NO.62-02 2023 APR | 科學研習期刊目錄 本期專題 Sci-Talk生物多樣性專題 蛙類鳴叫多樣性與腹斑蛙的聲音溝通 | 莊銘豐 你藻類了嗎？ | 王瑋龍 嗨！存款還夠用嗎？氣候變遷與生物多樣性 | 趙榮台 教學現場 四個以人體生理反應為主題的科學探究活動 | 蔡任圃 我們一起探究的「昆蟲奇妙世界」 | 張慧娟 科學新知 風從哪裡來？ | 王嘉琪 捕捉星動的瞬間~臺灣第一個全自動巡天望遠鏡：星瞬望遠鏡RIFT | 金若蘭、李君樂 特約專欄 優質科學圖書及科學教育推手—AAAS／Subaru SB&F科學圖書卓越獎 | 劉淑雯、黃譯平 森棚教官數學題──鳩佔鵲巢 | 游森棚 科普活動報導 國小生活領域課程融入原子能線上科普活動之實踐 | 黃真瑱、蘇萬生 科教館GO好玩 ＜國立臺灣科學教育館＞科學新知充電站：Sci-Talk大眾科學講堂－生物多樣性專題 | 楊正澤 總召集人的話 如果我們有九千萬能做些甚麼？那接龍的人給了非常多的創意，科學背景的跟傳播背景的創意又截然不同，先來看看這有趣的接龍。九千萬僅能買1棟北市百坪豪宅，或者3部麥拉倫頂級跑車，卻能辦理30-45年的（以2018或2019年狀態及規模）科普環島列車、提供1000位高齡者安養3個月（3萬／月）、1000個家庭托嬰300小時（300元／時）、1000個小朋友吃營養午餐吃5年（50元／人／餐）、雙北1000個小朋友去安親班6個月（15000／月）、1000位大學生一年學雜費（9萬／年）、1500萬顆雞蛋、偏鄉學生到科博館單日服務25714所、連續十個月每天搭阿聯酋航空來回台北紐約（30萬／次）、搭高鐵來回高雄台北30000次（3000／次）…。當我們有機會手中握有好的資源時，我們要思考有許多資源不平均的地方，我們要思考到科學平權，我們要思考到被光鮮亮麗表象所遮掩的資源缺乏之窮人們。從公眾理解科學的角度來看，許多的做為是要讓公眾理解進行科學研究的重要，值得將所繳的稅金投入科學研究。這一期的內容很生物，以細胞的數目來說，動輒十億百億的，那上面的九千萬則不足為奇。那我們跟生物有甚麼不同？大小不同？傳遞訊息的手段不同？執行決策的手段不同？ 生物多樣性專題有三篇文章。蛙鳴此起彼落，蛙蛙間如何溝通？如何吵架？如何談情說愛？生物之間有哪些溝通方式？聲？光？電？味覺？還是有哪些我們沒用過或不知道的溝通方法？為什麼研究學者要研究蛙鳴比鳥叫容易呢？聲音的大小聲、高低音跟發聲結構有關？跟健康程度有關嗎？求偶時又該有何策略呢？策略一定是跟蛙類的生存及永續有關。蛙鳴聲有十二種分類，從防禦、激進到繁殖叫聲，甚至被咬住時也有不同的聲音。從聲音溝通到互動都離不開生物的本能。莊銘豐老師在〈蛙類鳴叫多樣性與腹斑蛙的聲音溝通〉一文中為您解密。藻類的尺寸從很小的藍綠菌到很大的昆布海帶，橫跨數個數量級。藻類摸起來為什麼會很滑？ 藻類在碳捕捉或是碳封存（CCS）扮演甚麼角色？ 小黑蚊（臺灣鋏蠓，俗稱小黑蚊、黑微仔、雨微仔、烏微仔、小金剛）跟藻類又有何關係？藻類是歸屬為動物還是植物？ 石頭長毛、地上青苔，這面有藻類的身形嗎？ 藻類非常多樣，又像植物會行光合作用，又像動物會移動，是不是無所不在？每天吃的用的腳踩著的都有機會有藻類跟您驚奇相遇；如果說認識藻類可以賺大錢，那閱讀王瑋龍老師〈你藻類了嗎？〉這篇文章就是賺大錢的開始。總統已經宣誓2030年淨零排放，以我們習慣現在地球上的生活方式，我們的存款還夠用嗎？ 環境、自然資源的赤字如何弭補？ 我們若要把環境赤字補回來，就得趕快投資自然，特別是生物多樣性。生物多樣性爲什麼會衰退，甚至流失呢？氣候變遷是一個很重大的影響因子。趙榮台老師〈嗨！存款還夠用嗎？氣候變遷與生物多樣性〉提出個人要如此做：BE SMART，才能盡個人之力有所貢獻去保護、修復、永續管理生物多樣性及因應氣候變遷。 教學現場有兩篇文章。