Climate is the average weather in a place over a long period. The changes in climate may be due to natural forces or from human activities. There is growing concern among the scientific community regarding climate change. Biodiversity, forest, monsoons, weather are now at risk due to climate change. Today climate change is happening at an increasing rapid rate. One of the causes is deforestation. Firewood collection in one of the major means the felling of trees. Excessive emission of CO2 by burning, which is a green house gas, responsible for increasing the temperature and causing drastic climate change. Hence, to know the impact of firewood collection in drastic climate change we have undertaken a project entitled, “Impact of firewood collection on weather and climate of Jirdin village.”

Plexiglas is a macromolecule (poly-methyl-methacrylate) obtained by polymerization of the Methyl Methacrylate. Cation exchanging resins have acidic groups such as COOH (carboxyl) and SO3H (sulfonic) which fix metallic cations dissolved in water releasing an equivalent of protons through the following reaction: 2 RCOOH + Me2+ (RCOO)2Me + 2 H+ Regeneration is made treating the exhausted resin with diluted hydrochloric acid (HCl) which moves the equilibrium to the left. The aim of our research is to re-use the discarded Plexiglas by transforming it into a cationic exchanging resin. Alkaline hydrolysis transforms the COOCH3 group into COO– group; the obtained group is then transformed into COOH group by means of a treatment with HCl. After the alkaline hydrolysis spectra of the solid show the characteristic band of the asymmetric stretching of the COO– (1610-1550) at 1567 (1st experiment) and at 1555 (2nd experiment). Instead after the acidic treatment the spectra of the solid show that this band has disappeared. On the contrary the characteristic band of the OH stretching of the COOH group (3300-2500) at 3228 (1st experiment) and at 3200 (2nd experiment) appears. The water hardness, due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions, is studied to verify the capability of the obtained resin to capture these cations. For this purpose, some mineral water is percolated through the micro-columns. There are three experimental evidences to validate the hypothesis: EDTA molecule (Ethylene Di-amino Tetra-Acetic acid, disodium salt) to estimate hardness is not required The pH of the percolated water through the column decreases from 8 of the mineral water without any treatment, to 6.3 after the treatment as expected The spectrum recorded in the visible range of the percolated mineral water through the column plus EBT (Eriochrome Black T) indicator is the same as the spectrum obtained using de-ionized water plus the same amount of EBT In conclusion, the study has provided evidence that it is possible to convert Plexiglas into cationic exchanging resin.

