1 Purpose of the Research Nanocrystal thin films exhibit many useful properties, including electrochromicity and superconductivity. When synthesised via Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE), selection of substrate, specifically knowledge of crystal orientation, is critical. Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction (RHEED) is an in situ crystal characterisation method highly compatible with MBE. This study explores a new method of RHEED analysis to determine crystal orientation. 2 Procedure/Theoretical Framework RHEED characterization is the incidence of a beam of high-energy electrons at a low angle with respect to the sample surface. Electrons diffract, and interfere to form patterns on the detector. Traditionally, studies of RHEED analyse one static image as a representation of the surface structure, or observations of RHEED patterns over time. The approach to RHEED analysis in this study exploits changes in RHEED patterns given a rotating substrate. Having specific rotational symmetries along different axes, crystal structures can be differentiated by determining rotational symmetry through RHEED. Electrons scatter upon incidence with crystal planes within the crystal to form Kikuchi lines on the RHEED detector (Fig. 2). The orientation of crystal with respect to incident electron beam affects the Kikuchi line patterns. If the crystal is rotated, crystal planes change orientation, and electrons would diffract from crystal planes in different directions. As such, as the crystal is rotated, the Kikuchi lines move. When the degree of rotation of the crystal corresponds to the rotational symmetry of the crystal (Fig. 1), the Kikuchi lines return to their original position. As crystals with different crystal plane orientations exhibit different orders of symmetries, analyzing the Kikuchi line patterns of the crystal at different degrees of rotation can reveal the rotational symmetry and consequently crystal plane orientation of a crystal. 3 Data/Experimental Testing In order to assess the practical viability of the proposed method, experiments were conducted on SrTiO3 (001), (110), and (111). SrTiO3 exists as a typical perovskite structure (Fig. 3), often used in the synthesis of superconductors via MBE. 3.1 Methodology RHEED images of each sample were taken at 0◦, 60◦, 90◦ and 180◦. Curves were fit to each Kikuchi line observed in the image (Fig. 4). These Kikuchi line approximations are compared by superimposing the curves traced and qualitatively assessing the degree of similarity between the Kikuchi lines of 2 images, to verify the order of symmetry and crystal orientation of the crystal. In the images of the superimposed Kikuchi lines illustrated in Fig. 5, there is similarity between the Kikuchi lines when only when the sample has been rotated by an angle corresponding its degree of symmetry. 4 Conclusions This study offers a method to determine the crystal orientation of thin film through determining the degree of rotational symmetry of the sample, by observation of Kikuchi lines in the RHEED pattern as the sample is rotated. Experimental data was analyzed qualitatively to verify the viability of this theoretical method in practice. This method could be extended to analyze the symmetry of other crystal structures. As it does not require information on the machine settings or usage of complex functions to produce a reliable output, this method is fast and straightforward, opening doors to more streamlined RHEED analysis.

本研究在觀測前根據GCVS（GeneralCatalogueofVariableStars、俄羅斯大學變星資料庫）找尋適合的目標，我們考量星體的光度變化、週期及適合觀測的時間、方位，經篩選後，再從可能之目標中選定此次觀測目標：VZCnc，並且擬定計畫，以利於觀測及拍攝的進行。使用TheSky6軟體找尋VZCnc附近星體分佈的情況，以供分析使用。我們使用CCD(ChargeCoupleDevice、電荷耦合裝置)拍攝，以V濾鏡拍攝三天共一千零七十八張影像，加以整理及刪除不適合者，再進行疊圖使繪出的圖有較高的準確性，並根據光變曲線圖加以分析其變化範圍、週期，和手邊擁有他人的觀測資料對照，充分了解其亮度變化的情形。

The redox reactions of bacteria metabolism have been extrinsically studied. These mechanisms allow certain types of bacteria to be able to synthesize extremely valuable extracellular byproducts. Other types of bacteria are able to extract toxic metals from water by donating electrons directly to those aqueous metal ions, thus turning them into solid precipitates. However, the problem of these microorganisms is that their efficiency rates and production speeds are exceptionally low. This study focuses on the properties of electrotrophs, which are bacteria that can feed on pure electrons directly from an electrode (Rabaey et al 2010). Compared to normal organic-feeding bacteria, electrotrophs direct the majority of the electrons obtained to the production of metabolic byproducts (Nevin et al 2010). Therefore, when electrotrophs are employed in bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) their metabolic redox reaction efficiency rates are dramatically increased. This makes it possible to produce large quantities of valuable compounds such as hydrocarbons, plastics and medicine or efficiently remediating the environment (He et al 2016). Moreover, the usage of electricity as an energy source compared to conventional organic substrates is immensely cheaper (Rabaey et al 2010). However, not all bacteria are electrotrophs nor do all electrotrophs have favourable metabolic traits. Thus, there is a need for a novel procedure to turn conventional bacteria into electrotrophs which is a crucial step to making the BES an aggressive competitor in the sustainable energy industry.

