Most football managers are not aware of the need for analysis of soccer data, which is one of the dynamic sports. In this study, we developed a statistical model with performance indicators and score indicators of individual soccer player based on various event data including dynamic features such as goal, assist, pass, etc. In this study, the correlation between the dependent variables and the explanatory variables, and each explanatory variable was confirmed through the correlation analysis to solve the problem of multiple communicability from the regression model and to analyze the statistically significant preliminary model. In addition, we analyzed the correlation between individual rating of the players and the data recorded in the soccer games, and found that there has been a problem with the rating of the soccer players evaluated by the reporters and the soccer statistics site. To solve this problem, we developed a model that best fit the performance indicators of individual soccer player using the linear regression model and the beta regression model. The performance index model of the athletes was developed by comparing the R-squared value and the mean absolute percentage error of two models, the linear regression model and the beta regression model, and found out the beta regression model is better model to use. By using the estimated regression coefficients of the regression model we made new PI model. Score Index, which is the attractive point of soccer, was developed by comparing Poisson regression model and negative binomial regression model based on AIC value, and the one using negative binomial regression model was found to be better. Through the model developed by this study, it is possible to collect the event data recorded by individual athletes for each soccer game, and obtain the PI & SI index which are the athlete performance index models. This allows us to evaluate each team's players objectively, analyze the team's deficiencies, and provide tools to find players, who can fill in the missing positions of the teams. This study can also be utilized to grasp the performance of athlete in real time by simulating the resultative model.

NO.61-03 2022 JUN | 科學研習期刊目錄 本期專題 海洋環境的變遷 臺灣的海洋環境與海岸地形的演育──東部海岸與西部海岸的比較 | 許民陽 臺灣海洋環境問題──臺灣海岸後退變遷舉例 | 許民陽 全球暖化正影響著各種尺度的洋流系統——黑潮、大西洋經向翻轉環流、與全球海流 | 鄭志文、葉庭光 探索內太空：從郵票看深海潛航的百年演進 | 李孟陽 教學現場 等鱟到來 | 盧家豪、張錦霞、蓋玉軒、陳麗淑 鱟來遇見你～鱟的海洋教育課程 | 張雅菱、管郡潔、蓋玉軒、陳麗淑 「鱟」事知多少 | 曹瑞芸、許芳瑾、鄭淑菁、蓋玉軒、陳麗淑 科學新知 集眾人之力的氣象研究 | 王嘉琪 上天下地——淺談龜山島地形與地質 | 梁勝雄 特約專欄 繪本科學閱讀的跨領域教與學：爸爸的機械魚 | 劉淑雯、蕭 敏 我國氣象觀測站網的建置和演進（三）臺灣東部地區 | 陳正改 森棚教官數學題——星球的另一面 | 游森棚 科普活動報導 海洋科普教育與化石巡迴展——讓海洋生物化石重新找回生命 | 張詠斌 2022第一屆量子科技科普線上推廣壁報展 | 林昱廷、余進忠、蘇萬生 科教館GO好玩 他山之石——加拿大全國科展評審制度探討 | 陳香微 總召集人的話 最近重讀了《這個不科學的年代～費曼談科學精神的價值》一書，也回顧了一些學倫的事件，有些歪樓的感慨。