嗜高溫好氧菌Geobacillus thermoleovorans T4，是被報導具纖維素分解能力的菌株，但僅止於學術研究階段。本研究成功地應用於廢棄纖維素的轉化，並獲得二重要結果：第一，T4菌株可將稻桿與稻穀殼分解為還原醣；調整培養基氮碳比、纖維預先蒸煮及以臭氧斷鏈皆可有效提升還原醣產率；纖維素轉化為還原醣最佳化條件為稻穀殼先高溫蒸煮爆碎，在氮碳比為1：7的培養基中，pH=6、65℃時，還原醣產率可高達69.81%。第二，未以臭氧，將T4菌株反應後之稻穀殼溶液，植入30mL、有高的酒精耐受度(30%以上)的Saccharomyces diastaticus菌株反應72 hrs後，酒精發酵率高達79.89 %。換言之，目前本研究纖維酒精產率至少可達28%以上，而且製程中產能與耗能確可達到綠色能源訴求。圖1.為自製生質酒精反應器，初步已有24%的轉化效果。

本研究利用熱電致冷晶片(Thermoelectric Cooling Module)、溫控器、壓克力材料、回收電腦風扇與電源供應器，製作植物生長箱，以冷端面選擇非洲堇與食蟲植物，熱端則以仙人掌、空氣鳳梨栽種。實驗與設計得到下列論點：一、晶片無噪音、耗電量少，且冷熱面皆可以運用。二、壓克力隔熱效果不佳，但透光性好，成本低。三、可經由散熱膏塗抹於晶片方式，可增加晶片效率。四、風扇與對流設置點、濕度控制，有助於植物生長五、冷端放置高山型或寒帶植物，生長情況良好。六、晶片的EER=25/0.01985=1259.46(Kcal/H)／KW，每月電費34.015元。

地球自轉角速率大於月球公轉角速率，易使人認為月球本影在地表是由東向西運動。事實上，月球本影在地表是由西向東運動，而且月球本影在地表的線速率大於地球自轉的切線速率甚多。本研究以天體運動原理建構月球本影在地表之線速率的「簡易關係式」，並以NASA的資料驗證。研究發現：建構的「簡易關係式」能推算月球本影的地表線速率和地球自轉切線速率的關係，和NASA的數據比較，符合度達94.76﹪。此關係式具簡易、準確的特性，可解釋發生最大日全食時，月球本影的地表線速率大於地球自轉的切線速率；和月球本影由西至東穿越地表，以及月球由西至東掩蓋太陽之原因。

