Pedicle probes are medical devices used by surgeons during spinal fusions for patients with conditions such as scoliosis and spinal fractures. The probe creates pilot holes to guide the placement of pedicle screws in vertebrae. The screws are then connected with a metal rod to stabilize the spine. Twenty-nine percent of patients who undergo spinal fusions suffer from vertebral breaches – accidental damage to the spinal cord – which cause complications such as infection, motor defects, and in many cases paralysis. My goal was to make spinal fusions safer by redesigning the pedicle probe to provide surgeons with instantaneous feedback on the probe’s location, enabling them to more accurately place pedicle screws. The pedicle probe I developed takes advantage of the difference in density between the inner cancellous (spongy) bone and the outer cortical (compact) bone found in vertebrae. Cortical bone is avoided by monitoring the cannulation force – the force required to insert the probe. When the probe contacts denser cortical tissue, it warns the user by providing tactile and visual feedback through a vibration motor and an LED. This enables the surgeon to redirect the probe and advance down the optimum path, preventing a possible breach. It proved successful in preventing breaches on lamb vertebrae, which closely resemble human vertebrae. This novel device improves feedback to the surgeon and eliminates the need for costly and potentially harmful ionizing radiation exposure. Furthermore, it does not depend on, or require, any preoperative imaging. The cost of manufacturing the improved probe is less than $42 USD (NT$1297). Results of patent searches for 加拿大, the 美國, and Europe suggest that the redesigned probe is unique in predicting and preventing breaches in spinal fusions based on predetermined force threshold values. The probe is also unique in enabling personalized procedures in spinal fusions for those with complications, through calibrating a control (force) limit based on tissue samples prior to the procedure. Enhancing a surgeon’s ability to determine an appropriate path for pedicle screws through a sensor-enabled probe has the potential to significantly reduce the incidence of vertebral breaches during spinal fusion surgery.

The purpose of this project are 1)To study the relationship between global warming and acid rain with chemical model and mathematics model from temperature changing and pH of carbonic acid. 2) To create a pH measurement tool of carbonic acid in gaseous state.3) To study the impact of human activities in Loei province that affect to the relationship between global warming and acid rain. The procedures are 1)Do an experiment for studying the relationship between temperature changing and pH of carbonic acid. 2) Proof the mathematics model by using the result of experiment, the chemical reaction equation of carbonic acid solution. 3)Create a pH measurement tool of Carbonic acid by using Arduino and sensor with new formula in the computer program. 4) Using a pH measurement tool of Carbonic acid for studying impact of human activities in Loei province including industrial area, agricultural area, tourism area and forest area. The result of the mathematical model of the relationship between temperature changing and pH of carbonic acid is in form of Cubic equation in Equilibrium state and STP state. (Standard condition for Temperature and Pressure) So, we found that in this state has pH of carbonic acid is about 5.644. When the temperature rises up the effect of rainfall has a lower pH of carbonic acid solution. We also proof the new formula that create a pH measurement tool of Carbonic acid in gaseous state. The impact of human activities in Loei province found that the areas most affected by acid rain are the industrial areas, agricultural areas, tourism areas and forest areas respectively. In conclusion, when the temperature rises, it will dissolve acid solutions in the water on the earth. The loss of [H+] made the pH increases and the greenhouse gases become more atmospheric. These gases are more likely to react with atmospheric vapor. When these vapor form a cloud and condensation falls as rain, the rainfall has a lower pH, that is, global warming can result in the phenomenon of acid rain is greater.

Water treatment is considered as one of the top research priorities in Saudi Arabia. It has been reported by World Health Organization that, 50,000 people die every day from diseases caused by contaminated water. This research attempts to degrade organic pollutants present in wastewater by using Graphene Oxide synthesized from Saudi natural source. Physical activation of date pits was carried out by carbonizing the samples at different temperatures to produce active carbon. Hammer’s method was employed for the purpose of Graphene Oxide production. The resulted Graphene Oxide has been characterized using FT-Raman, XRD and SEM techniques. Methylene Blue (MB) dye was used as a model organic pollutants to examine the ability of Graphene with the aid of a microwave-system to remove such pollutants. A modified domestic MS furnace with a variable power was used to supply microwave energy. The MB solution 2.5x10-6M was mixed with 0.1gm of Graphene Oxide. The applied microwave power was ranged between 100 to 700 W and the time was set between 0 to 12 minutes. The samples were centrifuged and then filtered through a millipore filter to remove the Graphene Oxide dispersed particles. It is found that, 98% of the initial concentration of MB is removed effectively within 12 minutes under microwave power of 500 W. Chemical oxygen demand is shifted from 450 to 87 mg/L while biological oxygen demand was decreased from 270 to 12.8 mg/L which indicating the degradation of organic constituents. This method can be used for water purification from organic pollutants.