蔡任圃老師在〈四個以人體生理反應為主題的科學探究活動〉一文中把探究實作教學的壓箱寶跟大家分享，許多的探究變因，有機會轉移，或是在參與學生的搞怪之下，有機會成為新的探索模組，這是年輕學生要參加的原因。「為了培養具科學素養的國民，科學教育已從知識累積與精熟練習，轉變成以邏輯思辯、解決問題與自學創造等能力作為培訓的目標。」是非常契合的一句話，值得參考學習。東華附小張慧娟在〈我們一起探究的昆蟲奇妙世界〉一文中分享如何讓昆蟲進入教室？學生會不會害怕？要先思考，有具體的思考才有後續的親身接觸，有親身體驗，才有真正的學習；有了引導，才有機會深入學習；張老師分享整個課程的規劃設計，甚至到教師共備課程都值得大家品味。 科學新知有兩篇文章。氣壓梯度→力→會推動空氣移動→便產生風；風是如何生成的？這是個很不錯的議題；我們每天清風拂面，習慣它的存在，總該找個機會探究風的生成；王嘉琪老師〈風從哪裡來〉從時間軸向說明科學發展的歷程，從早期天動說、地動說，亞里斯多德的天象論，風的解釋及成因都逐漸發展中；托里切利及帕斯卡的研究更是歷程艱辛才得以有今日我們學習的理論基礎；科氏力更是讓研究開展至氣象領域；王老師的結語寫得很棒，其中「我們學習的現代科學，來的並不是那麼理所當然」是我很欣賞的一句話。看星星是個很悠閒的事情，也是個很優雅的動作；但實際研究工作上需要長時間的觀測，又因為天體運轉不息，需要有個全自動巡天望遠鏡，特別是重力波的觀測。但是重力波不是電磁波，為什麼要用可見光的來觀測呢？文中有提到重力波的成因，透過因果的說明才能知道為何需要RIFT。然而甚麼是RIFT？ 它僅僅是為了重力波觀測而產生的嗎？金若蘭老師、李君樂老師在〈捕捉星動的瞬間臺灣第一個全自動巡天望遠鏡：星瞬望遠鏡RIFT〉一文中，為您解開優雅觀測的背後。 特約專欄有兩篇文章。劉淑雯老師〈優質科學圖書及科學教育推手—AAAS／Subaru SB&F科學圖書卓越獎〉文章中介紹美國科學促進協會（AAAS）這個長期推動科學教育且卓有成效的單位，雯子老師為文推薦介紹AAAS／Subaru SB&F 科學圖書卓越獎與評選方式，兒童科學圖畫書為其中一種獎項。自2006-2022每年獲獎的圖書繪本在雯子老師的文章中都有介紹，值得品味，也值得去買書或是借書來閱讀。游森棚老師〈鳩佔鵲巢〉讓你非常有想像及情境的餵食秀，在基本的數學規則下，如何排列及如何餵食才能讓每隻小喜鵲都吃到但是鳩吃不到？ 〈國小生活領域課程融入原子能線上科普活動之實踐〉一文中，國小使用線上是很不得已的事情，然而原子能的特殊性也讓線上科普是個必然必要。透過線上科普植入光影好好玩之中，在開心的氣氛下，讓學生理解能源問題。黃真瑱老師及蘇萬生老師兩位作者應該是在現場共同授課才會有文中具體的成效。 大家是否有發現2022年起，科教館有個大眾科學講堂Sci-Talk，裡面的靈魂人物是中興大學楊正澤教授，〈科學新知充電站Sci-Talk大眾科學講堂──生物多樣性專題〉一文訴說他整個規劃的心路歷程，思考主流，每一場的饗宴都是生物相關，主持人也是生物學家，串場功夫一流，邏輯清晰是大家要學習的。 總召編輯委員 - 李旺龍 關於本刊 出版單位：國立臺灣科學教育館 發行人：劉火欽 總召集人：李旺龍 編輯委員： 物理科吳仲卿/余進忠/戴明鳳/朱慶琪 | 化學科古建國/王伯昌/林如章/周金城/黃琴扉 | 生物科王美芬/蕭世輝/張育傑/辛懷梓/郭淑妙 | 地球科學許民陽/王郁軒/謝隆欽/盧孟明 科技科張玉山/汪殿杰/林育沖/徐新逸 | 數學科李源順/游森棚/嚴志弘/高欣欣 | 跨領域學科李名揚/劉淑雯/吳 嫻/李芝瑜/王淑音 | 特約專欄 游森棚/黃琴扉/陳正改/劉淑雯 策劃：李耕雲 主編：吳中益 本月專題特約主編：楊正澤 編輯：佟冠誼/林博雅 網頁設計編輯：施曉恬 投稿規範請來信詢問：article@mail.ntsec.gov.tw

