Lymnae stagnalis (pond snail) is emerging as a preferable invertebrate model in understanding neurological mechanisms because of its simple nervous system. A three-cell network mediates behaviours such as aerial respiration and research has shown that small, subtle changes occurring across the network might result in a disruption of natural behaviour (Lukowiak et al. 1995). It is also known that Lymnae features a more developed eye than other molluscs and studies have shown that various wavelengths of light can activate photoreceptors producing distinct electrophysiological responses (Sakakibara et al. 2004). However, no studies have looked beyond the electrophysiological response. The purpose of this project was to determine if coloured light would firstly, elicit a behavioural response as observed in its movement and secondly, affect learning and memory through the operant conditioning of its aerial respiration.

研究在一三角形上，要分配P、Q、R三點分別在頂點或三邊上(不可在同一邊，在同一邊則未能達到最好分工效率)，P、Q、R三點所負責的區域為「距離最近則劃分給誰」，要如何定位才能使P、Q、R三點負責的面積一樣大。我們先依序從正三角形、等腰三角形、等腰直角三角形、直角三角形以及特殊角度的順序做起。我們在交點上設幾個參數，找出重要交點作標，在計算的過程中用Mathematica找出參數解，最後再用多邊形面積公式計算區域面積找出解，並利用GSP作圖模擬。

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is an RNA virus, which is considered the main cause of progressive chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. The number of the patients who are infected with this sleeping virus is increasing rapidly every year, as the unsuitability of the current therapy – interferon α and ribavirin – for most of the genotypes is the main cause of these high rates. Hence, the recent researches are focusing on finding out a new immunotherapy to affect this virus. In this research work, Black Mustard (Brassica nigra) has been used as powdered spice samples to prepare aqueous extracts; One of the included phytochemicals in the black mustard; glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products, was proposed to be used for the HCV patients to prevent the virus progression. Also, the Isothiocyanates are shown with chemotherapeutic and anti-tumor properties. Moreover, some of the structure-related isothiocyanates have the ability to induce the enzyme paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) that is considered hepato-protective agent against liver impairment, inflammation, fibrosis and liver disease mediated by monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and is thought to affect the entry of the virus into the hepatocytes. The effect of the black mustard and the produced myrosinase enzyme on the HCV RNA replication is still unknown. In conclusion, the black mustard is thought to affect the progression and the fluidity of the HCV envelope resulting in impairment of viral binding and fusion.

熱電材料的條件為導熱差，電導率高的材料，此特性可將熱能轉換成電能，為一新興的再生能源。竹子生長快，為一導熱差的材質，但電導率低。本實驗將野生孟宗竹加工裁切，浸泡於飽和食鹽水加上奈米銦顆粒(73mg/ml)環境中，以高壓蒸氣(121℃、1.1 atm/cm2)處理40分鐘後測量處理前後其電阻變化、增加兩端溫度差及電壓改變的電流密度、增加溫度改變的電流，及熱導率等，並以複式顯微鏡觀察，確認奈米銦顆粒的確有進入竹子維管束內。實驗結果顯示，以飽和食鹽水及奈米銦顆粒高壓蒸氣法處理的竹片，相對於對照組，電導率上升了約1706倍，但熱擴散度只上升了約10%，熱電優值(Thermoelectric Figure of Merit) ZT為 0.059。本實驗方法有效提升竹子的電導率，證實竹子是一個有潛力的新興熱電材料。

