The purpose of this research is to make an ecological insecticide that mixes the extracts of Piper tuberculatum, Annona muricata and Melia azedarach, that together in application cause mortality and repellence of the mosquito Aedes aegypti with the intention to help in the control of the diseases this mosquito is guilty of: dengue, zika and chikungunya, and decrease the risk of infection by a safe and organic way.

The rate and production of conventional petroleum based plastics is unsustainable and not eco-friendly. Plastics often end up in marine environments and can take hundreds of years to decompose in landfills. According to Statistica, in 2015 alone, global plastic production was approximately 322 million metric tonnes and is projected to increase in the future. PHB bioplastic or Polyhydroxybutyrate is both biologically produced and biodegradable and can serve as a viable alternative to conventional plastics. But can it be broken down by soil microbes within a reasonable time frame? I have set out to answer this question. My aim was to isolate and analyse microorganisms from the Rotorua area that are capable of degrading Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) bioplastic . I isolated PHB degrading microorganisms from Rotorua soils by culturing on an agar based mineral salt media supplemented with PHB powder (MSM PHB agar). Samples were taken from Mount Ngongotaha and Te Puia geothermal soils as well as Okareka, termite frass and termite guts. One isolate from the Te Puia sample (labelled G2) was found to successfully degrade PHB powder. After isolation and purification of the G2 isolate, it was cultured on a range of media types to examine properties exhibited under differing nutrient conditions. Multiple organisms were found to be involved in the degradation of PHB bioplastic and work together symbiotically, this included bacteria and fungi which was identified as penicillium. The sample isolated from Te Puia soils (site 2 – G2Clear) in the Rotorua environment was found capable of competently degrading PHB, clearing 8% of PHB after 26 days. The G2Clear isolate is a mixture of bacteria and fungi working in an endosymbiotic relationship to degrade PHB and are unable to successfully degrade PHB individually. It is through the secretion of an extracellular PHB depolymerase enzyme that PHB is degraded, conforming with my hypothesis. This proves that PHB bioplastic is a viable alternative to conventional petroleum based plastics as PHB can be relatively quickly broken down by soil microorganisms.

This study demonstrates that microbial film power generation is a potentially viable source of alternative energy. This research occurred over a period of two years. In the first year (2016) I tested a new method of generating renewable energy, referred to as microbial film power generation. I showed that electricity could be captured from microbial decomposition using solid graphite plates (29cm x 20cm) placed in lightly decomposed muskeg (collected in northern British Columbia). In the second year (2017) the purpose was to increase the power output of the fuel cell, while also compacting the setup. Certain changes were made to the experimental set up, namely the use of spongy graphite felt in place of solid graphite plates, thus providing a larger surface area for microbial activity to occur. The new fuel cells made produced about twice as much power. Not only was the power output greater, but it was produced from a much smaller area: 7.82 mWh/cm2 on graphite felt, compared to 0.21 mWh/cm2 on graphite plates. In other words, graphite felt produced 37 times more power per unit area than graphite plates. Furthermore, it would appear that by removing the load from the fuel cell for approximately 24 hours, the fuel cell could essentially recharge. This may be due to microbial activity releasing more electrons onto the anode permitting a new cycle to take place. This would suggest that the system could naturally recharge itself.