This study considered the tensile and flexural characterization of new lighter and cheaper hybrid composite materials to replace the existing insert panel for the currently available bulletproof vest. The materials chosen included a natural fibre, i.e., kenaf fibre, chemically treated with sodium hydroxide solution, and, as a means of recycling, used x-ray films with a surface treatment. Using the traditional hand lay-up method, the materials were fabricated into seven layers of different configurations, which were then subjected to tensile and flexural tests. The findings showed that one of the configurations that consisted of both treated materials had a tensile strength of 396.9M Pa, which is quite strong, and a flexural modulus of 6.24G Pa, which makes it flexible enough to be made into wearable equipment. This configuration was then chosen to be the base design for the specimen subjected to impact test. The interfacial bond between the two distinct materials proved to be a major issue, even with the help of fibre treatment. Therefore, some improvements need to be made for the material to be comparable to existing materials performance-wise hence making this configuration suitable for ballistic application.

消費者面對同類性質之高低價兩商品，當低價商品從原價降至零元，而高價商品同時等量降價時，消費者對低價商品之偏好將顯著增加，此現象稱為「零元效應」，因確定性效應、損失規避及稟賦效應造成。故本研究目的驗證零元效應的強度與成因，並實驗零元效應在不同消費領域、族群是否皆成立；設計不同族群受試者、實驗情況及品項分類，進行零元效應的極限測試。實驗具兩階段，形式分實際購買實驗及選擇實驗進行，其中皆設計各種變項之實驗組，對照其差異。實驗結果使用Wilcoxon 等級和檢定，並與 Dan Ariely (2007) 實驗結果進行比較，發現其差異不大；而在零元效應的極限方面發現除「必需品」外，其他品項皆存在零元效應，且受試者性別、年齡、地區不影響零元效應之強度。

Nine years ago, the Great East 日本 Earthquake caused the spread of a large amount of radioactive materials. Even now, the amount of contaminated water is increasing at a rate of 180 tons per day, and it is said that the storage tanks for the contaminated water will run out of space in the next two years (Fig. 1). If the contaminated water is discharged into the ocean, it will cause reputational damage to the fishing industry, and the environmental pollution. We are conducting to research to prevent it from happening. In the wake of the nuclear accident, the senior started water quality surveys at Chaya Marsh near the school. During the survey, they found (Chara braunii, Fig. 2), (Nitella axilliformis, Fig. 3), Closterium moniliferum (Fig. 4), and (Nostoc commune, Fig. 5).

