本研究主要探討地震造成的纜車晃動，藉由自製的地震模擬器與纜車系統，探討各因素對纜車晃動之影響，設計纜車系統和車廂的減震裝置。研究結果顯示：一、地震時纜車斷電停駛位置愈靠近塔柱、相同長度纜繩上車廂個數較多、纜車重量較重、纜車臂較短，纜車晃動時間相對較短。二、所設計之減震裝置中，利用夾層中鋼珠轉動，使地震時只有外層纜車晃動而內層纜車輕微滑動的「雙層纜車」效果最佳。纜車系統塔柱則可參照建築物設置隔震元件，以減緩纜車晃動。本研究結果可望為未來應用之參考。

The Briggs Rauscher reaction, i. e., BR reaction, which is one of the oscillation reactions, produces iodide ion and iodine repeatedly. Continual color changes of the solution from colorless to deep blue, and vice versa, are observed during the reaction due to the so-called “iodine test” reaction. In this work, we studied the effects of the presence of the redox active indicators on the oscillation behavior of the BR reaction. To the reaction mixture of KIO3, H2SO4, H2O2, C3H4O4, MnSO4, and starch, which are used for the general BR reaction as added a redox active reagent (indicator). Then, the changes in color and voltage of the reaction solution were recorded by a photosensor of the LEGO MINDSTORMS and a voltmeter using Pt electrodes. Under general reaction conditions, the oscillation reaction continued for ca. 5 minutes, including 18 times of oscillations. When an indicator, such as BTB, was added instead of starch to the reaction solution, splits of the voltage wave were observed, which should be a kind of new oscillation. Moreover, we found that the addition of K3[Fe(CN)6], which exhibits high redox activity, in the reaction solution instead of starch made the life-time and the numbers of the oscillation in the reaction greater by 3 times (14 min.) in time and more than 4 times (81 times) in the frequency. It’s also a kind of new oscillation. These results suggested that the oxidation-reduction reactions by the addition of ferricyanate ion effectively promotes the redox process of iodine and iodide ion. The experiments we wrote above were conducted without starch. Thus, as a reference, we conducted the same experiments under the presence of starch and got interesting results. We also studied the effects of K4[Fe(CN)6], suggeting that not only redox reaction between ferricyanide and ferrocyanide ion, but also the redox reaction with BR solution should occur in these reactions.

Even as a child, I was fascinated by the colors in nature, such as rainbows, butterflies and flowers. This fascination developed into curiosity with age, and as my school studies developed, I became particularly interested in the scientific aspects of the origin and development of colors. I wanted to answer the question: How are the different colors of the butterfly wings related to the nanostructures of scales and pigments? The color on the butterfly wings results either from the pigmentation (chemical color) or from the structure (physical color) of the wing scales. Colors such as yellow, black, red and brown are mainly created by pigments. The interaction of light and structures in and on the surface of butterfly wings, often the size of the wavelength of the light, results in physical colors. These colors are usually bright and dependent on the viewing angle (unlike chemical pigments that spread light diffusely). The colors produced here are usually golden, green, purple and blue. But, where do these colors come from and why do certain species dazzle more than others? To get to the heart of the matter, I identified two key questions: • How are the different colors of the butterfly wings related to the nanostructures of scales and to the pigments? • Using the nanostructure, can you find out the wavelength of the reflected light? In this work, I focus on the structural colors of butterflies and study the physics behind them. This includes parachuting in areas such as diffraction gratings, scattering of light, interference in thin films, and multilayer interference. In order to experience the greatest possible diversity, I selected butterflies from different species for the measurements. Using the spectrometer, I measured the light reflected from butterflies. High-resolution microscopes such as the laser microscope and the scanning electron microscope gave me the opportunity to study the detailed nanostructures of the wing. In addition, I was able to analyze and evaluate my results using existing physical models and MATLAB simulations (Maxwell equations).

The last two decades have seen 60% annual growth rate (AGR) in the global IP traffic and it is expected that the AGR will keep the exponential growth in the next five years. Recent advances in digital signal processing enabled the implementation of the dual polarization (DP) optical coherent digital receivers, which substantially improved their performance. The goal of this research is to develop a prototype of a compact superchannel flexible DP M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (MQAM) optical transmitter and demonstrate its reconfigurability to accommodate baud rates ranging from 8-32 Gbaud∕s to achieve 1 Tb/s and beyond using the same hardware. The research work consists of three phases; Phase I is the study of transmitter electrical and optical parts; Phase II investigates the potential configurations for frequency comb generator circuit; Phase III deals with the superchannel experimental prototype. The results obtained so far are pertaining to phase I and phase II with some preliminary experimental validation pertaining to phase III. The experimental results show that the measured component characteristics are matched with the components specifications data sheets. Additionally, the designed frequency comb generator was able to create up to 9 optical subcarriers with flat gain of 0.5 dB amplitude. Transmission over optical subcarriers has been attempted using standard optical transmitter. These results show promise towards the generation of a variable data rate up to 1Tb∕s. IEEE and ITU-T standardization effort considered these data rates to appear around 2017, and are intended for Next Generation Regional/Long-haul Networks.