NO.62-02 2023 APR | 科學研習期刊目錄 本期專題 Sci-Talk生物多樣性專題 蛙類鳴叫多樣性與腹斑蛙的聲音溝通 | 莊銘豐 你藻類了嗎？ | 王瑋龍 嗨！存款還夠用嗎？氣候變遷與生物多樣性 | 趙榮台 教學現場 四個以人體生理反應為主題的科學探究活動 | 蔡任圃 我們一起探究的「昆蟲奇妙世界」 | 張慧娟 科學新知 風從哪裡來？ | 王嘉琪 捕捉星動的瞬間~臺灣第一個全自動巡天望遠鏡：星瞬望遠鏡RIFT | 金若蘭、李君樂 特約專欄 優質科學圖書及科學教育推手—AAAS／Subaru SB&F科學圖書卓越獎 | 劉淑雯、黃譯平 森棚教官數學題──鳩佔鵲巢 | 游森棚 科普活動報導 國小生活領域課程融入原子能線上科普活動之實踐 | 黃真瑱、蘇萬生 科教館GO好玩 ＜國立臺灣科學教育館＞科學新知充電站：Sci-Talk大眾科學講堂－生物多樣性專題 | 楊正澤 總召集人的話 如果我們有九千萬能做些甚麼？那接龍的人給了非常多的創意，科學背景的跟傳播背景的創意又截然不同，先來看看這有趣的接龍。九千萬僅能買1棟北市百坪豪宅，或者3部麥拉倫頂級跑車，卻能辦理30-45年的（以2018或2019年狀態及規模）科普環島列車、提供1000位高齡者安養3個月（3萬／月）、1000個家庭托嬰300小時（300元／時）、1000個小朋友吃營養午餐吃5年（50元／人／餐）、雙北1000個小朋友去安親班6個月（15000／月）、1000位大學生一年學雜費（9萬／年）、1500萬顆雞蛋、偏鄉學生到科博館單日服務25714所、連續十個月每天搭阿聯酋航空來回台北紐約（30萬／次）、搭高鐵來回高雄台北30000次（3000／次）…。當我們有機會手中握有好的資源時，我們要思考有許多資源不平均的地方，我們要思考到科學平權，我們要思考到被光鮮亮麗表象所遮掩的資源缺乏之窮人們。從公眾理解科學的角度來看，許多的做為是要讓公眾理解進行科學研究的重要，值得將所繳的稅金投入科學研究。這一期的內容很生物，以細胞的數目來說，動輒十億百億的，那上面的九千萬則不足為奇。那我們跟生物有甚麼不同？大小不同？傳遞訊息的手段不同？執行決策的手段不同？ 生物多樣性專題有三篇文章。蛙鳴此起彼落，蛙蛙間如何溝通？如何吵架？如何談情說愛？生物之間有哪些溝通方式？聲？光？電？味覺？還是有哪些我們沒用過或不知道的溝通方法？為什麼研究學者要研究蛙鳴比鳥叫容易呢？聲音的大小聲、高低音跟發聲結構有關？跟健康程度有關嗎？求偶時又該有何策略呢？策略一定是跟蛙類的生存及永續有關。蛙鳴聲有十二種分類，從防禦、激進到繁殖叫聲，甚至被咬住時也有不同的聲音。從聲音溝通到互動都離不開生物的本能。莊銘豐老師在〈蛙類鳴叫多樣性與腹斑蛙的聲音溝通〉一文中為您解密。藻類的尺寸從很小的藍綠菌到很大的昆布海帶，橫跨數個數量級。藻類摸起來為什麼會很滑？ 藻類在碳捕捉或是碳封存（CCS）扮演甚麼角色？ 小黑蚊（臺灣鋏蠓，俗稱小黑蚊、黑微仔、雨微仔、烏微仔、小金剛）跟藻類又有何關係？藻類是歸屬為動物還是植物？ 石頭長毛、地上青苔，這面有藻類的身形嗎？ 藻類非常多樣，又像植物會行光合作用，又像動物會移動，是不是無所不在？每天吃的用的腳踩著的都有機會有藻類跟您驚奇相遇；如果說認識藻類可以賺大錢，那閱讀王瑋龍老師〈你藻類了嗎？〉這篇文章就是賺大錢的開始。總統已經宣誓2030年淨零排放，以我們習慣現在地球上的生活方式，我們的存款還夠用嗎？ 環境、自然資源的赤字如何弭補？ 我們若要把環境赤字補回來，就得趕快投資自然，特別是生物多樣性。生物多樣性爲什麼會衰退，甚至流失呢？氣候變遷是一個很重大的影響因子。趙榮台老師〈嗨！存款還夠用嗎？氣候變遷與生物多樣性〉提出個人要如此做：BE SMART，才能盡個人之力有所貢獻去保護、修復、永續管理生物多樣性及因應氣候變遷。 教學現場有兩篇文章。