在這個年代，我們有自駕車、AI、IoT、護國神山…許多科技的進步，改善我們的生活；但同時有空氣及海洋河川的污染、極端氣候、疫情、戰爭、能源等生存問題；同時也有許多假議題、偽科學、假新聞積極影響我們的生活；國家與國家之間的衝突也透過許多人工製造的訊息來追求正當性；如果要說這是個科學的年代，倒不如說這是個自媒體的時代。當有人說我們接受教育是為了能知道誰在胡說八道時，「明辨是非」就是一件重要的事情。知道自己沒做而要求掛名是不對的、知道找人捉刀是不對的、知道幫人捉刀是違反學術倫理的、知道有科學依據的討論是對的、知道不製作假消息是對的…。掛名文化是不可取的，是不誠實的，當大人汲汲營營為著小孩的學習履歷積點時，就要知道自己的行為是不是在幼小的心靈中建立了不良的「典範」？沒有做的可以找槍手？貢獻比率不高還是掛名了？十年後這些小朋友長大了，造假的行為會不會習以為常且蓬勃發展？為達目的可以不擇手段嗎？我們要從小灌輸學術倫理的觀念，才不會「細漢偷挽匏，大漢偷牽牛」。 臺灣島為什麼長得像番薯？凸出的部位是沖積造成？凹陷的部位是沖蝕造成？事情沒這麼簡單，有許多複雜的因子，如：海洋環境、海岸地形地貌地質、河川位置、流體的沖蝕作用…許多影響因子複雜的交互作用才變成現在這個身形？ 地球上占比71%的海洋在地球生物演化、生態平衡、能量平衡、氣候調節及海岸地景演育上扮演重要的角色；海洋透過季節風、波浪、 潮汐與海流，不斷塑造多樣性的海岸地景。受到全球氣候暖化的影響，海平面不斷上升，海岸線會如何變化？這些都是陸上岩石圈、海洋的水圈及大氣圈三者交互作用的結果？ 還是沒這麼簡單，更精準的說法在許民陽老師的兩篇文章中〈臺灣的海洋環境與海岸地形的演育–東部海岸與西部海岸的比較〉及〈臺灣海洋環境問題-海岸後退舉例〉有很清晰的基礎說明。 流體力學是很重要的學科，含括質量、動量、能量守恆，也是計算量大到需要超級電腦的學科；我們的日常生活離不開流體力學，從早上起床的一杯熱茶、洗臉、尿尿、沖馬桶、滴眼藥水、香檳酒杯中的泡泡…到火力電廠的排煙、PM2.5的淤積、洋流、颱風及氣象預報等等，都是流體力學的範疇。當你煮著開水時，可以觀察到許多的小小躁動、之後的大大翻滾以及沸騰時的水蒸氣讓人不敢面對，煮開水的熱量傳遞以及產生的能量重新分配到以不同能量形式呈現，都是很值得深究的熱力學。如果把觀察的尺度從煮開水到整個地球上的天氣與氣候、海洋、生態、地形與地貌，這些因子間環環相扣的交互作用，不但導致相當規模的物種滅絕、甚至對經濟、政治產生重大的影響。全球暖化就是個大尺度的問題，從北極冰層的融解造成淡水釋出，從而些微的海水溫度、鹽度、與密度的改變，竟然會開啟大規模海水水體運動的變異，進一步影響海域環流的變化；這些交互作用，成為現在極端氣候的成因之一，是亟需許多跨學科的研究。〈全球暖化正影響著各種尺度的洋流系統——黑潮、大西洋經向翻轉環流、與全球海流〉文章中有著多尺度的觀點，為您局部的以及宏觀的解釋洋流系統。 〈探索內太空：從郵票看深海潛航的百年演進〉一文從方寸之間來看科學技術歷史發展，從科幻小說〈海底兩萬里格〉講起，小說的「鸚鵡螺號」潛艇也成為率先潛航抵達北極的美國核子潛艇命名的原由。要潛入深海會面臨哪些需要解決的技術問題？本文透過深潛技術的國際競爭以及合作的歷史，來說明如何一一透過科技發展以及跨國合作來克服。「從早年列強爭相競逐深潛紀錄，到近年深海熱泉調查、海底地形測繪，乃至水下工程及水下救援，各類型的深海載具不時成為郵票發行的主題。這一枚枚設計精美的郵票，展現歷來深海探險家的冒險事蹟、深海探勘的傑出成就，深海技術的創新突破以及海洋科學的重大發現，承載著人類探索這顆藍色星球的共同記憶。」 海水海風沖蝕腐蝕的能力很強，一台新的腳踏車，在沿海鄉鎮使用，很快就會生鏽；七美的電腦要隨時維持開機狀態，才不會因為鹹水煙（台語，瀰漫在空氣中，帶著鹹鹹海味的水霧）而無法開機；疫情只要配給平板給偏鄉，線上教學即可解決？我們在冷氣房中做的許多決策都需要與第一線教師有密切的互動連結調整才能更接地氣。 鱟本身就是個充滿議題的生物，海科館的海洋公民科學家實踐行動計劃以鱟為主角，海科館團隊透過應用BEST學習模組-Building（建構學習）、Experiencing（體驗探索）、Solving（解決問題）、Teaming Working（團隊行動）- 結合海洋環境學習的體驗探索，讓學生浸潤在有感的自主學習環境，深化學習的內涵與價值；分享開發〈等鱟到來〉課程的歷程，讓讀者有感學習。安康高中及中正國中及社區與海科館合作，規劃及參與〈鱟來遇見你~鱟的海洋教育〉〈「鱟」事知多少〉課程，靠山區的社區型中學，於校內生物實驗室進行鱟卵孵化飼養至今，讓學生在engage過程中對海洋有感，從鱟卵孵化與幼鱟的飼養開始來引起學生學習動機，藉由課程的引導，讓學生設計以鱟為主題之探究與實作題目，探索鱟的生物學…，讀者深入閱讀必有收穫。 科學新知 科學研究中常有需要大量人力處理但是難度不高的基礎步驟，透過集結眾多民眾或學生的力量參與，通稱為「公民科學」。最有名的例子就是20世紀末利用民眾家裡閒置的電腦尋找外星人的「SETI@Home」計畫。〈集眾人之力的氣象研究〉一文，王嘉琪教授讓您清楚公民科學在氣象上的應用及中央氣象局推動相關研究計畫-歷史氣象紀錄的數位化或數值化；民眾在參與的過程中，除了對科學研究有直接貢獻，也可獲得一些相關知識與成就感，可說是個互惠的過程，透過互動也大幅拉近科學與一般人之間的距離。 踏上401高地，這名列國際間12座地貌特殊的島嶼之一的龜山島，地貌特殊。龜山島是如何生成？龜山島會再噴發嗎？龜山島的自然環境又是如何？龜山島又有哪些特殊的地質景觀？您知道氣象局、中研院地科所及中央地調所合力於龜山島上設置那些觀測站嗎？〈上天下地-淺談龜山島地形與地質〉為您揭開神秘面紗，一睹她美麗婀娜的型態。 特約專欄 接續前兩期陳正改老師的歷史回顧，〈我國氣象觀測站網的建置和演進（三）臺灣東部地區〉本期來到東部地區。「花蓮的地形屬狹長型，北迴歸線正好通過瑞穗鄉，致使瑞穗以北屬副熱帶氣候區，瑞穗以南則為熱帶氣候區。另因受到黑潮洋流的調節以及中央山脈阻隔影響，氣候相對溫和，雨量亦充沛；夏季常遭受颱風的侵襲，冬季因盛行東北風，風力較強勁。」看著不同氣象站的變化及消長，除了設備更新帶來的新氣象之外，也該重視那歷史建築、設備及資料。