Moss from a roof top was used to treat ear infections in my grandfather’s village. This remedy sparked my curiosity and so I began researching. I was bewildered to discover that the resistance to antibiotics has been labelled as a “Catastrophic Threat” and has been ranked in the same category as terrorism and climate change. Governments globally are urging scientists to identify and produce new antibiotics and reassess novel approaches1. This project aims to evaluate two objectives through the use of several integrated technologies and modified methods: (a) To determine if the extracts, solutions and raw materials derived from Heart wood portion of Picea glauca, Populus tremuloides, Salix spp, Betula papyrifera, Pinus contorta, Quercus alba, Thuja occidentalis, Climacium dendroides, Dicranum fuscescens and Kieselgur, will inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Escherichia coli. (b) To scientifically reassess my grandfather’s traditional method of treating ear infections using roof moss. The Heartwood portion of each tree was removed using a hammer and mallet. The Heartwood was then burnt to derive the ash and a miter saw was used to make sawdust. The moss was collected, dried and labelled. A Methanol Extraction was performed on all saw dust samples and moss using a Soxhlet Extractor for 24 hours. The ash solutions were diluted, filtered, and neutralized to pH 7. The solvents were evaporated in a Rotary evaporator and the residual material was stored in round bottom flasks. The Kirby Bauer method was modified and a Well Infusion method was devised for the biological assay. The Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Escherichia coli were plated using a 0.5 McFarland Standard. Paper filter discs containing 20uL of each extract solution and raw material were precisely placed onto the inoculated plates and incubated for 24 hours. The preliminary results were initially unfavourable, as data could only be collected and analysed for one species; Thuja occidentalis (White Cedar). However, these results were extremely encouraging when the zones of inhibition were measured and analyzed. Confidence Intervals were calculated at 95% and the T-Tests were calculated at a 0.05 alpha level, which indicated significance when compared to the control. The Chi Square values were greater than the critical value of 7.8 and therefore the thorough statistical analysis indicates that the results were not due to chance alone. Literature has indicated that certain components of trees do indeed have antibacterial properties, however there is very limited research specific to the Heartwood portion. Furthermore, I discovered that the Heartwood portion of the White Cedar tree does have certain antibacterial properties that definitely justify further testing. In addition, a combination of examining my grandfather’s possessions and analyzing present data, I can confidently support my grandfather’s traditional method. In conclusion, the use of the Heartwood portion of the White Cedar to combat bacterial infection warrants further exploration. Remedies Recovered from Roof Top Resources may be the solution to this catastrophic threat.

EmerApp+ is software designed for intelligent devices as a personal security database manager. In case of emergencies, it is an application which integrates location, tracking, and communication tools. It is triangulated between a database to a communication server as well as a second which is NASA server that offers climate and seismic information for Mexico. This application has two sources of communication, SMS messages and a newly created social network. In case of natural disasters, an extension for drones has been developed for this application, enabling rescue teams to delimit the land boundary where the disaster struck. In order to speed up the search and rescue operations a triangulation of network-drone- smartphone is completed.

The study aims to evaluate the technique of extracting water from humid air using solar energy through greenhouses in local areas. This technique is believed to provide limited amount of water in areas where potable water is not accessible or abundant. To solve this problem a pyramid-shaped device was designed, it is made of glass panels ad equipped with glass doors, fans operated by solar energy, and multiple shelves covered with fabric to act as Absorbent Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) with a 30% concentration. The doors are open during the night for absorption and closed during the day for energy-generating. Humidity, temperature, and atmospheric pressure are measured every two hours. The amount of water extracted in this area in one full day was around 3.0 liters a day for every square meter. Perhaps the limited amount of water is due to low level of humidity in the area: an average of 50% and temperature of F10 Celsius at night. However, the device itself is independent, does not need power sources, water sources, or infrastructure, can be installed in various places depending on humidity level as well as having the possibility of increasing number or size of device. This makes the device a promising, alternative and environmental friendly solution to produce water. Cost-effective and lighter material can be used to make the device, which will produce an easy-to-use and affordable devices. It is an area in need for further research to improve and further develop it.