蔡任圃老師在〈四個以人體生理反應為主題的科學探究活動〉一文中把探究實作教學的壓箱寶跟大家分享，許多的探究變因，有機會轉移，或是在參與學生的搞怪之下，有機會成為新的探索模組，這是年輕學生要參加的原因。「為了培養具科學素養的國民，科學教育已從知識累積與精熟練習，轉變成以邏輯思辯、解決問題與自學創造等能力作為培訓的目標。」是非常契合的一句話，值得參考學習。東華附小張慧娟在〈我們一起探究的昆蟲奇妙世界〉一文中分享如何讓昆蟲進入教室？學生會不會害怕？要先思考，有具體的思考才有後續的親身接觸，有親身體驗，才有真正的學習；有了引導，才有機會深入學習；張老師分享整個課程的規劃設計，甚至到教師共備課程都值得大家品味。 科學新知有兩篇文章。氣壓梯度→力→會推動空氣移動→便產生風；風是如何生成的？這是個很不錯的議題；我們每天清風拂面，習慣它的存在，總該找個機會探究風的生成；王嘉琪老師〈風從哪裡來〉從時間軸向說明科學發展的歷程，從早期天動說、地動說，亞里斯多德的天象論，風的解釋及成因都逐漸發展中；托里切利及帕斯卡的研究更是歷程艱辛才得以有今日我們學習的理論基礎；科氏力更是讓研究開展至氣象領域；王老師的結語寫得很棒，其中「我們學習的現代科學，來的並不是那麼理所當然」是我很欣賞的一句話。看星星是個很悠閒的事情，也是個很優雅的動作；但實際研究工作上需要長時間的觀測，又因為天體運轉不息，需要有個全自動巡天望遠鏡，特別是重力波的觀測。但是重力波不是電磁波，為什麼要用可見光的來觀測呢？文中有提到重力波的成因，透過因果的說明才能知道為何需要RIFT。然而甚麼是RIFT？ 它僅僅是為了重力波觀測而產生的嗎？金若蘭老師、李君樂老師在〈捕捉星動的瞬間臺灣第一個全自動巡天望遠鏡：星瞬望遠鏡RIFT〉一文中，為您解開優雅觀測的背後。 特約專欄有兩篇文章。劉淑雯老師〈優質科學圖書及科學教育推手—AAAS／Subaru SB&F科學圖書卓越獎〉文章中介紹美國科學促進協會（AAAS）這個長期推動科學教育且卓有成效的單位，雯子老師為文推薦介紹AAAS／Subaru SB&F 科學圖書卓越獎與評選方式，兒童科學圖畫書為其中一種獎項。自2006-2022每年獲獎的圖書繪本在雯子老師的文章中都有介紹，值得品味，也值得去買書或是借書來閱讀。游森棚老師〈鳩佔鵲巢〉讓你非常有想像及情境的餵食秀，在基本的數學規則下，如何排列及如何餵食才能讓每隻小喜鵲都吃到但是鳩吃不到？ 〈國小生活領域課程融入原子能線上科普活動之實踐〉一文中，國小使用線上是很不得已的事情，然而原子能的特殊性也讓線上科普是個必然必要。透過線上科普植入光影好好玩之中，在開心的氣氛下，讓學生理解能源問題。黃真瑱老師及蘇萬生老師兩位作者應該是在現場共同授課才會有文中具體的成效。 大家是否有發現2022年起，科教館有個大眾科學講堂Sci-Talk，裡面的靈魂人物是中興大學楊正澤教授，〈科學新知充電站Sci-Talk大眾科學講堂──生物多樣性專題〉一文訴說他整個規劃的心路歷程，思考主流，每一場的饗宴都是生物相關，主持人也是生物學家，串場功夫一流，邏輯清晰是大家要學習的。 總召編輯委員 - 李旺龍 關於本刊 出版單位：國立臺灣科學教育館 發行人：劉火欽 總召集人：李旺龍 編輯委員： 物理科吳仲卿/余進忠/戴明鳳/朱慶琪 | 化學科古建國/王伯昌/林如章/周金城/黃琴扉 | 生物科王美芬/蕭世輝/張育傑/辛懷梓/郭淑妙 | 地球科學許民陽/王郁軒/謝隆欽/盧孟明 科技科張玉山/汪殿杰/林育沖/徐新逸 | 數學科李源順/游森棚/嚴志弘/高欣欣 | 跨領域學科李名揚/劉淑雯/吳 嫻/李芝瑜/王淑音 | 特約專欄 游森棚/黃琴扉/陳正改/劉淑雯 策劃：李耕雲 主編：吳中益 本月專題特約主編：楊正澤 編輯：佟冠誼/林博雅 網頁設計編輯：施曉恬 投稿規範請來信詢問：article@mail.ntsec.gov.tw