本實驗主要探討變頻的意義，利用廢棄風扇設計轉子和線圈互感實驗中發現轉子上渦電流存在的事實。台灣交流電的頻率為60Hz，故四極馬達極速為30rps在實驗中觀察到，本實驗觀察到轉速越大則線圈和轉子上渦電流互感值越大並導致線圈電流變小，進而降低線圈電流熱效應佔輸入電能比例。在分析轉子處消耗能量實驗中發現如果轉速越接近極速則磁力在轉子切線方向分力做功比例會減少，且大部分輸入電能轉變成渦電流熱能，線圈與轉子間的平均磁力和轉子切平面的方向夾角(θ值)會決定線圈熱效應及渦電流熱效應佔輸入電能比例，實驗中發現最佳轉速(最佳θ值)下運轉馬達會達到最佳能源效益比，實驗結果顯示本次實驗採用馬達在轉速約25(rps)時能源效益比最佳。

The rate and production of conventional petroleum based plastics is unsustainable and not eco-friendly. Plastics often end up in marine environments and can take hundreds of years to decompose in landfills. According to Statistica, in 2015 alone, global plastic production was approximately 322 million metric tonnes and is projected to increase in the future. PHB bioplastic or Polyhydroxybutyrate is both biologically produced and biodegradable and can serve as a viable alternative to conventional plastics. But can it be broken down by soil microbes within a reasonable time frame? I have set out to answer this question. My aim was to isolate and analyse microorganisms from the Rotorua area that are capable of degrading Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) bioplastic . I isolated PHB degrading microorganisms from Rotorua soils by culturing on an agar based mineral salt media supplemented with PHB powder (MSM PHB agar). Samples were taken from Mount Ngongotaha and Te Puia geothermal soils as well as Okareka, termite frass and termite guts. One isolate from the Te Puia sample (labelled G2) was found to successfully degrade PHB powder. After isolation and purification of the G2 isolate, it was cultured on a range of media types to examine properties exhibited under differing nutrient conditions. Multiple organisms were found to be involved in the degradation of PHB bioplastic and work together symbiotically, this included bacteria and fungi which was identified as penicillium. The sample isolated from Te Puia soils (site 2 – G2Clear) in the Rotorua environment was found capable of competently degrading PHB, clearing 8% of PHB after 26 days. The G2Clear isolate is a mixture of bacteria and fungi working in an endosymbiotic relationship to degrade PHB and are unable to successfully degrade PHB individually. It is through the secretion of an extracellular PHB depolymerase enzyme that PHB is degraded, conforming with my hypothesis. This proves that PHB bioplastic is a viable alternative to conventional petroleum based plastics as PHB can be relatively quickly broken down by soil microorganisms.

This project proposes that smartphones are capable of steering a quadcopter, doubling as a flight controller unit. This means that sensor results from the smartphone’s IMU (inertial measurement unit) are compared with steering commands from the pilot received over Wi-Fi or a RC-transmitter. The idea behind this project was to build a cheap flight control for a quadcopter. Smartphones seemed to be the perfect device because of their dominance in the market. The first step was constructing the quadcopter’s frame. I first designed the frame on AutoCAD and then built a prototype out of aluminium. My search for a possibility to connect the engines or low level peripherals to a smartphone led to the «IOIO-Board». After collecting sufficient information about sensor fusion and control theory I started working on my own controller. Due to the frame’s large size the quadcopter is very stable and best suited for aerial photography. Engine control by smartphone using an «IOIO-Board» is fast enough for flight. A smartphone possesses everything needed to control a quadcopter. The disadvantage of using a smartphone is that the processor has to calculate multiple applications simultaneously. This makes it more difficult to guarantee the correct timing of operations. Nevertheless, external influences such as phone calls do not influence the flight behavior of the quadcopter. As work in progress I have experimented with the implementation of GPS and an onboard camera.