NO.57-09 2018 NOV | 科學研習期刊目錄 本期專題 Fun科學的探究實作活動 Fun科學的探究實作活動 | 謝甫宜博士 指尖陀螺玩科學－從科學遊戲到探究歷程 | 謝甫宜博士 蛇類推廣與破解迷思教育 | 曾文宣碩士 簡易觀察太陽的方法 | 曹嘉修碩士 長壽牌衛生紙－反應速率的探究與實作 | 柯人彰碩士 自製橫波演示器及教學上的使用 | 廖酉鎮老師 森棚教官的數學題 湊成一 | 游森棚 科學讀書會 後真相時代：當真相被操弄、利用，我們該如何看？如何聽？如何思考？ | 白榮銓 教學現場 探索生活事物的顯微觀察—科工館顯微家族活動 | 黃振中、陳相仲 總召集人的話 創立卡內基訓練以教導人們人際溝通及處理壓力的美國人際關係學大師卡內基(Dale Carnegie, 1888-1955)曾說：人們很少成功，除非可從自己所做的事情中尋得樂趣(People rarely succeed unless they have fun in what they are doing)。科學研習也是如此，樂趣、探究和實作可以結合在一起。本期特別以「Fun科學的探究實作活動」為專題，請高雄市陽明國中老師謝甫宜博士擔任特約主編。 專題文章含專題導言共有六篇文章：專題導言〈Fun科學的探究實作活動〉從我國學生在TIMSS和PISA的表現切入，指出自然科老師也能成為開發創意教材教法以活化教學的創造者，因此本期共有五位致力於科普實作活動的資深教師，寫出兼顧寓教於樂與增進概念理解的五篇文章，並簡介這五篇專題文章。〈指尖陀螺玩科學〉一文分享以科學遊戲本位所設計生動有趣的兩個指尖陀螺的科學探究活動課程單元，其活化教學的理念為：「科學遊戲，提供動手玩科學的樂趣；探究歷程，為我們留下思考的痕跡」。〈蛇類推廣與破解迷思教育〉一文指出活體觀察是生物相關的課程中，最能讓學生目不轉睛、也絕不分神的一項活動。本文分享以蛇為活體觀察的經驗與看法。〈簡易觀察太陽的主題〉一文分享透過針孔成像原理，在不傷害眼睛的狀態下觀察太陽的一種基本方法和兩種進階方法，也介紹可觀察的太陽特殊現象。假設在物資缺乏下，如何以善用燃燒一張衛生紙所發出的光來照亮去路並使之發揮極致？〈長壽牌衛生紙--反應速率的探究與實作〉一文分享指導學生分組面對此一挑戰的經驗與看法。〈自製橫波演示器及教學上的使用〉一文則分享如何製作低成本、輕巧且構成波形之介質不相連的橫波演示器，及演示橫波之產生與傳遞、頻率與波長關係等性質。 「教學現場」刊登〈探索生活事物的顯微觀察〉一文分享國立科學工藝博物館(簡稱科工館)透過舉辦顯微家族活動，向親子觀眾推廣顯微觀察與實作技巧的經驗。 分子是1分母為正整數的分數被稱為單位分數。本期「森棚教官的數學題」刊登〈湊成1〉一文，拋出如何用一些不同的單位分數加起來湊成1的問題，供讀者自主探索或發想科展題目。 不少訊息是傳播者利用真相的繁複面貌加以操弄，塑造出對自己最有利的面貌。我們該如何排除誤導的陳述，選擇最值得相信的真相呢？本期「科學讀書會」導讀《後真相時代：當真相被操弄、利用，我們該如何看？如何聽？如何思考？》一書，該書除了探討事實真相，也探討了其他難以確定是否為真的「真相｣。 總召編輯委員 - 李隆盛 關於本刊 出版單位：國立臺灣科學教育館 發行人：陳雪玉 總召集人：李隆盛 編輯委員：古建國/全中平/李文獻/李旺龍/李源順/李進寶/林沛練/林坤誼/許良榮/蔣中柱/胡秀芳/陳正改/陳竹亭/陳玫良/楊水平/游森棚/謝隆欽/張子超 策劃：曾聰邦 主編：錢康偉 本月專題特約主編：謝甫宜 編輯：吳郡怡 網頁設計編輯：施曉恬/陳璽君 投稿規範請來信詢問：article@mail.ntsec.gov.tw

快門，捕捉最原始的感動；科技，創造最完美的呈現。當攝影遇上科學，成就了本研究的主題──高階電腦數位影像之研發。在我的研究過程中困難重重，從外景攝影、後製研究、影像創作到本研究撰寫完工，一切由我個人獨力進行，經歷了多次失敗，仍堅持的完成這重大的研究突破。 相信多數人會使用相機，但是對數位攝影這領域卻不甚了解，更別談藝術與科學的結合。因此希望本科展研究將會成為未來科技數位電腦的主軸，強調科技、即時、便利、環保、生活及教育的科學推廣，以實用並超越新世紀的數位領域，讓所有電腦愛好者，都可以輕鬆的應用此高階的數位暗房後製。讓電腦科技不只是零與一的組合，而是心靈與世界的互動！ ;Camera shutter captures the most original affection; technology creates the most perfect display. High-level digital image—when photography meets technology—is the theme of this research. However, in the process of the research, I have encountered many problems—from outdoor scene shot, production research, image creation to report writing—I did them individually and had undergone many failures, but I still insisted on finishing this big research breakthrough. I believe that many people can use the camera, but didn’t understand anything about the field of digital photography, let alone the combination of art and technology. I hope this technology development research would become the main perch of digital technology in the future—emphasizing technology ,instantaneous,convenience,environmentalprotection, livelihood, and popularize technology education—to use and go beyond the new age of digital field and to make computer lovers apply high-level darkroom production easily. Making computer technology not just combinations of zeros and ones, but the interaction between life and the world.