〈繪本科學閱讀的跨領域教與學：爸爸的機械魚〉文章中，透過繪本〈Papa’s Mechanical Fish 爸爸的機械魚〉融入閱讀、數學和科學教育，蚊子老師與第一線教師合作，擔任協同教學人員在數學、生活、英語繪本、美勞、童軍四門課程中融入多方面領域知識搭配設計，並分享教案規劃以及從共讀繪本、動手操作到回饋互動解決問題的課程經驗。千呼萬喚始出來，猶抱琵琶半遮面，〈星球的另一面〉挑戰您的投影、遮掩的觀點。 物理教育學會理事長余進忠分享舉辦〈2022第一屆量子科技科普線上推廣壁報展〉的經驗及原由，除了有大學教授也有許多熱血的高中教師參加，也提供壁報展的經營策略。我國的科展制度如何訂定的？我們總是一成不變嗎？在改變調整時是不是有一些功課要做？ 〈他山之石——加拿大全國科展評審制度探討〉一文分享國外經驗，有比較是好事，國內制度多重防弊，國外制度多重科學思考。 總召編輯委員 - 李旺龍 關於本刊 出版單位：國立臺灣科學教育館 發行人：劉火欽 總召集人：李旺龍 編輯委員： 物理科吳仲卿/余進忠/戴明鳳/朱慶琪 | 化學科古建國/王伯昌/林如章/周金城/黃琴扉 | 生物科王美芬/蕭世輝/張育傑/辛懷梓/郭淑妙 | 地球科學許民陽/王郁軒/謝隆欽/盧孟明 科技科張玉山/汪殿杰/林育沖/徐新逸 | 數學科李源順/游森棚/嚴志弘/高欣欣 | 跨領域學科李名揚/劉淑雯/吳嫻/李芝瑜 | 特約專欄 游森棚/黃琴扉/陳正改/劉淑雯 策劃：李耕雲 主編：吳中益 本月專題特約主編：許民陽 編輯：佟冠誼/林博雅 網頁設計編輯：施曉恬 投稿規範請來信詢問：article@mail.ntsec.gov.tw

Research Question: To what extent does totarol show antibiotic potency against significant strains of Staphylococcus aureus causing skin and soft tissue infections in New Zealand, compared with commonly prescribed drugs used to treat the specific strain of Staphylococcus aureus being tested? Purpose of research: This essay will investigate the antibacterial potency of totarol against significant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) causing skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) in New Zealand. Only a small amount of research on totarol has been conducted. They all suggest totarol possesses antibiotic potency against various species of bacteria. The mode of action of totarol is currently unknown. Procedure 1: The totarol I ordered from Mende Biotech Ltd arrived in two forms; a powder called Totarol™ and a viscous brown liquid called Liquid K7 (LK7) in which the Totarol™ powder was dissolved in mostly sunflower oil. The investigation took place in two stages. In the first stage, the MIC value of the LK7 against reference strain S.aureus 29213 was determined by following the CLSI methodology for MIC testing (M07-A9 Clinical and Laboratory Standards institute). The MIC test was also conducted to identify whether any major ingredients in the LK7 possessed significant antibacterial potency. MIC values where compared with that of flucloxacillin. Data from stage 1 testing: LK7 had an MIC value of 1µg/mL, which was very similar to flucloxacillin’s MIC value of 0.5µg/mL. No other major ingredients in LK7 showed antibacterial potency. Totarol™’s antibacterial activity could not be accurately measured, due to the powder resisting even mixing. Procedure 2: In the second stage, disc diffusion tests were conducted against various S.aureus clinical isolates obtained from SSTIs in the Waikato community. The discs that were placed for each clinical isolate included LK7, cefoxitin, fusidic acid, mupirocin and erythromycin discs. Data from stage 2: 75% of LK7 discs produced double zones of inhibition. I hypothesized that this was due to two active ingredients found in