NO.62-03 2023 JUN | 科學研習期刊目錄 本期專題 SDGs中的地球科學 SDGs目標13氣候變遷融入十二年國教課綱中的自然領域課程與教學 | 許民陽 SDGs 與地質敏感區 | 林明聖 從氣候觀點看影響臺灣的颱風頻率變化 | 涂建翊 氣候變遷及開發下生物礁當前的環境問題與保育 | 許民陽 教學現場 數位科技融入「相對濕度」的探究與實作課程 | 江通達 古今山海‧化石傳奇～結合地球科學與自然文化保存的環境教育 | 童琳茜 科學新知 雷達觀測與區域防災降雨雷達 | 林品芳 史前巨石與它們的產地 | 梁勝雄、徐漢倫、俞舜文 特約專欄 穿越信息的海洋，開啟對世界的探索──簡介Robert F. Sibert Informational Book Award | 劉淑雯、林吟霙 「我有沒有搞錯？」的科學探究態度──以平流層臭氧議題為例 |吳育雅 森棚教官數學題──蜿蜒曲折 |游森棚 科普活動報導 在科學的基地裡，科學家到底做了什麼呢？ | 黃嘉郁、陳佩雯、李名揚、蘇萬生 總召集人的話 最近比較惹人注意的新聞除了颱風來不來，就是頂大地科系學生轉系轉出的比率偏多？我們的高中同學在選擇志願時總是有許多策略，選校不選系先進了再說就是其中一種；為了轉系，大一時損失許多體驗學習的好機會，只為了有好成績在轉系時有優先權，成績差的要轉系好難；殊不知因為對就讀科系沒有興趣才會成績差，才會有轉系的需求。 是不是應該讓在該領域學習不習慣或是學習弱勢的同學有優先轉系的機會？相類似的也有應該先指考，讓進不了自己滿意系所的學生，再隨後拿著自己的特殊事蹟去參加特殊選材或是推薦甄試才對？ 講到特殊事蹟，大家是否有注意到好多的高中生都在國際期刊發表論文以及參加國際發明展得金牌獎的？在這個期刊數量越來越多的年代，各種經營的模式逐一出現，許多付費刊出的期刊在peer-review上面是不是有真的做到該有的水準？或是跟投稿者各取所需？如果高中生能夠把自己學科的部分學得很透徹，那就有機會有更深入的機緣與大學教授對接獲得輔導，但是不是要投那貴參參的付費刊出期刊？是值得討論的。許多大學的教評會已經對某些種類的付費刊出期刊或是掠奪性期刊特別關注，特別是在升等審查的時候；只有某些心急搞不清楚的家長有機會受到掮客的欺騙付出數萬元莫名的刊登費；切記！不是自己做的千萬別亂掛名。 國際發明展更是需要慎重考慮的，發明展是一個交易平台，有專利的、有好的作品到這邊交錢（攤位的費用）擺設，等待前來的識貨買家成交這個好作品；發明展的作品可以同一件作品連續十年在不同國家展出（只要你有錢繳交好貴的擺設攤位費用），但是絕不會出現一稿多投的學倫問題，因為那就是個商業行為，那金牌銀牌哪裡來？這只要去看看一個國際發明展到底發出幾面金牌就可以知道金牌的價值，如果是五面以內那還有價值，如果是五十面那就自行判斷吧！商展中得到的獎有沒有真的peer-review？如果展出的團夠大，繳的錢夠多，講話就夠大聲，你能期待有真的peer-review？講這麼多其實是希望說，年輕人做學問要踏實，深耕才能生根，不然總是淺淺的表層，一扯就掉；心急的家長不要再害小孩子了，讓他從小就認為「造假是理所當然的」會造成未來社會極大的混亂。 本期專題的主題是SDGs中的地球科學，共有四篇文章。 〈SDGs目標13氣候變遷融入十二年國教課綱中的自然領域課程與教學〉SDG緣起於哪些時空環境？跟2015的教案有什麼關係？本文透過2015許多教案的設計分享來思考氣候變遷融入十二年國教的規劃以及其相關成效。 〈從氣候觀點看颱風影響臺灣的頻率變化〉全球暖化造成極端氣候，如何在災難來臨時可以科學的方法及科技工具應用趨吉避凶是現在面對災難的生存之道。全球暖化是否影響颱風路徑？颱風在高緯度出現的機率會提高嗎？你知道西北太平洋與南海海域的颱風氣候特徵嗎？影響臺灣的颱風個數有改變嗎？颱風是否影響臺灣和大尺度環流有什麼關係？颱風移動路徑的長期變化趨勢如何？臺灣對颱風又愛又恨，且地處不確定性高的地方，需要更多的關注。 〈SDGs11與地質敏感區〉何為地質敏感區？是地質條件比較脆弱的區域嗎？跟SDGs11「建構具包容、安全、韌性及永續特質的城市與鄉村」的對應又是何種關係？您的住家是落在地質敏感區嗎？如何知道地質敏感區的內容與分佈範圍？看到這邊應該可以猜出本篇文章的重點了，直接閱讀欣賞吧。 