This article talks about the design, construction and operation of multi-alarm teleoperated. The work contains the different stages of construction that were performed for both hardware and software, as well as the way in which the entire process is developed. The prototype is autonomous. It can to detect the things that happen in the house and send a sms to the cell phone. With the cell phone you can drive a robot in the house.

EmerApp+ is software designed for intelligent devices as a personal security database manager. In case of emergencies, it is an application which integrates location, tracking, and communication tools. It is triangulated between a database to a communication server as well as a second which is NASA server that offers climate and seismic information for Mexico. This application has two sources of communication, SMS messages and a newly created social network. In case of natural disasters, an extension for drones has been developed for this application, enabling rescue teams to delimit the land boundary where the disaster struck. In order to speed up the search and rescue operations a triangulation of network-drone- smartphone is completed.

The rate and production of conventional petroleum based plastics is unsustainable and not eco-friendly. Plastics often end up in marine environments and can take hundreds of years to decompose in landfills. According to Statistica, in 2015 alone, global plastic production was approximately 322 million metric tonnes and is projected to increase in the future. PHB bioplastic or Polyhydroxybutyrate is both biologically produced and biodegradable and can serve as a viable alternative to conventional plastics. But can it be broken down by soil microbes within a reasonable time frame? I have set out to answer this question. My aim was to isolate and analyse microorganisms from the Rotorua area that are capable of degrading Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) bioplastic . I isolated PHB degrading microorganisms from Rotorua soils by culturing on an agar based mineral salt media supplemented with PHB powder (MSM PHB agar). Samples were taken from Mount Ngongotaha and Te Puia geothermal soils as well as Okareka, termite frass and termite guts. One isolate from the Te Puia sample (labelled G2) was found to successfully degrade PHB powder. After isolation and purification of the G2 isolate, it was cultured on a range of media types to examine properties exhibited under differing nutrient conditions. Multiple organisms were found to be involved in the degradation of PHB bioplastic and work together symbiotically, this included bacteria and fungi which was identified as penicillium. The sample isolated from Te Puia soils (site 2 – G2Clear) in the Rotorua environment was found capable of competently degrading PHB, clearing 8% of PHB after 26 days. The G2Clear isolate is a mixture of bacteria and fungi working in an endosymbiotic relationship to degrade PHB and are unable to successfully degrade PHB individually. It is through the secretion of an extracellular PHB depolymerase enzyme that PHB is degraded, conforming with my hypothesis. This proves that PHB bioplastic is a viable alternative to conventional petroleum based plastics as PHB can be relatively quickly broken down by soil microorganisms.