在物理馬戲團這本書中提到：「當你泡即溶咖啡或攪拌奶精的時候，用湯匙輕敲杯壁看看，添加奶精後攪拌時，敲擊的聲音與添加前明顯不同，為什麼？」這本書的解答是：「當粉末溶解的時候，藏在粉末裡的空氣就會跑出來。因為空氣裡的音速低於水裡的音速，在空氣與水混合的環境裡，音速也比在水裡低。當水裡不斷有空氣混進去時，這個容器的共振頻率和它裡面的音速有關，所以也會降低。因此你會聽到較低的音調，直到空氣全部跑光。」我們利用指向性麥克風以電腦錄音後以Adobe Audition 軟體分析聲波頻率，覺得這個說法有點問題。例鹽水溶液音速較水高，敲擊時的音調卻較水低。由敲擊一黏於裝水水盆中之空杯，與敲擊杯內裝同一水位之水之杯子，頻率非常接近。告訴我們影響頻率的是靠近杯壁一層有效質量。因鹽水溶液密度較高有效質量較大，所以頻率較低。以密度的觀念檢視裝有溶液之杯子被敲後的頻率是對的。但對杯中有懸浮物就不然，例如流體中含有氣泡，則混合體之密度必定變低，有效質量變小頻率應變高。但實驗發現含有氣泡時頻率是變低的。可見氣泡還有其他的影響力高於密度對音調的影響。 流體的振動應是會壓縮到氣泡，氣泡與流體間之力學交互作用為何會使頻率下降，正是我們要找出的。 The Flying Circus of Physics has a question “As you stir instant cream or instant coffee into a cup of water, tap the side with your spoon. The pitch of the tapping changes radically as the powder is added and during the stirring. Why?” The answer is, “The air trapped in the powder is released as the powder dissolves. Since the speed of sound is lower in air than that in water, the speed of sound in the air-water mixture is lower than that in pure water. During that period while the air escapes the container, the resonant frequencies of the water, which depend directly on the speed of sound, will also be lower. Hence, you hear a lower tone until the air escapes. “We then tap the coffee cup and generate an audible tone. The signal picked up by the microphone . The same signal is also studied using Adobe Audition, a waveform processing and analyzing software. We find the assumption is wrong, the speed of sound is higher in sugar solution than that in water, but we hear a lower tone. An effective layer of fluid adjacent to the glass wall is set into motion when we gently rub the rim of the wineglass. The thickness is about the same whether the fluid is inside or outside the glass. This explains why the frequency drops when the liquid is added to the system. When the density of the sugar solution is higher, the mass of the effective layer is higher. But what the presence of the bubbles and the theoretical explanations must NOT rely on are: Use effective density argument: One should not just use a change in the main density to try to explain why the frequency is lower. I would think that the bubbles are compressed a little bit by the vibrational motion of the glass communicated to them through the fluid. But how do the bubbles interact with the fluid under this setting? This is what we need to work out.

This project aims to create the polar equations from the relation of the points on the centre line of the water twisted from Butterfly sprinkler heads. The water path includes inner rim, outer rim and centre line laying in the middle of the water path is used Rhombus’s property. The diagonals are perpendicular bisectors of each other to create the centre line. Then we create the polar equation of the centre line of water that twists from 4 types of the Butterfly sprinkler heads: edge frame, curve frame, STL and STL rotary. The polar equation of outer rim and inner rim is created by adding and removing the “ f ” value ( ; is the distance between the outer rim and the centre line, and is the geometric sequence that is ) of the coefficient (a) of the polar equation respectively. The results show that the formal equation of the centre line is which can explain the different properties of Butterfly sprinkler heads. If “ f ” value is increasing the water path and the blade will be wider that affects droplets distributing thoroughtly. Furthermore the relationship between the volume of water and the radius of water distribution can be processed to find the least time that can increase the appropriate moisture level of soil.

本研究的主要目的是探討瓢蟲在空間中行走的軌跡是否存在著某些性質。我們定義瓢蟲分別繞y軸和z軸旋轉θ和 Φ，我們發現當旋轉次數n→∞ ，各收斂點P均位於球面S:(x-1/1-r2)2+y2+z2=(r/1-r2)2 上。接著我們探討當瓢蟲的仰角θ=cos-1r與-cos-1r時，不論轉向角Φ為幾度，瓢蟲分別收斂於固定點A(1, 0, r√1-r2/1-r2) 與B(1, 0, -r√1-r2/1-r2)。透過幾何證明，我們發現直線AB與y軸恰為球面S的配極直線。透過基底變換後，每個轉向點均位於一圓錐面x2+y2=a2(c-z/c)2 上，且繞行的原點O及轉向點Pn均位在一等角螺線G上，G:{x=artcostα y=artsintα(t∈R) z=c(1-rt) 。從高觀點來看，各轉向點是經過一個收縮的仿射變換而來，而收斂點 就是瓢蟲行走軌跡的點吸子(attractor)。最後，我們將軌跡呈現的圖形與自然現象連結。

