especially sound wave), plus time value of the receptor and so on to get the result. 2.In practice, the ordinary measuring method has to be implemented under the circumstance of synchrony: however, the distinguishing characteristic in the experiment is to overcome such restriction with the use of the “time lapse” concept. 3.The reflecting measuring instrument on the market is limited by its “straight-line characteristic.” Instead, we use multiple sensors to spot the absolute location of an object in its 1-D, 2-D, 3-D form. 4.We have now been working on the improvements of the measuring instruments, for instance, using sound cards to connect to the microphone to make a new sensor; also, the redesign and combination of other electric parts and circuits are also under construction. 5. We plan to apply the experiment not only in spotting the location of an object but also in further spotting the location of vibration coming from various objects (e.g. in the use of rescue).
誰能比我更善變???~ 釩鎵磷酸鹽的合成及其結構鑑定
This research tries to find out how changes of weight or proportion of a reactor would affect the type and structure of a crystal. In the experiment, the Hydrothermal reaction was adopted to conduct the syntheses of Vanadium-substituted Gallium Phosphates and try to pick up the single crystal to collect data with SXRD for further illustrating the crystal structure with diamond software to know well its nature. The research result finds out a new type of crystal unseen in the existing literature produced because of the weight changes of C3H10N2, therefore the weight change of a reactor may affect the structure of crystal significantly. In the future, it is expectation that comparison among structures of other Vanadium-Substituted Gallium Phosphates can be made, and the properties of this compound can be measured, and try to find out a brand new type of structure for new exploration by changing the initial reagent.
本研究係透過改變化合物所添加之反應物的比例，以了解反應物比例的改變對晶體的型態與結構的影響。實驗採用中溫水熱反應來從事金屬釩鎵磷酸鹽的合成。並挑取單晶，以X-ray 繞射儀進行數據收集，再以diamond 軟體繪出晶體的結構圖，且進一步得知其性質。研究結果發現，經改變丙二胺的量後，產生不同於文獻上的新化合物，可知改變所加反應物的比例，對於晶體結構有相當大的影響。未來可朝向與其他的釩鎵磷酸鹽做結構上的比較、對此化合物做更進一步的性質測量、改變起始試劑測試，進而得到更新穎的結構形式等部分進行探究。