Nowadays, the increase in population and the rapid depletion of nonrenewable energy sources brings the need for energy. In this case, scientists are forced to develop technologies by using renewable energy sources. Sun is the unlimited and renewable energy source. Organic solar cells absorb the light from the sun by the active polymer layer and transform it into electrical power. Organic solar cells are advantageous than inorganic ones because of being low-cost, easy-to-use and proper for large scale applications. In this project, it is aimed to produce organic solar cells by using specific amounts of carbon nanotube (CNT) doping. According to this aim, it is detected by using the fluorescence spectroscopy that CNTs can be used in organic solar cells. Later, the homogenous distribution of doping SWCNT into donor material was displayed by AFM, and correct proportion of SWCNTs are chosen by those images. In order to increase the efficiency of organic solar cell SWCNT doped P3HT was used as donor molecule. The acceptor molecule was PCBM in here. Surface characterization of prepared samples was made by Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), while electrical characterization of them is done with airless environment cabin (glove-box) system in nitrogen environment. As a result, devices prepared with addition of cyclohexanone in P3HT: SWCNT%:PCBM new load paths to carbon nanotubes were provided, as a result of the measurements short circuit current obtained was raised from the reference to 53%. The best yields were found as 2.24% in 0.2% SWCNT doped devices. This result shows efficiency is healed according to the reference rate as 64%. In this study, certain amounts of carbon nanotube doped organic solar cells were produced, which are highly efficient rather than traditional organic solar cells and low cost, easy-to-produce rather than inorganic solar cells, by using environmentally friendly materials.

Lymnae stagnalis (pond snail) is emerging as a preferable invertebrate model in understanding neurological mechanisms because of its simple nervous system. A three-cell network mediates behaviours such as aerial respiration and research has shown that small, subtle changes occurring across the network might result in a disruption of natural behaviour (Lukowiak et al. 1995). It is also known that Lymnae features a more developed eye than other molluscs and studies have shown that various wavelengths of light can activate photoreceptors producing distinct electrophysiological responses (Sakakibara et al. 2004). However, no studies have looked beyond the electrophysiological response. The purpose of this project was to determine if coloured light would firstly, elicit a behavioural response as observed in its movement and secondly, affect learning and memory through the operant conditioning of its aerial respiration.

Because of the presence of an activated multiple carbon-carbon bond, α,β-unsaturated sulfones are high-reactive compounds which are widely used in organic synthesis. These compounds readily undergo the reactions of nucleophilic addition and pericyclic processes. At the current moment, a wide range of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions with α,β-unsaturated sulfones as dipolarophilic systems is known. However the interaction of α,β-unsaturated sulfones with azinium ylides is less studied and limited to only a few examples. In the present study, the interaction between a number of stable isoquinolinium and pyridinium ylides with aliphatic and aromatic vinylsulfones has been investigated. We considered the regioselectivity of these reactions. Mostly cycloadditions of isoquinolinium ylides to α,β-unsaturated sulfones led to the mixtures of isomeric sulfonyltetrahydroindolizines in different ratios. Also we found several examples of high-regioselective addition. The stereochemical result of the cycloaddition was examined by methods of 2D correlational 1H-NOESY NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallographic analysis. The process of formation of major regioisomer of cycloaddition N-phenacylisoqunolinium ylide to ethylvinylsulfone was highly stereoselective. The series of new sulfonyltetrahydroindolizines with potential bioactivity were obtained. The structure of all products was proved by IR and 1H NMR

熱電材料的條件為導熱差，電導率高的材料，此特性可將熱能轉換成電能，為一新興的再生能源。竹子生長快，為一導熱差的材質，但電導率低。本實驗將野生孟宗竹加工裁切，浸泡於飽和食鹽水加上奈米銦顆粒(73mg/ml)環境中，以高壓蒸氣(121℃、1.1 atm/cm2)處理40分鐘後測量處理前後其電阻變化、增加兩端溫度差及電壓改變的電流密度、增加溫度改變的電流，及熱導率等，並以複式顯微鏡觀察，確認奈米銦顆粒的確有進入竹子維管束內。實驗結果顯示，以飽和食鹽水及奈米銦顆粒高壓蒸氣法處理的竹片，相對於對照組，電導率上升了約1706倍，但熱擴散度只上升了約10%，熱電優值(Thermoelectric Figure of Merit) ZT為 0.059。本實驗方法有效提升竹子的電導率，證實竹子是一個有潛力的新興熱電材料。