The aim of this project is to eliminate the huge consummation of petrol in the field of transportation. This project will be based on the creation of an engine. It is not only economic but also, it does not pollute the environment. In order to think about the scientific strategy of this engine, I had a look at the work of many previous inventors who worked on a similar engine. But the engine I fabricated has as additions: - The use of clean energies (air, electrical energy and electromagnetic energy) - It is an engine the energy of which is renewable and it does not necessitate the intervention of man to give it energy .THIS MEANS THAT IT WORKS ALONE.

NO.62-02 2023 APR | 科學研習期刊目錄 本期專題 Sci-Talk生物多樣性專題 蛙類鳴叫多樣性與腹斑蛙的聲音溝通 | 莊銘豐 你藻類了嗎？ | 王瑋龍 嗨！存款還夠用嗎？氣候變遷與生物多樣性 | 趙榮台 教學現場 四個以人體生理反應為主題的科學探究活動 | 蔡任圃 我們一起探究的「昆蟲奇妙世界」 | 張慧娟 科學新知 風從哪裡來？ | 王嘉琪 捕捉星動的瞬間~臺灣第一個全自動巡天望遠鏡：星瞬望遠鏡RIFT | 金若蘭、李君樂 特約專欄 優質科學圖書及科學教育推手—AAAS／Subaru SB&F科學圖書卓越獎 | 劉淑雯、黃譯平 森棚教官數學題──鳩佔鵲巢 | 游森棚 科普活動報導 國小生活領域課程融入原子能線上科普活動之實踐 | 黃真瑱、蘇萬生 科教館GO好玩 ＜國立臺灣科學教育館＞科學新知充電站：Sci-Talk大眾科學講堂－生物多樣性專題 | 楊正澤 總召集人的話 如果我們有九千萬能做些甚麼？那接龍的人給了非常多的創意，科學背景的跟傳播背景的創意又截然不同，先來看看這有趣的接龍。九千萬僅能買1棟北市百坪豪宅，或者3部麥拉倫頂級跑車，卻能辦理30-45年的（以2018或2019年狀態及規模）科普環島列車、提供1000位高齡者安養3個月（3萬／月）、1000個家庭托嬰300小時（300元／時）、1000個小朋友吃營養午餐吃5年（50元／人／餐）、雙北1000個小朋友去安親班6個月（15000／月）、1000位大學生一年學雜費（9萬／年）、1500萬顆雞蛋、偏鄉學生到科博館單日服務25714所、連續十個月每天搭阿聯酋航空來回台北紐約（30萬／次）、搭高鐵來回高雄台北30000次（3000／次）…。當我們有機會手中握有好的資源時，我們要思考有許多資源不平均的地方，我們要思考到科學平權，我們要思考到被光鮮亮麗表象所遮掩的資源缺乏之窮人們。從公眾理解科學的角度來看，許多的做為是要讓公眾理解進行科學研究的重要，值得將所繳的稅金投入科學研究。這一期的內容很生物，以細胞的數目來說，動輒十億百億的，那上面的九千萬則不足為奇。那我們跟生物有甚麼不同？大小不同？傳遞訊息的手段不同？執行決策的手段不同？ 生物多樣性專題有三篇文章。蛙鳴此起彼落，蛙蛙間如何溝通？如何吵架？如何談情說愛？生物之間有哪些溝通方式？聲？光？電？味覺？還是有哪些我們沒用過或不知道的溝通方法？為什麼研究學者要研究蛙鳴比鳥叫容易呢？聲音的大小聲、高低音跟發聲結構有關？跟健康程度有關嗎？求偶時又該有何策略呢？策略一定是跟蛙類的生存及永續有關。蛙鳴聲有十二種分類，從防禦、激進到繁殖叫聲，甚至被咬住時也有不同的聲音。從聲音溝通到互動都離不開生物的本能。莊銘豐老師在〈蛙類鳴叫多樣性與腹斑蛙的聲音溝通〉一文中為您解密。藻類的尺寸從很小的藍綠菌到很大的昆布海帶，橫跨數個數量級。藻類摸起來為什麼會很滑？ 藻類在碳捕捉或是碳封存（CCS）扮演甚麼角色？ 小黑蚊（臺灣鋏蠓，俗稱小黑蚊、黑微仔、雨微仔、烏微仔、小金剛）跟藻類又有何關係？藻類是歸屬為動物還是植物？ 