the LK7. I predicted the one that produced larger zones of inhibition to be Totarol™. The other more stable ingredient producing the inner zones of inhibition is unknown. Conclusion: I proposed a breakpoint of outer zone sizes that were ≥ 15 mm in diameter to signify that that particular clinical isolate was ‘susceptible’ to LK7. From this breakpoint, LK7 and fusidic acid both had the same number of clinical isolates that were classified as ‘susceptible’. LK7 was the median of the number of susceptible clinical isolates. This data answered my research question; totarol in the LK7 form specifically, would be just as effective in treating SSTIs caused by S.aureus, as even the most commonly prescribed antistaphylococcal drugs currently being used.

Immunoglobulin G is a glycoprotein structured molecule that is produced by the immune system and protects organism from harmful effects of antigens. Ig G amount in the blood plasma is an appropriate indicator of; infection, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer and other autoimmune diseases. Besides, purification of Ig G used in the treatment of these diseases from naturel sources is carried out at high costs on the World market. It is hard to obtain Ig G in high amounts and without any decomposes, that’s why it is important to develop new systems that will help to recognize and purify Ig G antibody. In this project, my purpose was; recognizing Ig G antibody with efficient, high amounted, fast, easily, with less toxicity, economically and purifying Ig G in high ratios from its natural sources. For this purpose p(HEMA-EDMA) membranes are synthesized with free radical photo polymerization method and characterized according to SEM images, swelling behaviors FTIR analysis and elemental analysis. In order to adsorb Ig G to polymeric membranes; polymeric membranes are activated with silanization agent (IMEO) and derivatized with Con A which is a lectin affinity ligand. In the SEM results it is examined that membranes are in spherical structures. Highest swelling value is determined as 224.8%.Binding of IMEO was demonstrated with FTIR and Elemental Analysis. Optimum conditions for Ig G adsorption to membranes are; 1.5 mg/ml initial Ig G concentration, 30 minutes of adsorption time, pH 4 citrate buffer 37 0C and without any different ion strength. Optimum adsorption capacity is determined as 253.8 mg/cm2 and it is also determined that this value is 7 times higher than nonspecific Ig G adsorption to p(HEMA-EDMA) membranes. Ig G adsorption-desorption cycles (5 times) proved that product is reusable without losing its adsorption capacity. According to the electrophoresis, Ig G could be desorbed in pure form without any denaturation to its structure.