This underwater remote operating vehicle (ROV) is designed with and without tethered operation. The operator can control the ROV from the real time first-person view in graphical user interface combined with sonar and object detection function when the tether is attached to perform search and rescue. The control tether with fiber optic lighting cable establishes a guided link medium between the possible search victim location and the rescue team. When the tether is detached, rapid deployment by a predefined set of instruction to achieve further operation range. The intelligent technologies of signal processing were used for object recognition, collision detection and sonar scanning data to enhance underwater operation. Autonomous driving is based on software development with limited capability to run in unrestricted open areas. We have achieved the design intent and confirmed the performance data in the laboratory boundary conditions.

The entry of nutrients into the environment can cause the creation of eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems. One of the methods of removing nutrients from effluents is the use of algae. Algal purification is a new and inexpensive technology for this purpose. The present study investigated the rate of cell growth and nutrient removal of urban wastewater in Bandar Abbas in winter 2020 by the Chlorella vulgaris microalgae in the phycolab of Fisheries Research. Treatments with different dilutions (0%, 25%, 50% and 75%) were prepared; in addition, specific growth rate, cell density and removal efficiency of phosphate, nitrate, nitrite were examined during a 14 day period with initial constant density (1×10⁶ cells / ml ) of microalgae. The results indicated that 0% and 75% dilution had the highest and lowest cell densities (8.675×10⁶ and 56.633×10⁶), respectively; moreover, they had the specific growth rate (0.166 and 0.311). Furthermore, there was a significant difference between them (P≥ 0.05). The highest nitrate and nitrite removal efficiencies were -40.75 and -79.84 in effluent dilution of 50%; in addition, the lowest were 1.26 and -40.26 in dilution of 75% and 25% respectively. Phosphate had the highest removal efficiency at 0% dilution with a mean of -79.65 that showed a significant difference with the lowest at 25% dilution (P≥ 0.05). Therefore, high or low levels of nutrients can affect the removal efficiency and growth rate of microalgae.

Our oceans, coasts, and estuaries are home to diverse living things. These organisms take many forms, from the tiniest single-celled plankton to the largest animal on Earth, the blue whale. Understanding the life cycles, habits, habitats, and inter-relationships of marine life contributes to our understanding of the planet as a whole. Human influence and reliance on these species, as well as changing environmental conditions, will determine the future health of these marine inhabitants Humans influence the whole environment even if they don’t notice , the growth of men and our increasing reproduction over the years results to an over consumption of nutritious products , which makes us exploit the wildlife more and more and in the same time take parts of its habitats for us to life in and throwing our non-needed materials in what’s left of the world. And that’s a big problem because the Eco-System was just fine before we started over exploiting it in a greedy and unreasonable manner, and since the ecosystem’s parts are related altogether in an ongoing circle , the absence or the destruction of one part of It may lead to the unbalance and even destruction of the whole organized system. And that’s why as humans, it is our first duty to take care of nature generally and both fauna and flora specifically, not because of a moral code of some kind; but to protect Humanity from ourselves, and to preserve the human kind from destruction and extinction. And that’s the main goal of our project, that’s to help us organize our fishing exploitative activities with how much can the environment handle from it.

About 15% of the world's population lives with some form of disability, of whom 2-4% experience significant difficulties in functioning. The global disability prevalence is higher than previous WHO estimates, which date from the 1970s and suggested a figure of around 10%. This global estimate for disability is on the rise due to population ageing and the rapid spread of chronic diseases, as well as improvements in the methodologies used to measure disability. This research deals specifically with the physically disabled and often people with physical disabilities feel frustrated because they cannot do activities such as: playing sports and doing exercise. Having a physical disability also changes the way a person lives their life. They may find their life changes and activities they had previously included as part of their daily routine such as brushing their teeth, washing and doing household chores suddenly become a huge effort and many people require another person's help to carry out these activities. Also, they suffer from three basic challenges like; education, economic and, communication. Firstly, Education: The results of the investigation revealed that the physically handicapped. They face a lot of problems while studying they can't learn as the normal ones and they needs someone to help in learning. Secondly, Economic: they can't work and achieve income to help in his practical life. And finally Communication: they can't communicate with others because of his disability.