Visual impairment is a major global health problem. In 2017, WHO estimated that there were 253 million people worldwide with this ailment. According to the journal of the American Medical association, the prevalence of visual impairment in the Saudi population is 9.3%. Learning Braille by families of students with visual impairments remains a major obstacle, which precipitates several communication issues. Moreover, difficulties for the students themselves lie in learning braille with languages that include diacritical marks; consequently, affecting their academic progress. My main objective of this project is to help improving life quality of these individuals, and the focus is to advance their social productivity and adaptation. This was accomplished through creating a new simpler Arabic writing system using geometrical shapes. As a part of this project, fifteen participants with visual impairments were interviewed and tried this new writing system; two of them are adults between 25 and 40 years old while the rest are students from 9 to 17 years old. Additionally, 100 participants with visual impairments completed a survey. The data showed that students learned this system in two hours in comparison with students that mastered braille in a few months. This shows that this system is easier to learn and subsequently saves time and effort. The most important value added to this project is that diacritical marks were combined with the alphabet, thereby considerably reducing book sizes compared to Braille-written books. This project presents a novel system that helps people with visual impairments to increase their confidence and independence.

The 3D printer that we created is able to print objects out of concrete and is modular, so it can be assembled the way it is needed.

A simple and cheap bubble film experiment system was constructed by us. Although it is simple, it can observe the phenomenon similar to those observed in the wind tunnel system or PIV system. But because of gravity, bubble film become a little more complex. We programed some codes to analyze the data and showed bubble thickness is proportional to the Reynolds number. The low frequency sound can make bubble film rotate. And we also study the wing’s attack angle, from 0 to 75 degree with interval of 15 degree, discovering the 15 degree is the best flying attack angle.

This study completes an air vibration equation expressed wind speed slope and wind speed. First, preliminary experiments identified air vibrations when wind speed differences occurred over distance. Several air fans were connected in series and the rotational speed of the air fan was adjusted to vary the wind speed with distance. At this time, only certain pendulum oscillates during a particular wind speed slope. It was expected that the pendulum would shake because the frequency of the air due to the slope of the wind speed was equal to the natural frequency of the pendulum. In addition, relatively short pendulum swings in large wind speed slope, long pendulum swings in short wind speed slope. After calculating the natural frequency of the seasonal growth of fruit using the physical factors model, we experiment how resonant frequency was related with cone length, angular width, wind speed, velocity and secondary derivative. the actual experiment analyzed the natural frequency of the fruit and resonance from the air vibration as the linear function of the wind speed, velocity, and secondary derivative. The experiment determined that the pendulum of a specified number of frequencies resonated with a particular wind speed pattern. It is judged that the vibration of air is related to first derivative of wind speed depending on speed and distance. However, it is very difficult to express the flow of nonlinear fluids as a function of simple function, particularly the effects of air vibrations caused by wind speed second derivative, which appeared to be associated with forces. This is a task that needs to be solved through further research.