間歇泉是一種十分奇特的地質景觀，地下水受到火成岩入侵所帶來的穩定熱源加熱，產生水蒸氣，利用水蒸氣形成的空氣柱壓力推動水由地底噴發出地表，也因為熱源穩定使得噴發時間差接近一定值，形成所謂的「週期性」。而根據實驗結果發現，管壁較薄的管子，在噴發之後，會使管中殘餘的水稍作降溫，加上補充的冷水使系統降溫；管長愈長時，蓄水槽中的水量較多，提高溫度所需的時間也較長，而延長了噴發的週期，最後歸納出間歇泉形成及存在的三個主要條件：(1)穩定的熱源;(2)細長的孔道;(3)豐沛的地下水。英文摘要：The geyser is a very amazing sort of geologic scenery. Its principle is that the heat source of invasive volcanic rock heats the underground water to produce steam that results an air-columnar with a large pressure to erupt through the underground on the surface. Because of the steady supply of heat source, the period between eruptions is closed to a constant called “periodicity.” According to the result of the experiments, the tube that have thin wall can lower the remaining water’s temperature a little and the cold water’s supply can also lower the plumbing system’s temperature after eruption. Besides, the water in the longer tube needs more time to higher its temperature to protract the period because it have more water in its reservoir. Eventually, there are 3 essential conditions of the geysers’ existence concluded: (1) steady supply of heat; (2) a thin and long standpipe; (3) abundant underground water.

奈米技術在 20 世紀後期蓬勃發展，而具有奈米及孔洞的超分子更為化學家所積極尋求合成上的突破與挑戰， 超分子化學用來探討一些分子間較弱、可恢復性的作用力，以期製備一系列具有功能性的孔洞材料 。 其主 要分為以下六種： 1. 凡德瓦力 (van der Waals forces，energy -1) 2. π-π堆疊作用力 (π-π stacking interactions ，energy= 0~50kJ‧mol-1) 3. 氫鍵 (hydrogen bonds，energy energy = 4~50kJ‧mol -1) 4. 偶極 -偶極作用力 (dipole -dipole interactions，energy= 5~50kJ ‧mol -1) 5. 陽離子-π作用力 (cation interactions， energy = 5~80kJ ‧mol -1) 6. 離子 -偶極作用力 (ion-dipole interactions，energy= 50~200kJ ‧mol -1) 而分子自組裝即利用這些作力， 依熱學最安定的合發生然排列現象可應用於分離、化學感氣體儲存子交換導熱以及光電性。 本研究主要利用混合掌性異構物的酒石酸鉀鈉與硝酸鈣或鎂，在水酒精的環境下進行自組裝，利用簡單與無毒的自組裝合成法，讓右旋酒 石酸分子鎂金屬配位而左石酸分子與鈣金屬配位，別得到掌性聚合物除了將兩種 掌性異構物分離，也 實踐綠色化學中無毒與環保的概念 。

嗜高溫好氧菌Geobacillus thermoleovorans T4，是被報導具纖維素分解能力的菌株，但僅止於學術研究階段。本研究成功地應用於廢棄纖維素的轉化，並獲得二重要結果：第一，T4菌株可將稻桿與稻穀殼分解為還原醣；調整培養基氮碳比、纖維預先蒸煮及以臭氧斷鏈皆可有效提升還原醣產率；纖維素轉化為還原醣最佳化條件為稻穀殼先高溫蒸煮爆碎，在氮碳比為1：7的培養基中，pH=6、65℃時，還原醣產率可高達69.81%。第二，未以臭氧，將T4菌株反應後之稻穀殼溶液，植入30mL、有高的酒精耐受度(30%以上)的Saccharomyces diastaticus菌株反應72 hrs後，酒精發酵率高達79.89 %。換言之，目前本研究纖維酒精產率至少可達28%以上，而且製程中產能與耗能確可達到綠色能源訴求。圖1.為自製生質酒精反應器，初步已有24%的轉化效果。

本實驗希望發展簡易光降解有機物的裝置以降低分解一些實驗室中常見的有機廢液，實驗中採用Pyrex 玻璃取代昂貴的石英材質反應槽，使用空氣打氣機取代純氧氣的輸送，以TiO? 在分解甲基橙的水溶液中可測得反應速率為二級，利用二級反應速率推得甲基橙降解半生期約44.5小時。本實驗中並嘗試以不同的反應初濃度探討甲基橙降解效果，發現甲基橙在愈稀薄的溶液中，分解效果較佳。;We hope that the experiment can help us develop an equipment to reduce the common organic waste in some laboratories. We will use Pyrex glasses to replace the expansive quartz reactor and the air pump to increase air flow instead of pumping pure oxygen. The results show that our reaction equipment is good decomposition efficiency. The phtodegradation in methyl orange is second order reaction, and the half of livetime is 44.5 hour. We find that the photodegradative rate of the methyl orange is much effective in a thinner solution.