〈氣候變遷及開發下生物礁當前的環境問題與保育〉藻礁議題曾有一陣子沸沸揚揚，為何環保人士特別重視？現在又是何種狀態呢？珊瑚礁和藻礁都屬於生物礁，是環境的指標，也是為海岸抵抗波浪侵蝕最佳的鐵甲武士。抗侵蝕的保護作用從何而來？天然消波塊的稱呼又是如何得之？本文為您解密？ 教學現場有兩篇文章。〈數位科技融入「相對濕度」的探究與實作課程〉透過乾濕球溫度計、電子溼度計、Arduino、觀測資料查詢CODiS，取得實驗數據，融入數位科技數據處理等等，教學現場的探究實做課程從相對溼度的定義談起到後續的資料蒐集完整呈現。還有一個尚未開發的探究部分：去探究及解構乾濕球溫度計、電子溼度計是如何基於基本定義，透過哪些基礎原理以及數位科技，讓你看到讀數？ 〈古今山海。化石傳奇～結合地球科學與自然文化保存的環境教育〉如果把地球三十五億年的歷史換算成24小時，人類只不過是在晚上11點58分才出現而已！前面那23小時58分鐘留下哪些特別的訊息？嘗試變身柯南，走入左鎮區的考古遺址、化石、特殊地質地形景觀，化石如何被發現的？地質地形的特點如何被看見？化石告訴你哪些故事？期待你透過「古今山海.化石傳奇」教案，親自踏上左鎮，去探究及欣賞這些行動遺跡中歷史的、美學的、民族或人類學價值之認知與感動。 科學新知的兩篇文章：〈雷達觀測與區域防災降雨雷達〉我們聽過很多的雷達，氣象預報聽過、倒車時也用過、這些雷達的基本原理相同，應用場合各自不同也各有創意。雷達回波圖是如何得到的？區域防災降雨雷達有什麼特色？有什麼功能值得用一篇文章來報導？來欣賞本文的雷達價值吧。 〈史前巨石與它們的產地──從地質角度看卑南遺址石柱來源〉英國英格蘭威爾特郡的巨石陣遺址廣為人知，但其實在臺灣也有類似的史前巨石遺跡與文化！文中分享了臺灣東部的巨石文化，以及「可能的產地」。究竟過去的人類是如何將巨石搬移至現在的位置，這些充滿神祕面紗的史前謎題，等著你一起揭開探索。 特約專輯〈穿越信息的海洋，開啟對世界的探索——簡介RobertF.SibertInformationalBookAward〉信息浩瀚如大海，兒童或是青少年如何在茫茫大海中讀到不錯的書，伴隨著他探索及想像世界；「羅伯特．F．西伯特信息圖書獎」認可了作家或插畫家對兒童文學的貢獻及其作品的質量，也推薦了茫茫信息大海中值得閱讀的書籍；雯子老師在專輯文章為您介紹獎項的由來、主題類型、評選標準以及獲獎的好書，介紹知識大海中的燈塔及寶石。 〈「我有沒有搞錯？」的科學探究態度—以平流層臭氧議題為例〉吳育雅老師透過諾貝爾獎化學得主的研究過程來說明：跨域研究的必然、先知的孤獨、受到的壓力、對抗財團、建模的假說、觀測的資料比對、後續的修正、對真理追求的堅持…。為什麼在一般人口密集的地方使用CFCs會對南極上空的臭氧層造成大破洞？那北極會嗎？研究發現的真實性與重要性被充分理解時是研究者真正興奮的時刻。先是看著種種研究問題發生、懷疑、假說、驗證…說故事能力很強的吳育雅老師，也在最後讓我們在回顧整個故事對應到的科學研究歷程及反思，非常值得一讀。 〈森棚教官的數學題：蜿蜒曲折〉3*4個點的一筆畫最少需要多少個彎折？最多需要多少彎折？有哪些會發生的彎折數字？趕緊提筆畫畫……。 科普活動報導〈在科學的基地裡，科學家到底做了什麼呢？〉「科學家的秘密基地」由國家實驗研究院、國家太空中心與國立臺灣科學教育館合作，透過參觀民眾與展示儀器及遊戲的互動，讓大家認識國家級研究單位的日常，也能從中學習基本的科學知識。這個特別的展會定期更新，要常常來看，會有很棒的收穫。 總召編輯委員 - 李旺龍 關於本刊 出版單位：國立臺灣科學教育館 發行人：劉火欽 總召集人：李旺龍 編輯委員： 物理科吳仲卿/余進忠/戴明鳳/朱慶琪 | 化學科古建國/王伯昌/林如章/周金城/黃琴扉 | 生物科王美芬/蕭世輝/張育傑/辛懷梓/郭淑妙 | 地球科學許民陽/王郁軒/謝隆欽/盧孟明 科技科張玉山/汪殿杰/林育沖/徐新逸 | 數學科李源順/游森棚/嚴志弘/高欣欣 | 跨領域學科李名揚/劉淑雯/吳 嫻/李芝瑜/王淑音 | 特約專欄 游森棚/黃琴扉/陳正改/劉淑雯 策劃：李耕雲 主編：吳中益 本月專題特約主編：許民陽 編輯：佟冠誼/林博雅 網頁設計編輯：施曉恬 投稿規範請來信詢問：article@mail.ntsec.gov.tw