NO.62-01 2023 FEB | 科學研習期刊目錄 本期專題 大家的數學 漫談無限 | 李源順 值得再三玩味的黃金比例 | 賴以威 用數學論公平 | 陳宏賓 藝數摺學－一個可以從小玩到大的活動：哥倫布方塊 | 李政憲、李慧玲 貓是液體！鑲嵌與解剖的幾何魔數 | 張惟淳 教學現場 六年級學生數學詩學習之分析 | 孫國光 學生的課程反思初探 | 陳玉珊 跑馬拉松算數學！ | 李祐宗 科學新知 退火（Annealing）是什麼？ | 舒宇宸 特約專欄 不斷追問的問號：以問題為創作之始的作家梅麗莎‧史都華（Melissa Stewart） | 劉淑雯、林吟霙 森棚教官數學題──換汽水 | 游森棚 總召集人的話 過完很長的農曆年假，要如何讓自己收心？回顧自己二十多年來的研究歷程，都離不開數學；我們高中物理藉由運動中物體質量集中在質心的假設來學習運動學，我們在大學時得以透過常微分方程的建模，來重新認識運動方程式；真實的世界中又有更多複雜的問題需要描述，偏微分方程就可以貢獻更多，從彈性力學、流體力學、電磁學…到電子學的擴散理論都離不開偏微分方程。數學一直是生活的日常，從水龍頭的一滴水滴下、眨眼鋪上淚液、隱形鏡片跟淚液的力學、蓮葉上的露珠、下雨是打不中蚊子的、滴下的露水困住螞蟻、關節軟骨的潤滑液體流動、硬碟機跟水幫浦中的軸承、滾珠軸承中鋼珠的變形與隔開咬牙切齒間的口水、電動車馬達電磁鋼片的製程與電磁爐、煮溫泉蛋跟糖心蛋、煎肉餅到生魚片的解凍等等，都離不開數學。 數學是科學之母，數學的結構是很嚴謹的，能把嚴謹的數學寫的生動有味道的，必須在如何弱化嚴謹的程度以及維持應有的邏輯之間有所拿捏；因此本期的每一篇都值得大家列印出來細細品味。 〈漫談無限〉一文從生活中的無限談起、接續著數學上的無限、循環小數的演示與極限的概念、希爾伯特的旅館悖論跟Zeno的二分法悖論、直觀的檢查無理數是有理數數量還多的、可數的無限跟不可數的無限、幾何學上的無限、到物理學和天文學上的無限，最後以莫比烏斯環作為比喻宇宙之無限的概念。閱讀本文會開拓您對字面上意義的認知，李源順老師讓大家認識數學就是無限的科學。 熟悉代數運算的大人們遇見算術問題的解釋，就突然間發現需要回到童年時期的思考。國小的數學教育是很具挑戰性的，如何在先備知識不多的情境之下逐步建構學生的知識體系?半條蛋糕平分給四個人，要如何表達有感的分數教學?如何透過生活情境、學習需求及操作有感的學習啟動小學三年級的小數啟蒙教學?還有高年級的分數除法，結合數感理論的讓學生說、讓學生畫圖、讓學生舉例等教學策略，引導學生有感的數學學習。 課堂上要吸引學生的目光需要好的任務設計，如何透過活動及遊戲在競爭中增加挑戰性，還要從玩樂中增強學生數學的準備度?看見格子點---高中數學的探究與實作是思考與探究的很好例子，很值得讀者拿起鉛筆，跟著做一遍，動腦歸納動手畫。切割及拼布問題--朝三暮四，是講縫紉商透過適當切割正三角形拼布，再重新拼組為正方形的問題；透過討論四種不盡相同的正方形切割重拚為正三角的組法，並比較不同切割方式的差異性，非常有趣，看了好想跟著動手裁切拼裝。 〈值得再三玩味的黃金比例〉賴以威老師透過追本溯源從黃金比例的來源及定義開始整個有趣的故事，從五邊形到五星角的神祕角色、自然界中的費氏數列-兔子、松果與鳳梨，費氏數列前後項比值的極限就是黃金比例，盧卡斯數列、黃金矩形及黃金螺旋氏如何畫出來的？等角螺旋跟等速螺旋的差異又在哪裡？黃金比率是否無所不在？藝術作品的黃金比例說是否穿鑿附會？透過數學的考驗可以說明。 曾有人針對流行歌曲副歌總秒數對的一段落總秒數的比值來說有著黃金比例，您相信我們的感覺記憶可以這麼長嗎？我們很有機會在量測上讓分子分母的各自微調，使得比值接近黃金比例。 〈用數學論公平〉陳宏賓老師從疫苗供給的優先順序、快篩試劑如何分配引出公平性的問題。