NO.61-03 2022 JUN | 科學研習期刊目錄 本期專題 海洋環境的變遷 臺灣的海洋環境與海岸地形的演育──東部海岸與西部海岸的比較 | 許民陽 臺灣海洋環境問題──臺灣海岸後退變遷舉例 | 許民陽 全球暖化正影響著各種尺度的洋流系統——黑潮、大西洋經向翻轉環流、與全球海流 | 鄭志文、葉庭光 探索內太空：從郵票看深海潛航的百年演進 | 李孟陽 教學現場 等鱟到來 | 盧家豪、張錦霞、蓋玉軒、陳麗淑 鱟來遇見你～鱟的海洋教育課程 | 張雅菱、管郡潔、蓋玉軒、陳麗淑 「鱟」事知多少 | 曹瑞芸、許芳瑾、鄭淑菁、蓋玉軒、陳麗淑 科學新知 集眾人之力的氣象研究 | 王嘉琪 上天下地——淺談龜山島地形與地質 | 梁勝雄 特約專欄 繪本科學閱讀的跨領域教與學：爸爸的機械魚 | 劉淑雯、蕭 敏 我國氣象觀測站網的建置和演進（三）臺灣東部地區 | 陳正改 森棚教官數學題——星球的另一面 | 游森棚 科普活動報導 海洋科普教育與化石巡迴展——讓海洋生物化石重新找回生命 | 張詠斌 2022第一屆量子科技科普線上推廣壁報展 | 林昱廷、余進忠、蘇萬生 科教館GO好玩 他山之石——加拿大全國科展評審制度探討 | 陳香微 總召集人的話 最近重讀了《這個不科學的年代～費曼談科學精神的價值》一書，也回顧了一些學倫的事件，有些歪樓的感慨。在這個年代，我們有自駕車、AI、IoT、護國神山…許多科技的進步，改善我們的生活；但同時有空氣及海洋河川的污染、極端氣候、疫情、戰爭、能源等生存問題；同時也有許多假議題、偽科學、假新聞積極影響我們的生活；國家與國家之間的衝突也透過許多人工製造的訊息來追求正當性；如果要說這是個科學的年代，倒不如說這是個自媒體的時代。當有人說我們接受教育是為了能知道誰在胡說八道時，「明辨是非」就是一件重要的事情。知道自己沒做而要求掛名是不對的、知道找人捉刀是不對的、知道幫人捉刀是違反學術倫理的、知道有科學依據的討論是對的、知道不製作假消息是對的…。掛名文化是不可取的，是不誠實的，當大人汲汲營營為著小孩的學習履歷積點時，就要知道自己的行為是不是在幼小的心靈中建立了不良的「典範」？沒有做的可以找槍手？貢獻比率不高還是掛名了？十年後這些小朋友長大了，造假的行為會不會習以為常且蓬勃發展？為達目的可以不擇手段嗎？我們要從小灌輸學術倫理的觀念，才不會「細漢偷挽匏，大漢偷牽牛」。 臺灣島為什麼長得像番薯？凸出的部位是沖積造成？凹陷的部位是沖蝕造成？事情沒這麼簡單，有許多複雜的因子，如：海洋環境、海岸地形地貌地質、河川位置、流體的沖蝕作用…許多影響因子複雜的交互作用才變成現在這個身形？ 地球上占比71%的海洋在地球生物演化、生態平衡、能量平衡、氣候調節及海岸地景演育上扮演重要的角色；海洋透過季節風、波浪、 潮汐與海流，不斷塑造多樣性的海岸地景。受到全球氣候暖化的影響，海平面不斷上升，海岸線會如何變化？這些都是陸上岩石圈、海洋的水圈及大氣圈三者交互作用的結果？ 還是沒這麼簡單，更精準的說法在許民陽老師的兩篇文章中〈臺灣的海洋環境與海岸地形的演育–東部海岸與西部海岸的比較〉及〈臺灣海洋環境問題-海岸後退舉例〉有很清晰的基礎說明。 流體力學是很重要的學科，含括質量、動量、能量守恆，也是計算量大到需要超級電腦的學科；我們的日常生活離不開流體力學，從早上起床的一杯熱茶、洗臉、尿尿、沖馬桶、滴眼藥水、香檳酒杯中的泡泡…到火力電廠的排煙、PM2.5的淤積、洋流、颱風及氣象預報等等，都是流體力學的範疇。當你煮著開水時，可以觀察到許多的小小躁動、之後的大大翻滾以及沸騰時的水蒸氣讓人不敢面對，煮開水的熱量傳遞以及產生的能量重新分配到以不同能量形式呈現，都是很值得深究的熱力學。如果把觀察的尺度從煮開水到整個地球上的天氣與氣候、海洋、生態、地形與地貌，這些因子間環環相扣的交互作用，不但導致相當規模的物種滅絕、甚至對經濟、政治產生重大的影響。全球暖化就是個大尺度的問題，從北極冰層的融解造成淡水釋出，從而些微的海水溫度、鹽度、與密度的改變，竟然會開啟大規模海水水體運動的變異，進一步影響海域環流的變化；這些交互作用，成為現在極端氣候的成因之一，是亟需許多跨學科的研究。〈全球暖化正影響著各種尺度的洋流系統——黑潮、大西洋經向翻轉環流、與全球海流〉文章中有著多尺度的觀點，為您局部的以及宏觀的解釋洋流系統。 〈探索內太空：從郵票看深海潛航的百年演進〉一文從方寸之間來看科學技術歷史發展，從科幻小說〈海底兩萬里格〉講起，小說的「鸚鵡螺號」潛艇也成為率先潛航抵達北極的美國核子潛艇命名的原由。要潛入深海會面臨哪些需要解決的技術問題？本文透過深潛技術的國際競爭以及合作的歷史，來說明如何一一透過科技發展以及跨國合作來克服。