Immunoglobulin G is a glycoprotein structured molecule that is produced by the immune system and protects organism from harmful effects of antigens. Ig G amount in the blood plasma is an appropriate indicator of; infection, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer and other autoimmune diseases. Besides, purification of Ig G used in the treatment of these diseases from naturel sources is carried out at high costs on the World market. It is hard to obtain Ig G in high amounts and without any decomposes, that’s why it is important to develop new systems that will help to recognize and purify Ig G antibody. In this project, my purpose was; recognizing Ig G antibody with efficient, high amounted, fast, easily, with less toxicity, economically and purifying Ig G in high ratios from its natural sources. For this purpose p(HEMA-EDMA) membranes are synthesized with free radical photo polymerization method and characterized according to SEM images, swelling behaviors FTIR analysis and elemental analysis. In order to adsorb Ig G to polymeric membranes; polymeric membranes are activated with silanization agent (IMEO) and derivatized with Con A which is a lectin affinity ligand. In the SEM results it is examined that membranes are in spherical structures. Highest swelling value is determined as 224.8%.Binding of IMEO was demonstrated with FTIR and Elemental Analysis. Optimum conditions for Ig G adsorption to membranes are; 1.5 mg/ml initial Ig G concentration, 30 minutes of adsorption time, pH 4 citrate buffer 37 0C and without any different ion strength. Optimum adsorption capacity is determined as 253.8 mg/cm2 and it is also determined that this value is 7 times higher than nonspecific Ig G adsorption to p(HEMA-EDMA) membranes. Ig G adsorption-desorption cycles (5 times) proved that product is reusable without losing its adsorption capacity. According to the electrophoresis, Ig G could be desorbed in pure form without any denaturation to its structure.

Quadcopters are incredible pieces of technology. Software on the flight controller is able to simultaneously stabilise the drone in three degrees of freedom, follow commands from the pilot and take pictures. 200 times per second the flight controller therefore measures the current position and RC signal, calculates a correction and sets the according engine speeds. This is a task that could never be done by a human being.

Diarrhoea is an infectious disease that claims many lives (particularly among infants) and is known among many other infectious diseases, to have a relationship with climate. This projects quantifies this relationship by comparing health insurance treatment claims for diarrhoea and anti-diarrheal drug sales data from the private health sector with temperature and rainfall data provided by the South African Weather Service. The data were then analysed and show that incidence is highly seasonal and varies among regions with different seasonal climates. The results show that climate variability can explain 73% of diarrhea incidence variation with rainfall explaining 8% and minimum temperature explain the other 65 %. Preliminary predictions of future monthly percentage increases in incidence were then made for a series of time ranges. This project demonstrates that with predicted climate data one can predict future variations of diarrhoea allowing the health sector to be adequately prepared.

The purpose of this research is to prevent the desertification by using my original “agar sheets”. The dry regions, in other words, the desert has already occupied about forty percent of the surface of the earth (Figure 1). In addition, it is said that land of seven million hectares turn into desert every year. However, we can reproduce the green-bosomed earth by using appropriate means, because this desertification originated in excessive farming, excessive pasturing, and deforestation caused by human beings. I learned “Cape Erimo’s Green Construction Method”, which has succeeded in planting trees in the coast of Japan by using seaweed, and this method led me to use the agar to prevent the desertification, which is a familiar Japanese food made from seaweed. I think that it is possible to prevent the desertification of any conditioned lands by using my original “agar sheets.”

本研究是將梅齊裏亞克的砝碼問題( The Weight Problem of Bachet de Meziriac )，由等臂天平延伸至不等臂天平。 若i、k、m與n皆為正整數。首先在等臂天平中，討論k磅砝碼摔成i塊其解是否存在？是否有唯一解？並試圖找出通解的一般式。使用列舉的試誤法，之後設計視覺直觀的數學實驗程式，找出數學式，歸納出解的一般式。發現可以使用變形三進位的方法來決定符合解的砝碼。接著將等臂天平延伸到1:n不等臂天平。在1:n不等臂天平中，先找出所有解的組合，再找出最常出現幾組的不可稱解的最大可稱磅數、規律、性質與一般式。最後希望可以利用1:n不等臂天平的不可稱一般式推廣到m:n不等臂天平中。