這個研究起源於一個平分圓的問題：在平面上2n +1個點(n∈N)，其中任三點不共線，任四點不共圓，任取三點可以畫出唯一的圓，若一半的點在圓內，一半的點在圓外，則此圓為平分圓，Federico Ardila 教授在America Monthly 111 期[2]中發表了一篇論文，證明平分圓的個數為n2個。我們研究的目的是：如果將圓改成拋物線，則平分拋物線的個數是否為一定值? 若為定值，則為多少個? 我們的研究題目是：平面上2n +1個在正常位置上的點(n∈N)，平分拋物線的個數為何? 我們將研究的主要結果分述如下： 一、證明在平面上2n +1個點(n∈N)，平分拋物線個數為定值。 二、證明在平面上2n +1個點(n∈N)，平分拋物線個數為n2個。 接著推廣至：若平分拋物線改成(a ∨ b)拋物線，則個數為何? 我們將研究的主要結果分述如下： 一、證明在平面上2n +1個點(n∈N)，(a ∨ b)拋物線個數為定值。 二、證明在平面上2n +1個點(n∈N)，(a ∨ b)拋物線個數為2(ab + a + b +1)個。 This study originated from a question of “The Number of Halving Circles＂: Setting 2n +1 points in the plane is in general position if no three of the points are collinear and no four are concyclic. We call a circle halving with respect to those 2n +1 points if it has three points of those 2n +1 points on its circumference, n −1 points in its interior, and n −1 in its exterior. Then we call this circle “Halving Circle.＂ Professor Federico Ardila issued a paper in the America Monthly 111 [2]. The goal of that paper is to prove the following fact: any set of 2n +1 points in general position in the plane has exactly n2 halving circles. The purpose we make the study of is: If we turn circles into parabolas, how many Halving Parabolas are there? The title we make the study of is: Setting 2n +1 points in the plane (n∈N) , how many Halving Parabolas are there? We show our main effect below: 1. Proving that 2n +1 points in the plane (n∈N) , the number of Halving Parabolas is constant. 2. Proving that 2n +1 points in the plane (n∈N) , the number of Halving Parabolas is n2 . Spread: If we turn Halving Parabolas into (a ∨ b) Parabolas, how many (a ∨ b) Parabolas are there? We show our main effect below: 1. Proving that 2n +1 points in the plane (n∈N) , the number of (a ∨ b) Parabolas is constant. 2. Proving that 2n +1 points in the plane (n∈N) , the number of (a ∨ b) Parabolas is 2(ab + a + b +1) .

由於塑膠不能在自然情況下順利分解，所以我們在塑膠中添加其他成分使塑膠可以較易分解。我們選定常見的塑膠—熱塑性的耐綸-66。在聚合物的製作過程中添加葡萄糖、澱粉、洋菜粉末以及甲基纖維素，並觀察加入添加物的塑膠在結構上是否有變化？其塑膠在線型時之張力是否有增強？耐酸鹼性是否有變化？由實驗結果我們可以得知含有甲基纖維素之耐綸-66 所能承受之張力強度最高，且其彈性係數也比無添加物之耐綸-66 高出近2 倍；而含可溶性澱粉之耐綸-66 所能承受之張力最小，且彈性係數也最低。此外，進行生物分解的實驗可發現，含洋菜粉末的耐綸-66 分解的速率最快。使用400 倍的光學顯微鏡可發現含有洋菜粉末的耐綸-66 表面與其他耐綸-66 複合材料差異較大，值得進一步研究。;Because plastic cannot be decomposed naturally by itself, therefore, additives needed to be added to facile the decomposing process. Let us choose one common material: thermoformed Nylon 66. During the formation process, add the following additives: glucose powder, methyl cellulose, soluble starch and agar powder. Observe whether adding additives would allow changes to occur structurally, or would the elasticity be improved when exist in a linear state, or even it would form a better pH resistance property. Most importantly, observe whether the decomposing rate has increased or not. According to the experiments, when Nylon 66 contains methyl cellulose, it can sustain the highest tension. Its coefficient of elasticity is 2 times as large as the original one. In terms of the data, we can also observe that when Nylon 66 contains soluble starch, it has the lowest ability to sustain tension. Besides, it has the lowest coefficient of elasticity. And when Nylon 66 contains glucose, it has the highest rate in the process of decomposing. As we look at the surface of polymers under 400 diameters, we can observe that the Nylon 66 with agar powder has some filiferous substance. But we have not confirmed what the matter is. As to decomposing rate, we found that when Nylon 66 contains additives, it could accelerate its decomposing rate. And the one with agar powder has the highest rate of decomposing.