「從早年列強爭相競逐深潛紀錄，到近年深海熱泉調查、海底地形測繪，乃至水下工程及水下救援，各類型的深海載具不時成為郵票發行的主題。這一枚枚設計精美的郵票，展現歷來深海探險家的冒險事蹟、深海探勘的傑出成就，深海技術的創新突破以及海洋科學的重大發現，承載著人類探索這顆藍色星球的共同記憶。」 海水海風沖蝕腐蝕的能力很強，一台新的腳踏車，在沿海鄉鎮使用，很快就會生鏽；七美的電腦要隨時維持開機狀態，才不會因為鹹水煙（台語，瀰漫在空氣中，帶著鹹鹹海味的水霧）而無法開機；疫情只要配給平板給偏鄉，線上教學即可解決？我們在冷氣房中做的許多決策都需要與第一線教師有密切的互動連結調整才能更接地氣。 鱟本身就是個充滿議題的生物，海科館的海洋公民科學家實踐行動計劃以鱟為主角，海科館團隊透過應用BEST學習模組-Building（建構學習）、Experiencing（體驗探索）、Solving（解決問題）、Teaming Working（團隊行動）- 結合海洋環境學習的體驗探索，讓學生浸潤在有感的自主學習環境，深化學習的內涵與價值；分享開發〈等鱟到來〉課程的歷程，讓讀者有感學習。安康高中及中正國中及社區與海科館合作，規劃及參與〈鱟來遇見你~鱟的海洋教育〉〈「鱟」事知多少〉課程，靠山區的社區型中學，於校內生物實驗室進行鱟卵孵化飼養至今，讓學生在engage過程中對海洋有感，從鱟卵孵化與幼鱟的飼養開始來引起學生學習動機，藉由課程的引導，讓學生設計以鱟為主題之探究與實作題目，探索鱟的生物學…，讀者深入閱讀必有收穫。 科學新知 科學研究中常有需要大量人力處理但是難度不高的基礎步驟，透過集結眾多民眾或學生的力量參與，通稱為「公民科學」。最有名的例子就是20世紀末利用民眾家裡閒置的電腦尋找外星人的「SETI@Home」計畫。〈集眾人之力的氣象研究〉一文，王嘉琪教授讓您清楚公民科學在氣象上的應用及中央氣象局推動相關研究計畫-歷史氣象紀錄的數位化或數值化；民眾在參與的過程中，除了對科學研究有直接貢獻，也可獲得一些相關知識與成就感，可說是個互惠的過程，透過互動也大幅拉近科學與一般人之間的距離。 踏上401高地，這名列國際間12座地貌特殊的島嶼之一的龜山島，地貌特殊。龜山島是如何生成？龜山島會再噴發嗎？龜山島的自然環境又是如何？龜山島又有哪些特殊的地質景觀？您知道氣象局、中研院地科所及中央地調所合力於龜山島上設置那些觀測站嗎？〈上天下地-淺談龜山島地形與地質〉為您揭開神秘面紗，一睹她美麗婀娜的型態。 特約專欄 接續前兩期陳正改老師的歷史回顧，〈我國氣象觀測站網的建置和演進（三）臺灣東部地區〉本期來到東部地區。「花蓮的地形屬狹長型，北迴歸線正好通過瑞穗鄉，致使瑞穗以北屬副熱帶氣候區，瑞穗以南則為熱帶氣候區。另因受到黑潮洋流的調節以及中央山脈阻隔影響，氣候相對溫和，雨量亦充沛；夏季常遭受颱風的侵襲，冬季因盛行東北風，風力較強勁。」看著不同氣象站的變化及消長，除了設備更新帶來的新氣象之外，也該重視那歷史建築、設備及資料。〈繪本科學閱讀的跨領域教與學：爸爸的機械魚〉文章中，透過繪本〈Papa’s Mechanical Fish 爸爸的機械魚〉融入閱讀、數學和科學教育，蚊子老師與第一線教師合作，擔任協同教學人員在數學、生活、英語繪本、美勞、童軍四門課程中融入多方面領域知識搭配設計，並分享教案規劃以及從共讀繪本、動手操作到回饋互動解決問題的課程經驗。千呼萬喚始出來，猶抱琵琶半遮面，〈星球的另一面〉挑戰您的投影、遮掩的觀點。 物理教育學會理事長余進忠分享舉辦〈2022第一屆量子科技科普線上推廣壁報展〉的經驗及原由，除了有大學教授也有許多熱血的高中教師參加，也提供壁報展的經營策略。我國的科展制度如何訂定的？我們總是一成不變嗎？在改變調整時是不是有一些功課要做？ 〈他山之石——加拿大全國科展評審制度探討〉一文分享國外經驗，有比較是好事，國內制度多重防弊，國外制度多重科學思考。 總召編輯委員 - 李旺龍 關於本刊 出版單位：國立臺灣科學教育館 發行人：劉火欽 總召集人：李旺龍 編輯委員： 物理科吳仲卿/余進忠/戴明鳳/朱慶琪 | 化學科古建國/王伯昌/林如章/周金城/黃琴扉 | 生物科王美芬/蕭世輝/張育傑/辛懷梓/郭淑妙 | 地球科學許民陽/王郁軒/謝隆欽/盧孟明 科技科張玉山/汪殿杰/林育沖/徐新逸 | 數學科李源順/游森棚/嚴志弘/高欣欣 | 跨領域學科李名揚/劉淑雯/吳嫻/李芝瑜 | 特約專欄 游森棚/黃琴扉/陳正改/劉淑雯 策劃：李耕雲 主編：吳中益 本月專題特約主編：許民陽 編輯：佟冠誼/林博雅 網頁設計編輯：施曉恬 投稿規範請來信詢問：article@mail.ntsec.gov.tw