福島核災的發生，更凸顯能源的重要性；又因近年來廢熱總量不斷提升與全球能源需求量增加，本研究利用熱電晶片冷端與熱端的溫度差產生電的特性，將環境廢熱回收成為可用的電能。 本研究設計之可撓性熱電晶片成功改良傳統熱電晶片的兩點缺點；其一 : 傳統的硬式平板狀晶片無法配合不同環境空間而改變其外型，其二 : 硬式晶片的表面為陶瓷片，較易摔破導致晶片毀損，本研究之可撓性熱電晶片改良以往熱電晶片的陶瓷基板材料，改用具有可撓性的FCCL材料作為基板，因此可完整吸收表面彎曲物體的能源並將熱能轉換成電能。本研究之可撓式熱電晶片成功大幅降低熱電晶片之成本，有利於未來大量生產，成功應用人體體溫發電，同時也可利用Peltier效應，作為醫療用冷敷或熱敷之器材。

我們這個作品是先由在長方形中切割出正方形的研究著手，先研究出在平面中，在一個邊長為任意正整數的長方形中，如何找到在其中切割出正方形，但正方形的邊長為最大，而且正方形的個數為最少的方法和規則。 緊接著，我們更進一步想研究這個問題在長方體中的研究：在長方體三邊長a、b、c（a、b、c均為正整數）中，如何在其中切割出正立方體，每次切割出邊長為最大的正立方體，而且正方體的個數為最少的方法和規則。 This study began with investigation of how to segment squares from a rectangle. We studied from a rectangle, with random positive integer sides, trying to figure out the methods and regulations to segments squares with the longest side length but the fewest number of squares within. Moreover, we took further step to examine a cuboid. We found out the methods and regulations to segment cubes with longest side length but fewest number of cubes from a cuboid with sides a, b, and c(a ,b ,c are positive integers).

Pests can ruin every healthy tree’s crop within 10-15 days. This huge loss can only be detected at harvest season. If the pests have already got inside the fruits or the fruits had fallen down prior to the time of harvest. If pest-control is unconscious, 50-75% loss may occur. In Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county the most common fruit production is apple. Codling moth can cause significant damage to the crops. Codling moths damage the apple directly and they are expected during the whole year. If there are signs of any nuisance we are not able to protect the crops anymore, because in this case they protect themselves from chemicals. The most important part of protection against pests is prevention. Protection can be successful thanks to insects killers and expert’s prognosis. Pheromone traps developed against wrong-doers are very practical. They are easy to use, but the problem is that the manufacturer has to check these traps repeatedly to find out about the infection, and when one has to spray the trees with the right chemicals.

Microalgae-fungi biofuel has significantly less CO2 emissions than fossil fuels, making it much more environmentally friendly. As well, unlike traditional biofuel, microalgae-fungi does not require large masses of agricultural land for production. Thus, microalgae-fungi is an optimal option for biofuel production. This is a cost-effective renewable energy source that can be used in place of regular gas in cars and other means of transportation. By determining the most effective fungi for biofuel production, the threat of the impending environmental damage from pollution can be diminished. This novel experiment determines which fungi: Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer or Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is the most effective bioflocculant in the microalgae-fungi co-pelletization process for biofuel production. We hypothesize that when paired with the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris, Rhizopus stolonifer will be the most effective. It has a high lipid content which could enhance the overall production of biofuel. Furthermore, its negative charge will aid with attracting and neutralizing the C. vulgaris colloidal particles resulting in an easier and more efficient removal of microalgae particles. Through the process of bioflocculation, pelletization, esterification and transesterification, the most effective fungi paired with C. vulgaris was determined. This experiment was carried out thoroughly and precisely resulting in a cost-effective solution for the world's current pollution crisis.