將高中課程所學到的巴斯卡三角形做點變化，原本以「1」為首、「+」為運算符號，現在則改成以「-1」或「ω 」為首、「×」為運算符號，新產生的三角形隱藏著某種規律性，為了更全面性的瞭解這種規律，使用電腦軟體套色繪出圖形。圖形本身具有明顯的遞迴關係，我們於是嘗試描述此種具規律性的模式；同時，我們也探討了所指定列中的某數字（如-1、ω 或ω2 ）的個數，並以通式表示之；我們發現國外的研究報告都採用同餘觀點來看改變後的巴斯卡三角形，他們將巴斯卡三角形以某數為模的餘數記錄下，並探討這些餘數在圖形中的分布情形，這個觀點讓我們重新檢視第一個數放「-1」或「ω 」且運算符號為「×」的巴斯卡三角形，發現其實可看作是以「2」為模與以「3」為模的巴斯卡三角形，並探討任一列同類餘數的個數。最後，希望能以一個演算法或通式，算出所指定列與行的該數為何。

本研究討論一條線和兩條線打成死結或活結的原因，再探討有寬度的線段（?帶）翻轉不同度數後黏合的情形，與由橡皮筋衍伸出的各種圖形有哪些規律與特色，最後我們也探討了一些和拓樸有關的遊戲並研究發明其他遊戲或魔術。從這次的研究中，我們發現生活中不起眼的繩子、紙帶與橡皮筋，竟然也隱含了數學的拓樸原理，而且從簡單的拓樸性質-物體或圖形在不割裂、破壞孔洞下，可任意伸縮及變形，就可以衍伸出許多神奇有趣的遊戲。

Lipocalin 2 (LCN2), a 25-kDa secreted protein that belongs to the lipocalin family, is known to bind to a class of bacterial Fe-binding molecules known as siderophores. Iron is essential for bacterial growth. To obtain iron from host cells, bacteria produce siderophores, such as Enterochelin (Ent), to bind and transport host iron into the bacterial cell. In response, the host produces LCN2 to bind the iron-laden enterochelin, forming the tricomplex, LCN2: Ent: Fe3+. This inhibits bacterial growth as iron has been sequestered by LCN2. Devireddy et.al. 2005, proposed the binding of the tricomplex, LCN2: Ent: Fe3+ with the LCN2 receptor (LCN2R). This resulted in the internalisation of the complex, releasing the bound iron into the cell. The increase of intracellular iron was reported to cause cell mortality. Recent publications postulated 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5-DHBA) to be an endogenous mammalian siderophore homologue in mouse in vivo and in vitro studies, which could sequester LCN2 and iron. High iron concentrations in the brain have been consistently observed in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Accumulation of intracellular iron is known to be toxic to neurons, resulting in neurodegeneration. Hence, this study aims to determine the role of 2,5-DHBA as the mammalian siderophore in a cell culture model of neurodegeneration. We hypothesise that addition of 2,5-DHBA to cells exposed to LCN2 will result in increased iron uptake into neuronal cells, reducing cell viability. SH-SY5Y (human neuroblastoma) cell line was used in our study. To determine if SH-SY5Y is a suitable cell line, endogenous levels of LCN2 and LCN2R mRNA and protein expression were determined using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western Blot analysis respectively. Preliminary results showed presence of both the LCN2R mRNA and protein but absence of LCN2 mRNA. This could be due to the low expression of LCN2 when not exposed to stress. Hence, to simulate conditions of neurodegeneration (by inducing high expression of LCN2), SH-SY5Y was treated with Kainic Acid (KA). After KA, LCN2 mRNA and protein expression levels will be detected again. With the successful upregulation of LCN2 gene expression, SH-SY5Y will be treated with 2,5-DHBA with KA treatment to determine cell viability using the MTS cell proliferation assay. A decreased cell viability or increased expression of pro-apoptotic genes would support the function of 2,5-DHBA as a mammalian siderophore in the brain. Furthermore, KA treatment can also be applied to microglial or astrocyte cell lines, which are known to secrete high levels of LCN2 when treated with KA. Co-culturing these cells with SH-SY5Y can allow us to study the downstream effects of secreted LCN2 from glial cells binding to the LCN2R receptors on SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. This study will help to further understanding of the relationship between 2,5-DHBA and cellular iron transport. If 2,5-DHBA is able to bind LCN2 and iron to increase intracellular iron levels in the neuronal cells, the formation of the tricomplex, LCN2: 2,5-DHBA: Fe3+, could be targeted for therapeutic interventions in neurodegenerative diseases by reducing intracellular iron levels to help ameliorate the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.