1. Introduction In Japan the energy self-efficiency is very low: only 6%. Hydrogen (H2) has been expected as a new and alternative energy source to imported one, such as petroleum resources. Now hydrogen energy comes into the practical use in the field of the fuel cell. Hydrogen must be extracted from other sources, for example, water, fossil fuel, and so on. Hydrogen is obtained from water by using electronic or thermal or photo energy in most cases, whereas it is well-known that hydrogen is given by the oxidation reaction of silicon in alkaline aqueous solution: Si + 2OH- + H2O → SiO32- + 2H2 Free silicon (Si) is not only used in the steel refining, aluminum-casting in the field of fine chemical industries but also is used as a material in semiconductor electronics. However, a lot of used silicon is thrown away as a waste, being not reused and recycled. In this study we try to apply a waste silicon to obtain hydrogen based on the above reaction. The purpose of the study is to develop a safe and convenient manufacturing method to generate hydrogen for an energy source of the fuel cell.

Photochromism is determined as reversible transformation between two chemical species, induced by action of light [1]. Herewith, initial form and photoinduced isomer have different properties, first of all, spectral. The phenomenon is attractive for the design of hi-tech materials for different applications, including optical memory elements and molecular switches. Diarylethenes are the most promising class of organic photochromic compounds due to outstanding thermal stability of both isomers and high photostability [2, 3]. Photochromism of diarylethenes explained by reversible electrocyclic reaction of hexatriene system, provoked by UV light, back reaction is induced by visible light. In this work we have proposed a new class of photochromic diarylethenes with cyclohexenone ethene “bridge” 4. The key stage of the synthesis is “one-pot” reaction of ketoesters 1 and chalkones 2 in ethanol in the presence of sodium ethoxide that includes Michael reaction and subsequent intramolecular condensation of the resulting product. The final decarboxylation of semi-product 3 results in target diarylethenes 4. We have prepared a wide range of photochromic diarylethenes with thiophene, oxazole, imidazole and benzene derivatives as aryl moieties. The spectral characteristics of compounds obtained have also been discussed.

The aim of this project is to eliminate the huge consummation of petrol in the field of transportation. This project will be based on the creation of an engine. It is not only economic but also, it does not pollute the environment. In order to think about the scientific strategy of this engine, I had a look at the work of many previous inventors who worked on a similar engine. But the engine I fabricated has as additions: - The use of clean energies (air, electrical energy and electromagnetic energy) - It is an engine the energy of which is renewable and it does not necessitate the intervention of man to give it energy .THIS MEANS THAT IT WORKS ALONE.

前人研究發現聖嬰南方震盪(El Niño–Southern Oscillation, ENSO)和淘氣精靈(Elves)兩者間有顯著關係，顯示淘氣精靈的變化受太平洋上ENSO影響，因此我們想探討淘氣精靈與印度洋震盪(Indian Ocean Dipole, IOD)間是否也存在相似的關聯性。一般以DMI(Dipole Mode Index)代表IOD的發生情形，研究中我們挑出2005年6月2015年11月IOD正負事件時的海溫、雨量、閃電及淘氣精靈進行比較。研究結果顯示淘氣精靈在印度洋上也有震盪的現象，且其趨勢與海溫相同，再將其與雨量變化做比較後，我們推論IOD造成的海溫變化影響了大氣，進一步影響淘氣精靈的發生。