如何針對不同種類的公平：同樣滿足的公平、比例公平、無羨慕公平、共識公平 進行切蛋糕的程序？ 公平切蛋糕是很有學問的且在數學、計算機科學、經濟學和政治學領域是重要研究範籌。 〈藝數摺學──一個可以從小玩到大的活動：哥倫布方塊〉摺紙不僅僅是藝術，其間有很深厚的數學含量，李慧玲老師透過哥倫布方塊、哥倫布方塊球的摺製及堆疊，解構及說明其間的藝數摺學，可以邊玩邊學的文章，值得欣賞。 〈貓是液體！鑲嵌與解剖的幾何魔數〉張惟淳老師從貓咪的柔軟身段如液體般的可以填滿各式樣容器的比喻，講到真正的填滿-鑲嵌；如何讓平面上已知外型的貓咪變身為正方形？又已知外型的貓咪是如何給出的？看完本文，可以偷學幾招，還有延伸閱讀，讓你可以如裁縫師巧手般的裁切與組合，做出平面級的變形金剛。 〈六年級學生數學詩學習之分析〉教學現場中孫國光老師以林良翻譯Best Franco的〈數學詩〉書中的內容教學，讓同學透過數學詩創作的內容去感受、理解、比對、思考，理解四則運算符號在施裡面扮演的角色，再自由的找尋適當符號進行創作。透過本文的教學內容及經驗分享，我們將會有更多想像的教學應用。 〈學生的課程反思初探〉「學而不思則罔，思而不學則殆」在教學現場除了教學生會算，也要能具備思考的能力，也就是要在數學學習的認知層面及情意層面的反思能力要同時提升。陳玉珊老師第一線數學教學的經驗分享，讓大家理解知識層面的學習之外如何提升學生自我反思及統整的能力。 〈跑馬拉松算數學！〉跑馬拉松是近年來的熱門運動之一，長跑的許多行話，如「賽道全長42.195公里」是怎麼訂出來的？「6分速或5分速」、「全馬破4」、「配速員(或列車長)」、「吃甜甜圈」；如何估算操場各線道的的長度？起跑位置的不同標線位置是如何計算出的？ 李祐宗老師在文中都有揭密以及簡單易懂的計算說明。 〈數位退火技術介紹〉鑄造的過程有淬火、回火也有退火，如何鑄出削鐵如泥的寶劍也有許多秘方；如何維持某些高溫相？如何讓高溫相重新到達某種期待的穩定狀態？退火顧名思義也就是要讓這鑄件中的各原子晶格間的總體能量達到最小。舒宇宸老師以倉庫空間擺設為例、以數獨的填法為例說明如何透過計算機，以最小能量的目標規劃演算法進行「數位退火」快速且正確的填完數獨。數位退火技術還有更多的應用可以在延伸閱讀中找到。 〈不斷追問的問號：以問題為創作之始的作家梅麗莎．史都華〉學會問好問題很重要，跟ChatGPT聊天機器人問好問題才會有更有挑戰性的互動，透過不斷追問的問號有沒有可能會讓聊天機器人有更好的創作？「能夠通過學習有關自然世界的一切知識，並且與其他人分享，甚至能藉此獲得報酬，天底下沒有比這更好的事了」除了作家，老師這個行業也是。梅麗莎在自然科學及非小說類書籍的創作上成就非凡，仍不餘遺力透過教學現場參訪計畫去推廣非小說類書籍。雯子老師與林吟霙老師從新英格蘭農村的小女孩談起，讓您可以領略梅麗莎成長過程，也介紹她的許多作品。 〈森棚教官數學題〉「過年大優待！『七個瓶蓋加上三個空瓶』或『三個瓶蓋加上五個空瓶』都可以再換一瓶汽水」怎麼換汽水最划算？大家動動腦！ 黃金比例=1.618033988749895，這麼多位小數有必要嗎？ 總召編輯委員 - 李旺龍 關於本刊 出版單位：國立臺灣科學教育館 發行人：劉火欽 總召集人：李旺龍 編輯委員： 物理科吳仲卿/余進忠/戴明鳳/朱慶琪 | 化學科古建國/王伯昌/林如章/周金城/黃琴扉 | 生物科王美芬/蕭世輝/張育傑/辛懷梓/郭淑妙 | 地球科學許民陽/王郁軒/謝隆欽/盧孟明 科技科張玉山/汪殿杰/林育沖/徐新逸 | 數學科李源順/游森棚/嚴志弘/高欣欣 | 跨領域學科李名揚/劉淑雯/吳 嫻/李芝瑜/王淑音 | 特約專欄李名揚/劉淑雯/吳 嫻/李芝瑜/王淑音 策劃：李耕雲 主編：吳中益 本月專題特約主編：李源順 編輯：佟冠誼、林博雅 網頁設計編輯：施曉恬 投稿規範請來信詢問：article@mail.ntsec.gov.tw