Plants are potential low-cost alternatives for cancer treatment. Rubus fraxinifolius or “sapinit” has been found to possess phytochemicals with anti-cancer potential. This project aimed to evaluate the antiangiogenic properties of methanolic R. fraxinifolius fruit crude extracts through the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Through phytochemical screening, leucoanthocyanins, phenols, and tannins were detected. For the CAM assay, 10, 20, and 30 μg/μL extracts, distilled water, methanol, and retinoic acid were applied on 60 ten-day-old chicken eggs. The CAM photographs were analyzed using ImageJ Software. The mean percent inhibitions (MPI) of total length and vascular density from both analyses were subjected to One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The ANOVA for the MPI of total length, followed by a Tukey post hoc test, show that only retinoic acid treatment has significantly higher MPI (p = 0.0010). Meanwhile, the results for the MPI of vascular density show no significant differences between all groups (p = 0.1630). It is possible that the concentrations used in the study may not be the concentrations needed to achieve optimal antiangiogenesis. The results may also be due to the absence of phytochemicals that exhibit significant antiangiogenic properties such as alkaloids. Lower concentrations and isolated phytochemicals may also be tested.

複雜蜃景(Fata Morgana)專指擁有多重影像的特殊上蜃景，形成於高緯度海面上，也是「飛行荷蘭人」的主要成因。本研究主要藉由探討介質折射率梯度變化與觀察者高度位置等變因，釐清複雜蜃景形成與觀察的最佳條件。藉由控制高濃度糖水溶液擴散形成的密度梯度，我們在六十公分的水缸中重建出形成複雜蜃景的環境，主要是因為糖水溶液中的折射率梯度遠大於海面上空氣的逆溫梯度所造成之折射率變化。為了進一步解析光在複雜折射率介質中之行進模式，我們以綠雷射光入射糖溶液，在側向以相機紀錄光的行進軌跡，分析探討其折射現象。我們同時利用相機觀察放置於水缸另一側的模型船，藉以觀察實際蜃景的形成與演化。本研究中我們另發展一套光軌跡的模擬程式，以協助實驗的進行與驗證實驗的成果。藉由實驗與理論模擬相互映證，充分探討複雜蜃景的成像與形成的最佳條件。

紅瓶豬籠草的捕蟲構造是由膨大後的葉柄固定在莖上，再由葉柄下凸的維管束及扁平處的維管束內縮向前端延伸發育成籠蔓，緊接著籠蔓的前端再膨大並經由細胞凋亡特化出類圓筒型、封閉的「空心葉」，最後特化出無柄腺鑲嵌在內層細胞上負責分泌、消化、吸收。無柄腺旁的原生質絲直徑較一般植物大5-10倍，幫助吸收。由於籠蓋不能閉合，下雨天時籠內物質容易傾倒，豬籠草演化出「來者不拒」的捕食策略。除了紅色食用色素和無機物以外，不管是含氮物、水溶性、酯溶性小分子皆吸收，甚至連蔗糖及大分子的澱粉、蛋白質，都以耗能的胞吞作用吸收，這與捕蠅草只吸收小分子的含氮物質及酯溶性的物質不同。而懸吊捕蟲籠的籠蔓，可以比自身重35倍的超強支撐力，維持捕蟲籠開口向上不傾倒溢出，保持較高的自然盛載量，提升捕食競爭力。

This study focuses on the pre-treatment of paper sludge ash (PSA) as a by-product of paper milling industry that contains high amount of calcium, yet low in silica. The presence of high calcium content in geopolymer system will accelerate the setting time of fresh geopolymer and may disrupt the development of its mechanical strength. Therefore, in this study, the refinement of PSA properties was conducted by treating raw PSA in hydrochloric acid solution with different molarities of 0.5 M, 1.0 M and 2.0 M. The pre-treatment process was mainly purposed to decrease the amount of calcium and other impurities through leaching mechanism. Based on the experimental results, 2.0 M hydrochloric acid solution (HCl) was determined as the optimum concentration due to its ability in removing higher amount of calcium from the ash, yet still able to increase the amount of silica. Compression test on the hardened properties of geopolymer specimen also showed the deceleration of fresh fly ash based geopolymer and produced a more workable fresh geopolymer.