Autonomous car is a very new concept, being a car without any driver. Several concurrent software process data using Artificial Intelligence to recognize and propose a path which the car should follow. The goal of the project is that a driverless car can reduce the distance between the cars, lowering the degree of road loadings, reducing the number of traffic jams, avoid human errors, and allowing people with disabilities(even blind people) to travel using an autonomous car. Theoretically a car without driver in the future should be much safer, because human reaction speed is higher than 200 ms, and the computing power of the newest computers allows traffic calculations even to 10 ms. The necessary power is provided by three multi-core laptops that process with Artificial Intelligence in order to recognize traffic signs, traffic lanes , traffic car fingerprints, processing the data from a 3D radar, using particle filters to localize car in a GPS map, the management of database with traffic signs, magnetic sensors, acceleration sensors, a distributed software, a supervisory system and the software which drives the stepper motor to turn the steering wheel (acceleration and braking). Currently the software is able to recognize the traffic signs, register them in a database using Google Maps. The fields record the sign and direction of travel from that area. Each car participating in the traffic and using this software will register new signs detected and the will modify the degree of confidence of recognition for other users. Another software component is able to recognize the demarcation lines between lanes, with three cameras to calculate exactly or using probabilities where it is on the road, where the roadsides are and to propose a new direction even in the absence of traffic signs for the next seconds. Another part of the software is trying to use Artificial Intelligence to detect other car fingerprints from webcam images. The calculation was performed on 3 computers, requiring distributed processing. I developed a management information system based on semaphores that allows data processing and supervision from 3 different computers. This project presents a hardware version of a LIDAR – a 3D radar and a software for creating a 3D environment in which the car navigates and using it the car will take decision to avoid obstacles. The LIRDAR contains a total of 16 avalanche photo-detector mounted on a stepper motor that spins at a frequency of 10 Hz. The information provided by my radar is about 576.000 pixels at resolution of 10 bits. The 3D radar helps the entire software system to increase the confidence of decision.

Positive –A Study on a Nanoscale Revision Method and Sensitivity Evaluation This paper took a pyramid and a fixed point as the reference level. It was the intention of our team to establish and prove a new hardness value revising method that is to be used in the deflection of indentation of nano indentor. Such new method was named Material Surface Nanoscale Hardness Revision Method with which we re-measured various materials and error sensitivity of hardness values. We obtained the following conclusions:(1). This paper revision modification method have a highly precision. (2). When the round tip or plane tip was closed to ideal indentor tip, the contact areas during indentation process were close, not demonstrating significant difference. (3). The indentation triangle created when loading effort P was similar with the one left on the sample material when unloading the effort; thus, even though the sink-in and pile up effects due to the mechanical properties of sample material caused the differentiation of side lengths and two indentation areas, the angles of two indentation areas was the same. (4). When the effort was loaded by the tip onto the sample material, if the tip had a certain deflection ψ or rotation ω, the indentation triangle left on the sample material was still significant. (5). In the observation of the indentation triangle left on the sample material, when the triangle cannot become a regular triangle, it meant that there is a deflection or rotation happening to the tip and a further revision of the deflected angle ψ or rotated angle ω is required. (6). The hardness value revision method under indentation deflection situation had the best effect on the projected area revision; the second was on the indentation volume revision and than on the indentation contact area revision. (7). The hardness error sensitivity of hardness value revision method under indentation deflection situation had the best effect on the projected area; the second was on the contact area and than on the indentation volume revision. (8). The method proposed by this study was proved by the silica and aluminum single crystal indentation results and is thus able to be applied to the engineering in the nanoscale measurement of metal materials to obtain more precise data.不偏不倚-奈米級修準方法與敏感度評估之研究在這篇研究報告中，以一個三角錐和一個定點為基準，本團隊建立並證明一個新的在奈米硬度測試儀壓痕偏斜情況下，硬度值的修正方法，取名材料表面奈米硬度修正方法。在新的材料表面奈米硬度修正方法下，重新檢測各種材料及硬度誤差敏感度，得到許多好的結論：（1）本研究之修準方法具有高度精確性。（2）利用圓球尖端或平面尖端的方法近似理想壓頭時其壓痕過程中之接 觸面積相近，並無明顯差異。（3）作用力P 施加(Loading)時之壓痕三角形與卸載時(unloading)殘留於測試材料上之壓痕三角形係屬於相似形；因此，即使各該三角形之邊長因為該測試材料本身的機械性質所產生的滲入(sink-in)與堆放(pile-up)的效應而造成作用力施加與卸載時，壓痕面積上的差異。不過，該兩壓痕面積的角度卻是一致的。（4）當該作用力隨著該壓頭施加於測試材料時，若該壓頭產生某一程度的偏斜ψ 或旋轉ω 時，該殘留於測試材料上之壓痕三角形仍然具有代表性。（5）藉由觀察該殘留於測試材料上之壓痕三角形，當該三角形無法成為一正三角形時，其係表示壓頭已產生偏斜或旋轉的之情況，需要進一步對該偏斜角度ψ 或旋轉角度ω 進行修正。（6）在壓痕偏斜情況下硬度值的修正方法以投影面積修正為最佳，其次是壓痕體積再其次是壓痕接觸面積方法作修正。（7）在壓痕偏斜情況下硬度值修正方法的硬度誤差敏感度則以投影面積為最佳，其次是接觸面積再其次是壓痕體積修正方法。（8）本研究提出之修正方法經由矽、鋁單晶壓痕結果驗證，足以說明適用於工程學上金屬材料進行奈米壓痕硬度檢測時更精確的數據獲得。