本實驗由透明壓克力管做盛水容器，上下密封後固定於震盪器上方使其垂直振動，水中的氣泡可能會下沉而非上浮。我們觀察水中的自製人工氣泡於不同因素下的下沉運動情形，並依觀察結果推測造成其下沉的因素，我們的理論所運用的變因有容器振動時的加速度、頻率、液體的黏滯係數、氣泡的形變量（不同材質），經過實驗後我們發現頻率並不會影響人工泡泡下沉的情形。我們將不同條件下，透過tracker程式追蹤其下沉的軌跡和時間的關係，再經由牛頓第二運動定律、阻力公式和簡諧運動結合推導出氣泡運動公式，再將此公式寫進Mathematica程式，並分別討論容器座標下的人工氣泡和實驗室座標下的人工氣泡，將所得到的理論值和實驗結果數據加以討論。

本研究主要探討傾角對面轉變的影響與面轉變的原因。當柱體由肥皂水中拉起時，泡膜圖形可分為中央膜平行與垂直底面的形式，兩種形式因高的變化而互相轉換的過程稱為面轉變。三到六角柱傾角越大，面轉變時的高越大，反之亦然；六角柱可以面轉變，且在40°到45°之間有臨界角度存在。本研究以力與能量的角度解釋面轉變．泡膜藉由改變面積以達到最低的能量、維持穩定狀態，因此本研究計算、比較不同形式的泡膜面積，以解釋面轉變。我們同時發現三角錐與四角錐都不會發生面轉換；三角錐的實驗值多大於理論值，四角錐的實驗值則多小於理論值。

「賽局理論」其實就是一種科學、理性行為在一個會相互影響的狀況，在一些比賽中是可以應用的。因為要贏得比賽，必須要有實際上的能力(速度、金錢等等...)、技術(這方面就可以運用賽局理論)還有重要的....運氣！例如:統一集團7-11與全家便利商店,為了營業額和吸引消費者上門,在於商品部份的價錢與優惠和一些促銷方案計畫,如何讓店家可以創造出更高的業額與價值,同時間也滿足消費者的需求。而「賽局理論」就很清楚得剖析了生活上這些類似的問題，能藉此理論找到最好的方法，又兼顧著個人的最大利益的同時並創造雙贏。在生活中我們常常面臨各式各樣的賽局，只是我們都沒有發現，小至與人互相擋到要往左還是右邊讓的問題，大到國際談判、軍事競賽和登入月球…等問題，若能進一步收入研究了解賽局理論，必能藉此為我們找尋到最佳的解決模式。

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is an RNA virus, which is considered the main cause of progressive chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. The number of the patients who are infected with this sleeping virus is increasing rapidly every year, as the unsuitability of the current therapy – interferon α and ribavirin – for most of the genotypes is the main cause of these high rates. Hence, the recent researches are focusing on finding out a new immunotherapy to affect this virus. In this research work, Black Mustard (Brassica nigra) has been used as powdered spice samples to prepare aqueous extracts; One of the included phytochemicals in the black mustard; glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products, was proposed to be used for the HCV patients to prevent the virus progression. Also, the Isothiocyanates are shown with chemotherapeutic and anti-tumor properties. Moreover, some of the structure-related isothiocyanates have the ability to induce the enzyme paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) that is considered hepato-protective agent against liver impairment, inflammation, fibrosis and liver disease mediated by monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and is thought to affect the entry of the virus into the hepatocytes. The effect of the black mustard and the produced myrosinase enzyme on the HCV RNA replication is still unknown. In conclusion, the black mustard is thought to affect the progression and the fluidity of the HCV envelope resulting in impairment of viral binding and fusion.

Nowadays, the most of waste materials are incinerated and generated the toxic gases in 日本. On the other hand, the Hydrogen gas (H2) has attracted attention as clean energy due to no emissions of toxic gases. In this work, we investigated that the new hydrogen evolution system using waste materials, such as aluminum (Al) foil and lime desiccant, and also investigated their reaction mechanism. The grinded desiccant was added to Erlenmeyer flask containing 300 mL of water. After dissolution the desiccant, the Al foil was added to the solution to begin the reaction. Generated gas was determined by water displacement method. The gas components are identified by gas chromatography. We found that the waste material reaction combined with waste lime desiccant and Al foil could be used for one of the hydrogen evolution system. This reaction is depended on solubility of lime desiccant, thus mean solubility of CaO in water. The Al foil is reacted with the desiccant more than 20 times of reaction stoichiometry. The calcium ion or calcium complex ions are involved with the excess reaction of Al foil.