There is currently an interest in developing supercapacitors as the booming of smartphones and other mobile electric devices. Despite offering key performance advantages, many capacitors pose significant environmental hazards once disposed. They often contain fluorine, sulfur, toxic transition metal and cyanide groups, which are harmful if discarded by using conventional landfill or incineration methods. The objective of this project is to find an environmentally benign alternative for building various key components of supercapacitors structures. From the electrolyte, carbon substrate and materials corresponding for Faradic reaction, all the materials were devised from renewable biomass. In our research, two novel designs of betanin/sulfonated carbon supercapacitor and quinone/sulfonated carbon supercapacitor were invented. Betanin and quinone, extracted from beets and Sencha, was preloaded on the sulfonated carbon nanosphere as the composite. While sulfonated carbon nanosphere were fabricated by hydrothermal synthesis of renewable biomaterial, followed by surface functionalization - sulfonation for increasing the loading capacity of nanoparticle. Nanostructured morphology and surface functional groups were examined and confirmed by SEM and IR spectroscopy. Specific capacitance can be boosted up through optimizing the particle size, morphology and surface polarity of carbon substrate and the type of electrolyte. From the experimental result, it is believed that the nano-architecture, with active functional groups, of carbon nanosphere enables the efficient charge transport and electrode stability, allowing the composite with high capacitance (94–209 F g–1 at a current density ranging from 1 to 4 mA cm–2), high capacitance retention of over 90% after over 20,000 cycles respectively, and over a wide range of temperature. Superior electrochemical performance of both betanin/sulfonated and quinone/sulfonated carbon supercapacitor can be attributed to the large accessible surface area of the porous structure, low interfacial resistance and its structural stability. It shows that they have relatively higher tolerant towards heat and extreme pH mediums. The green electrochemical capacitor exhibits a promising capacitive performance of 209 F g–1 with high capacitance retention of over 90%, opening up new possibilities for the production of environmental friendly, cost efficient and lightweight energy storage system using renewable biomass as the basic building materials without harming the environment.