Climate is the average weather in a place over a long period. The changes in climate may be due to natural forces or from human activities. There is growing concern among the scientific community regarding climate change. Biodiversity, forest, monsoons, weather are now at risk due to climate change. Today climate change is happening at an increasing rapid rate. One of the causes is deforestation. Firewood collection in one of the major means the felling of trees. Excessive emission of CO2 by burning, which is a green house gas, responsible for increasing the temperature and causing drastic climate change. Hence, to know the impact of firewood collection in drastic climate change we have undertaken a project entitled, “Impact of firewood collection on weather and climate of Jirdin village.”

Moss from a roof top was used to treat ear infections in my grandfather’s village. This remedy sparked my curiosity and so I began researching. I was bewildered to discover that the resistance to antibiotics has been labelled as a “Catastrophic Threat” and has been ranked in the same category as terrorism and climate change. Governments globally are urging scientists to identify and produce new antibiotics and reassess novel approaches1. This project aims to evaluate two objectives through the use of several integrated technologies and modified methods: (a) To determine if the extracts, solutions and raw materials derived from Heart wood portion of Picea glauca, Populus tremuloides, Salix spp, Betula papyrifera, Pinus contorta, Quercus alba, Thuja occidentalis, Climacium dendroides, Dicranum fuscescens and Kieselgur, will inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Escherichia coli. (b) To scientifically reassess my grandfather’s traditional method of treating ear infections using roof moss. The Heartwood portion of each tree was removed using a hammer and mallet. The Heartwood was then burnt to derive the ash and a miter saw was used to make sawdust. The moss was collected, dried and labelled. A Methanol Extraction was performed on all saw dust samples and moss using a Soxhlet Extractor for 24 hours. The ash solutions were diluted, filtered, and neutralized to pH 7. The solvents were evaporated in a Rotary evaporator and the residual material was stored in round bottom flasks. The Kirby Bauer method was modified and a Well Infusion method was devised for the biological assay. The Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Escherichia coli were plated using a 0.5 McFarland Standard. Paper filter discs containing 20uL of each extract solution and raw material were precisely placed onto the inoculated plates and incubated for 24 hours. The preliminary results were initially unfavourable, as data could only be collected and analysed for one species; Thuja occidentalis (White Cedar). However, these results were extremely encouraging when the zones of inhibition were measured and analyzed. Confidence Intervals were calculated at 95% and the T-Tests were calculated at a 0.05 alpha level, which indicated significance when compared to the control. The Chi Square values were greater than the critical value of 7.8 and therefore the thorough statistical analysis indicates that the results were not due to chance alone. Literature has indicated that certain components of trees do indeed have antibacterial properties, however there is very limited research specific to the Heartwood portion. Furthermore, I discovered that the Heartwood portion of the White Cedar tree does have certain antibacterial properties that definitely justify further testing. In addition, a combination of examining my grandfather’s possessions and analyzing present data, I can confidently support my grandfather’s traditional method. In conclusion, the use of the Heartwood portion of the White Cedar to combat bacterial infection warrants further exploration. Remedies Recovered from Roof Top Resources may be the solution to this catastrophic threat.

本研究是將梅齊裏亞克的砝碼問題( The Weight Problem of Bachet de Meziriac )，由等臂天平延伸至不等臂天平。 若i、k、m與n皆為正整數。首先在等臂天平中，討論k磅砝碼摔成i塊其解是否存在？是否有唯一解？並試圖找出通解的一般式。使用列舉的試誤法，之後設計視覺直觀的數學實驗程式，找出數學式，歸納出解的一般式。發現可以使用變形三進位的方法來決定符合解的砝碼。接著將等臂天平延伸到1:n不等臂天平。在1:n不等臂天平中，先找出所有解的組合，再找出最常出現幾組的不可稱解的最大可稱磅數、規律、性質與一般式。最後希望可以利用1:n不等臂天平的不可稱一般式推廣到m:n不等臂天平中。

這篇報告要探討下列的「轉沙發的問題」是否有解？有一個長方形的沙發(如圖一)，若要求每次只能以「四個頂點逆時針或順時針連續旋轉90 度」的方式轉動，請問當長寬具備何種關係時，沙發經數次轉動後，剛好可以「轉」到相鄰的位置(如圖一)，而且沙發坐人的正面方向仍保持不變呢？ 我們把原問題看成「平面座標上長方形旋轉的數學問題」，再利用「平面座標、三角函數、複數、複數的極式表示及向量」等數學工具，導出符合題目要求的方程式，最後證出下列的結果： 1.當長與寬比值為無理數時，此問題無解 2.當長與寬比值是最簡分數時；若分子為奇數，此問題無解 3.當長與寬比值為偶數時，此問題有解 In this paper we discuss the solution of rotating sofa problem as follows : The condition is : Merely allow to rotate the sofa several times by rotating 90 degrees clockwise or counterclockwise around the vertex. (maybe A, B, C, or D in Fig. 1) The question is : What’s the relationship between the length and the width of the sofa, if we request the sofa translated next to the original position with direction unchanged. (as shown in Fig. 1 with A’B’C’D’). We take this problem as a mathematical one of rotating a rectangle in plane coordinates. Then we derive the desired equations by using the tools of plane coordinates, trigonometric functions, complex number, polar form of complex number, and vector. Finally, we prove that： 1. When the ratio of length and width is irrational, the problem has no solution. 2. When the length of sofa is odd in the ratio of length and width, the problem has no solution. 3. When the ratio of length and width is even, the problem has solutions.