本研究將竹炭與銀兩種不同的材料結合,研發出金屬結合非金屬的複合導電材質;利用銀鏡反應,以竹炭當作載體,製作出竹炭-銀複合物,透過自製竹炭-銀電壓與電流的裝置,發現竹炭-銀錠最佳導電的質量比例為竹炭比銀1:9,利用掃描是電子顯微鏡,分析竹炭-銀複合物,發現銀會有效分布在竹炭表面形成包覆,竹炭銀定可導電,電阻介於純銀與炭之間,其電阻極低,將來可應用在代替石墨作為電池的電極,對提升導電度會有幫助;In this work, using the silver-mirror reaction, porous bamboo charcoal has been successfully adopted as novel supports for immobilization of silver nanoparticles by a chemical reduction method and the metal-nonmetallic composites with conductivity efficacy were investigated. Through the test of homemade voltage with the electric current instrument, we found out that the best ratio of conductivity in the bamboo charcoal-silver ingot is 1:9. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the composites show uniform Ag particles distribution on the BC matrix. The bamboo charcoal-silver ingot has the conductivity. The resistance, between the pure silver and the coal (graphite), is extremely low. Thus, this composite will promote conductivity and apply in the battery of electrode for replacing the graphite in the near future.

本文記載台灣產安蛛科(Anapidae)微安蛛屬(Enielkenie)之未知種(Enielkenie sp.)。目前全世界的微安蛛屬記錄僅1屬1種，模式標本為原產高雄扇平之蟎微安蛛(Enielkenie acaroides Ono, 2006)。我們在新北市八里區利用柏氏漏斗對落葉層進行調查，發現未知種微安蛛，對雄雌標本進行描述、測量及繪圖。本種體型近似蟎微安蛛，但主要的差別為：腹部背面的筋點數目明顯多於蟎微安蛛、雄蛛觸肢腹面有一個向上突起，外雌器開口形狀，故本種可能為一未被描述的新種。人工飼養的情況下會結平面圓網，並在中央有一垂直絲，和Theridiosomatidae的網相似。

An increase in blood cholesterol contributes to cardiovascular diseases, the number one cause of death worldwide. Statins are currently the most effective in reducing cholesterol levels and treating patients with high cholesterol. However, these pharmaceutical agents have been shown to cause several side effects, prompting the need for a more natural solution to increasing cholesterol levels. Hence, a study was conducted to investigate the ability of lactic acid bacteria in the removal of cholesterol, explore the mechanism for the removal of cholesterol by lactic acid bacteria, and examine the effectiveness of kidney beans and sunflower seeds in inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. Results showed that Lactobacillus plantarum was the most effective in reducing cholesterol levels and that the mechanism for cholesterol removal included both the binding to cell wall and active uptake into cells. Sunflower seeds and kidney beans were also shown to be effective in inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, with sunflower seeds having 100% inhibition of the enzyme, similar to pravastatin, a commercial cholesterol reducing drug, and kidney beans having comparable percentage inhibition of the enzyme compared to pravastatin.

This article talks about the design, construction and operation of multi-alarm teleoperated. The work contains the different stages of construction that were performed for both hardware and software, as well as the way in which the entire process is developed. The prototype is autonomous. It can to detect the things that happen in the house and send a sms to the cell phone. With the cell phone you can drive a robot in the house.

The last two decades have seen 60% annual growth rate (AGR) in the global IP traffic and it is expected that the AGR will keep the exponential growth in the next five years. Recent advances in digital signal processing enabled the implementation of the dual polarization (DP) optical coherent digital receivers, which substantially improved their performance. The goal of this research is to develop a prototype of a compact superchannel flexible DP M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (MQAM) optical transmitter and demonstrate its reconfigurability to accommodate baud rates ranging from 8-32 Gbaud∕s to achieve 1 Tb/s and beyond using the same hardware. The research work consists of three phases; Phase I is the study of transmitter electrical and optical parts; Phase II investigates the potential configurations for frequency comb generator circuit; Phase III deals with the superchannel experimental prototype. The results obtained so far are pertaining to phase I and phase II with some preliminary experimental validation pertaining to phase III. The experimental results show that the measured component characteristics are matched with the components specifications data sheets. Additionally, the designed frequency comb generator was able to create up to 9 optical subcarriers with flat gain of 0.5 dB amplitude. Transmission over optical subcarriers has been attempted using standard optical transmitter. These results show promise towards the generation of a variable data rate up to 1Tb∕s. IEEE and ITU-T standardization effort considered these data rates to appear around 2017, and are intended for Next Generation Regional/Long-haul Networks.