石頭長毛、地上青苔，這面有藻類的身形嗎？ 藻類非常多樣，又像植物會行光合作用，又像動物會移動，是不是無所不在？每天吃的用的腳踩著的都有機會有藻類跟您驚奇相遇；如果說認識藻類可以賺大錢，那閱讀王瑋龍老師〈你藻類了嗎？〉這篇文章就是賺大錢的開始。總統已經宣誓2030年淨零排放，以我們習慣現在地球上的生活方式，我們的存款還夠用嗎？ 環境、自然資源的赤字如何弭補？ 我們若要把環境赤字補回來，就得趕快投資自然，特別是生物多樣性。生物多樣性爲什麼會衰退，甚至流失呢？氣候變遷是一個很重大的影響因子。趙榮台老師〈嗨！存款還夠用嗎？氣候變遷與生物多樣性〉提出個人要如此做：BE SMART，才能盡個人之力有所貢獻去保護、修復、永續管理生物多樣性及因應氣候變遷。 教學現場有兩篇文章。蔡任圃老師在〈四個以人體生理反應為主題的科學探究活動〉一文中把探究實作教學的壓箱寶跟大家分享，許多的探究變因，有機會轉移，或是在參與學生的搞怪之下，有機會成為新的探索模組，這是年輕學生要參加的原因。「為了培養具科學素養的國民，科學教育已從知識累積與精熟練習，轉變成以邏輯思辯、解決問題與自學創造等能力作為培訓的目標。」是非常契合的一句話，值得參考學習。東華附小張慧娟在〈我們一起探究的昆蟲奇妙世界〉一文中分享如何讓昆蟲進入教室？學生會不會害怕？要先思考，有具體的思考才有後續的親身接觸，有親身體驗，才有真正的學習；有了引導，才有機會深入學習；張老師分享整個課程的規劃設計，甚至到教師共備課程都值得大家品味。 科學新知有兩篇文章。氣壓梯度→力→會推動空氣移動→便產生風；風是如何生成的？這是個很不錯的議題；我們每天清風拂面，習慣它的存在，總該找個機會探究風的生成；王嘉琪老師〈風從哪裡來〉從時間軸向說明科學發展的歷程，從早期天動說、地動說，亞里斯多德的天象論，風的解釋及成因都逐漸發展中；托里切利及帕斯卡的研究更是歷程艱辛才得以有今日我們學習的理論基礎；科氏力更是讓研究開展至氣象領域；王老師的結語寫得很棒，其中「我們學習的現代科學，來的並不是那麼理所當然」是我很欣賞的一句話。看星星是個很悠閒的事情，也是個很優雅的動作；但實際研究工作上需要長時間的觀測，又因為天體運轉不息，需要有個全自動巡天望遠鏡，特別是重力波的觀測。但是重力波不是電磁波，為什麼要用可見光的來觀測呢？文中有提到重力波的成因，透過因果的說明才能知道為何需要RIFT。然而甚麼是RIFT？ 它僅僅是為了重力波觀測而產生的嗎？金若蘭老師、李君樂老師在〈捕捉星動的瞬間臺灣第一個全自動巡天望遠鏡：星瞬望遠鏡RIFT〉一文中，為您解開優雅觀測的背後。 特約專欄有兩篇文章。劉淑雯老師〈優質科學圖書及科學教育推手—AAAS／Subaru SB&F科學圖書卓越獎〉文章中介紹美國科學促進協會（AAAS）這個長期推動科學教育且卓有成效的單位，雯子老師為文推薦介紹AAAS／Subaru SB&F 科學圖書卓越獎與評選方式，兒童科學圖畫書為其中一種獎項。自2006-2022每年獲獎的圖書繪本在雯子老師的文章中都有介紹，值得品味，也值得去買書或是借書來閱讀。游森棚老師〈鳩佔鵲巢〉讓你非常有想像及情境的餵食秀，在基本的數學規則下，如何排列及如何餵食才能讓每隻小喜鵲都吃到但是鳩吃不到？ 〈國小生活領域課程融入原子能線上科普活動之實踐〉一文中，國小使用線上是很不得已的事情，然而原子能的特殊性也讓線上科普是個必然必要。透過線上科普植入光影好好玩之中，在開心的氣氛下，讓學生理解能源問題。黃真瑱老師及蘇萬生老師兩位作者應該是在現場共同授課才會有文中具體的成效。 大家是否有發現2022年起，科教館有個大眾科學講堂Sci-Talk，裡面的靈魂人物是中興大學楊正澤教授，〈科學新知充電站Sci-Talk大眾科學講堂──生物多樣性專題〉一文訴說他整個規劃的心路歷程，思考主流，每一場的饗宴都是生物相關，主持人也是生物學家，串場功夫一流，邏輯清晰是大家要學習的。 總召編輯委員 - 李旺龍 關於本刊 出版單位：國立臺灣科學教育館 發行人：劉火欽 總召集人：李旺龍 編輯委員： 物理科吳仲卿/余進忠/戴明鳳/朱慶琪 | 化學科古建國/王伯昌/林如章/周金城/黃琴扉 | 生物科王美芬/蕭世輝/張育傑/辛懷梓/郭淑妙 | 地球科學許民陽/王郁軒/謝隆欽/盧孟明 科技科張玉山/汪殿杰/林育沖/徐新逸 | 數學科李源順/游森棚/嚴志弘/高欣欣 | 跨領域學科李名揚/劉淑雯/吳 嫻/李芝瑜/王淑音 | 特約專欄 游森棚/黃琴扉/陳正改/劉淑雯 策劃：李耕雲 主編：吳中益 本月專題特約主編：楊正澤 編輯：佟冠誼/林博雅 網頁設計編輯：施曉恬 投稿規範請來信詢問：article@mail.ntsec.gov.tw