The purpose: To study the basaltic prisms to understand their formation. Tasks: To study chemical and mineral composition, textures and density of basalts of central and peripheral parts of prisms, to reveal the possible difference as a consequence of the formation of Benard sells. Basalt prisms have 6-5-4-face shape with a diameter 10 -50 cm and height of 30-40m. They are divided by transverse fracture in blocks of 20-50 cm. Prismatic jointing of basalts widespread throughout the world. There are many theories about its origin. We decided to collect data to identify the most appropriate of these. We suppose that if the hypothesis about the role of Benard cells is correct then the properties of basalt in the central and peripheral parts of the prisms must be different. If we consider the center of the prism as the center of the cell, where the hot matter rise, spreading out to the periphery and lower in the peripheral part, it is likely that the density of basalt forming in the center must be lower than at the periphery and later crystallization should lead to a slightly more acidic basalt in the middle. We determined the density of basalts of different parts of prisms. And the density of central part basalts was equal to 2.502g/sm3 and of peripheral part basalts was equal to 2.907g/sm3. X-ray fluorescence analysis showed that basalt of central part contain 12,91% Si and of peripheral part only 10,17%. Basalt of central part is depleted of Fe, Mn, Ti, Mg compared with of peripheral. We investigated samples and thin sections of basalts under the microscope MIN-8. For basalts of peripheral part flow texture expressed by the orientation of the microlites are characteristic. In the central part flow texture are poorly expressed but we can see many phenocrysts. Our data reveal a significant and expected difference between the basalts of central and peripheral parts of prism, that are the evidences in favor of the hypothesis about the role of Benard cells in the formation of basalt prismatic jointing.

Fluorine has a big influence on physical, chemical and biological properties of organic structures. Organofluorine compounds are widely used in modern medical chemistry to develop new drugs. Insertion of fluorine atom into organic molecules can improve their reactivity in biological systems, increase their metabolic stability, lipophilicity and permeability through membranes. As a consequence, in recent years, the percentage of drugs containing one or more fluorine atoms has increased rapidly up to 40%. The fluoroallylic fragment is also able to change properties of bioactive molecules. Its introduction into such structures as inhibitors of histonedeacetylase, inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase, asparagine, glutamine, etc. increases their biological activity and electronic properties. We propose a new method for the synthesis of functionalized fluoroalkenes, based on the generation of fluoroallyl nucleophiles from silyl- and boronyl-substituted fluorocyclopropanes and their further usage in the allylation of carbonyl compounds or their derivatives. Due to the fact that the cyclopropanation of alkenyl boronates is not possible under conditions of alkaline dehydrohalogenation of dibromofluoromethane, we have developed a new method for the preparation of silyl- and boronyl-substituted cyclopropanes, which consist of carbene cyclopropanation of multiple C=C bonds by sodium dibromofluoroacetate catalyzed by (IPr)AgCl. The new method is effective for the cyclopropanation of not only boronyl- and silyl-substituted olefins, but also for low-reactivity alkenes, such as monoalkyl substituted alkenes, allyl alcohol ethers and α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. The conditions for isomerization of silyl- and boronyl-substituted fluorohalocyclopropanes in the presence of catalytic amounts of copper (I) bromide in acetonitrile was selected. It was shown that the regioselectivity of the process is determined by the thermodynamic control. Thus, the formation of fluorovinylsilanes or fluorovinylboranes in the isomerization of α-silyl- or α-boronyl-gem-bromofluorophenylcyclopropanes and fluoroallylsilanes upon isomerization of β-silyl-gem-bromofluorophenylcyclopropanes was observed. Thus, new types of fluorinated reagents were obtained that are not previously described in the literature (...)