An increase in blood cholesterol contributes to cardiovascular diseases, the number one cause of death worldwide. Statins are currently the most effective in reducing cholesterol levels and treating patients with high cholesterol. However, these pharmaceutical agents have been shown to cause several side effects, prompting the need for a more natural solution to increasing cholesterol levels. Hence, a study was conducted to investigate the ability of lactic acid bacteria in the removal of cholesterol, explore the mechanism for the removal of cholesterol by lactic acid bacteria, and examine the effectiveness of kidney beans and sunflower seeds in inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. Results showed that Lactobacillus plantarum was the most effective in reducing cholesterol levels and that the mechanism for cholesterol removal included both the binding to cell wall and active uptake into cells. Sunflower seeds and kidney beans were also shown to be effective in inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, with sunflower seeds having 100% inhibition of the enzyme, similar to pravastatin, a commercial cholesterol reducing drug, and kidney beans having comparable percentage inhibition of the enzyme compared to pravastatin.

Even as a child, I was fascinated by the colors in nature, such as rainbows, butterflies and flowers. This fascination developed into curiosity with age, and as my school studies developed, I became particularly interested in the scientific aspects of the origin and development of colors. I wanted to answer the question: How are the different colors of the butterfly wings related to the nanostructures of scales and pigments? The color on the butterfly wings results either from the pigmentation (chemical color) or from the structure (physical color) of the wing scales. Colors such as yellow, black, red and brown are mainly created by pigments. The interaction of light and structures in and on the surface of butterfly wings, often the size of the wavelength of the light, results in physical colors. These colors are usually bright and dependent on the viewing angle (unlike chemical pigments that spread light diffusely). The colors produced here are usually golden, green, purple and blue. But, where do these colors come from and why do certain species dazzle more than others? To get to the heart of the matter, I identified two key questions: • How are the different colors of the butterfly wings related to the nanostructures of scales and to the pigments? • Using the nanostructure, can you find out the wavelength of the reflected light? In this work, I focus on the structural colors of butterflies and study the physics behind them. This includes parachuting in areas such as diffraction gratings, scattering of light, interference in thin films, and multilayer interference. In order to experience the greatest possible diversity, I selected butterflies from different species for the measurements. Using the spectrometer, I measured the light reflected from butterflies. High-resolution microscopes such as the laser microscope and the scanning electron microscope gave me the opportunity to study the detailed nanostructures of the wing. In addition, I was able to analyze and evaluate my results using existing physical models and MATLAB simulations (Maxwell equations).

本研究主要探討塔粉綠尺蛾食草選擇與其葉內真菌之關係。觀察培養四種植物（烏臼、鵝掌柴、白匏子與島榕）葉內真菌，以真菌生長、菌絲與孢子形態辨識真菌種類。當我們以烏臼葉內間座殼菌屬（Diaporthe sp.）真菌與不同植物放在一起時，幼蟲有取食原為非食草的白匏子葉片，而島榕則有嘗試啃食之現象；此外，飼養過程中我們發現取食烏臼的塔粉綠尺蛾幼蟲糞便較其他種幼蟲易長出真菌，進行幼蟲糞便與消化道真菌培養後，皆有與葉內真菌相似的菌體形態。我們推測烏臼、葉內真菌與塔粉綠尺蛾間的交互作用關係之一可能為：烏臼透過葉內真菌誘使塔粉綠尺蛾雌蛾前往產卵，經幼蟲食用葉片後所排出之糞便以作為葉內真菌傳播的媒介。

本研究將竹炭與銀兩種不同的材料結合,研發出金屬結合非金屬的複合導電材質;利用銀鏡反應,以竹炭當作載體,製作出竹炭-銀複合物,透過自製竹炭-銀電壓與電流的裝置,發現竹炭-銀錠最佳導電的質量比例為竹炭比銀1:9,利用掃描是電子顯微鏡,分析竹炭-銀複合物,發現銀會有效分布在竹炭表面形成包覆,竹炭銀定可導電,電阻介於純銀與炭之間,其電阻極低,將來可應用在代替石墨作為電池的電極,對提升導電度會有幫助;In this work, using the silver-mirror reaction, porous bamboo charcoal has been successfully adopted as novel supports for immobilization of silver nanoparticles by a chemical reduction method and the metal-nonmetallic composites with conductivity efficacy were investigated. Through the test of homemade voltage with the electric current instrument, we found out that the best ratio of conductivity in the bamboo charcoal-silver ingot is 1:9. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the composites show uniform Ag particles distribution on the BC matrix. The bamboo charcoal-silver ingot has the conductivity. The resistance, between the pure silver and the coal (graphite), is extremely low. Thus, this composite will promote conductivity and apply in the battery of electrode for replacing the graphite in the near future.