我們這個作品是先由在長方形中切割出正方形的研究著手，先研究出在平面中，在一個邊長為任意正整數的長方形中，如何找到在其中切割出正方形，但正方形的邊長為最大，而且正方形的個數為最少的方法和規則。 緊接著，我們更進一步想研究這個問題在長方體中的研究：在長方體三邊長a、b、c（a、b、c均為正整數）中，如何在其中切割出正立方體，每次切割出邊長為最大的正立方體，而且正方體的個數為最少的方法和規則。 This study began with investigation of how to segment squares from a rectangle. We studied from a rectangle, with random positive integer sides, trying to figure out the methods and regulations to segments squares with the longest side length but the fewest number of squares within. Moreover, we took further step to examine a cuboid. We found out the methods and regulations to segment cubes with longest side length but fewest number of cubes from a cuboid with sides a, b, and c(a ,b ,c are positive integers).

Solar energy is a main source of energy that is expected to play a vital role in fulfilling the future global demand of electricity. Design of advanced photovoltaic (PV) system with high electric conversion efficiency is the key for collecting solar energy. A major obstacle hindering useful PV utilization is the deterioration of solar cell efficiency with temperature. The present results of experimentation have shown that there occurs a reduction of approximately 33% in the solar panel efficiency as the operating temperature increases from 45 °C to 68 °C at 1000 W/m2. Therefore, an innovative design of enhanced-performance solar panel using micro flat heat pipe (HP) and thermoelectric generator (TEG) is proposed and experimentally investigated in the presented project. To operate HP and TEG at highest possible efficiency, the condensation section of HP is innovatively cooled by utilize the condensed water inside the evaporator of air conditioner (which is usually between 5-7 °C). Two different types of silicon panel are used in the study: monocrystalline solar panel and polycrystalline solar panel. The results showed that a reduction in average solar panel temperature up to 25% is obtained. In addition, produced power was increased by as much as 50% when solar panel was cooled by the heat pipe. Finally, the feasibility study and cost analysis of the proposed hybrid system are discussed in details and presented.

Internet search technology is a pervasively used utility that relies on techniques from the _eld of spectral graph theory. We present a novel spectral approach to investigate an existing problem: the critical group of the line graph has been characterized for regular nonbipartite graphs, but the general regular bipartite case remains open. Because of the ine_ectiveness of previous techniques in regular bipartite graphs, our approach provides a new perspective and aims to obtain the relationship between the spectra of the Laplacians of the graph G and its line graph bG. We obtain a theorem for the spectra of all regular bipartite graphs and demonstrate its e_ectiveness by completely characterizing the previously unknown critical group for a particular class of regular bipartite graphs, the incidence graphs of _nite projective planes with square order. This critical group is found to be Z2_(Z2q+2)q3􀀀1_(Zq2+q+1)q2+q􀀀1; where q is the order of the _nite projective plane.

本研究係用「數列命名的方法」作為骨幹，解決或簡化多方塊(polyominoes,也稱作 連方圖形)的相關問題。「數列命名的方法」 係指將多方塊的邊長連續寫成數列。為解決使用「數列命名的方法」遇到的問題，目前建立了一套系統、技巧，可將Polygon，旋轉、鏡射、合併等等，在此專門用以處理多方塊相關問題。 研究發現此方法可以解一些多方塊的問題，例如多方塊的種類、任意的多個相同的多方塊是否可以填滿(嵌滿)矩形(平面)。對於計算多方塊數量問題，可分為兩部分探討，一是多方塊的形的個數，二是單一多方塊的形其中含有多少多方塊，本研究主要探討此二部分的特性，並簡化運算結構和找出個數範圍。