It became necessary to implement a project for the use of vegetable waste generated in the process of handling plantain cultivation, harvest and postharvest, since in Mexico at harvest large quantities of vegetable waste is produced, since only the fruit is used wasting the Pseudostem with leaves and spine. Based on this information, you can take advantage of banana fiber as raw materials in the manufacture of biodegradable sheets and support options that are feasible and possible to make alternative. This is an inexpensive process, also friendly with the environment, so that thousands of banana plants that bear fruit after they become sterile and are discarded without realizing their Pseudostem.

本實驗主要闡明了三件事，1.如何去尋找在光學戲法上，其隱形區位置所在，並擺脫公式，從國中生就能懂得光學知識，來進行推論。2.解決仿照TheRochesterCloak不如預期的問題。3.捨棄TheRochesterCloak的作法，用我們自己的方法，打造一座隱形魚缸。 在1.這點上，當我們用平行於主軸的視線，平視透鏡時，物體若在接近焦點旁，其所成的像，會有部分落於，視野上的視覺不可見區域，以此為隱形理論基礎，透過不同透鏡組合及從視角、焦距、透視比例等方法，來達到使參考目標物所呈現的像，與原物為1:1比例且為正立，進而出現真正隱形效果。 最後，利用所有的推論和數據，我們使用自己的推算方式，來利用3D印表機，打造一台讓魚消失的隱形魚缸裝置。

Moss from a roof top was used to treat ear infections in my grandfather’s village. This remedy sparked my curiosity and so I began researching. I was bewildered to discover that the resistance to antibiotics has been labelled as a “Catastrophic Threat” and has been ranked in the same category as terrorism and climate change. Governments globally are urging scientists to identify and produce new antibiotics and reassess novel approaches1. This project aims to evaluate two objectives through the use of several integrated technologies and modified methods: (a) To determine if the extracts, solutions and raw materials derived from Heart wood portion of Picea glauca, Populus tremuloides, Salix spp, Betula papyrifera, Pinus contorta, Quercus alba, Thuja occidentalis, Climacium dendroides, Dicranum fuscescens and Kieselgur, will inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Escherichia coli. (b) To scientifically reassess my grandfather’s traditional method of treating ear infections using roof moss. The Heartwood portion of each tree was removed using a hammer and mallet. The Heartwood was then burnt to derive the ash and a miter saw was used to make sawdust. The moss was collected, dried and labelled. A Methanol Extraction was performed on all saw dust samples and moss using a Soxhlet Extractor for 24 hours. The ash solutions were diluted, filtered, and neutralized to pH 7. The solvents were evaporated in a Rotary evaporator and the residual material was stored in round bottom flasks. The Kirby Bauer method was modified and a Well Infusion method was devised for the biological assay. The Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Escherichia coli were plated using a 0.5 McFarland Standard. Paper filter discs containing 20uL of each extract solution and raw material were precisely placed onto the inoculated plates and incubated for 24 hours. The preliminary results were initially unfavourable, as data could only be collected and analysed for one species; Thuja occidentalis (White Cedar). However, these results were extremely encouraging when the zones of inhibition were measured and analyzed. Confidence Intervals were calculated at 95% and the T-Tests were calculated at a 0.05 alpha level, which indicated significance when compared to the control. The Chi Square values were greater than the critical value of 7.8 and therefore the thorough statistical analysis indicates that the results were not due to chance alone. Literature has indicated that certain components of trees do indeed have antibacterial properties, however there is very limited research specific to the Heartwood portion. Furthermore, I discovered that the Heartwood portion of the White Cedar tree does have certain antibacterial properties that definitely justify further testing. In addition, a combination of examining my grandfather’s possessions and analyzing present data, I can confidently support my grandfather’s traditional method. In conclusion, the use of the Heartwood portion of the White Cedar to combat bacterial infection warrants further exploration. Remedies Recovered from Roof Top Resources may be the solution to this catastrophic threat.