由於工商科技的發展帶給環境負面的影響日漸嚴重，其中尤以重金屬對台灣環境的影響較為顯著，故探討能移除排放廢水中的重金屬之有效天然資材有其重要性。以台灣天然存在之大地資源土壤中的奈米粒子來進行對汞、鎘的吸附，試驗結果得知，台灣三種代表性土類土壤中的奈米粒子確實能有效地吸附汞離子和鎘離子，且其中以對汞的吸附要大於對鎘的吸附。屬於砂頁岩沖積土的奈米粒子對汞、鎘的吸附最大，其次是黏板岩沖積土的奈米粒子，而最小的則是屬於台灣紅壤的奈米粒子。以上結果經由電化學方波伏安法的測定、電導度計法的測定與發芽率試驗結果都有相同的趨勢，顯示土壤奈米粒子可用來當作移除汞、鎘等重金屬的天然資材。 ;Effects of heavy metals are significant in Taiwanese environment due to serious impact of environment was made by development of industry and commerce. Therefore, study of removing heavy metals from waste water by natural materials is important. We need nanoparticles of natural soils to study the adsorption of mercury and cadmium ions. The experimental results indicated nanoparticles of three represent soil groups in Taiwan could adsorb effectively mercury and cadmium ions, and the adsorption of mercury ion was more than that of cadmium ion. The nanoparticles of sandstone-shale alluvial soil had largest adsorption for mercury and cadmium ions, and next for that of slate alluvial soil. The nanoparticles of red soil had smallest adsorption. All results were proved by voltammetry of electrochemistry, conductivity method and germinant percentage of vegetable seed. That obviously revealed soil nanoparticles could remove effectively mercury and cadmium ions.

It’s very important to control and monitor gases that are produced by industrial applications in different values and kinds because they can cause environmental pollution and health problems. Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF), which is a different kind of optical fiber, is a new alternative for gas sensors due to their small sample volumes, low transmission losses and high flexibility properties. PCF’s are silica-glass fibers, made by periodic sequence of hollows along the fiber. By filling these hollows with optical liquids or gases very sensitive sensors can be made. In this project, we aimed to design a sensitive sensor by filling the hollows with proper gases and liquids in the solid core PCF. For these applications ethanol, methanol, toluene vapors and carbon dioxide was used. And to observe carbon dioxide’s effects ionic liquid (EMIMBF4), which carbon dioxide can dissolve in, was filled then the experiments were repeated. It was observed that the transmission of light in PCF changed depending on the refractive index of the gas that was filled. With this change, it was understood that there were another gas besides the usual containments of air. Our system could measure the absorbtion peak of toluen so it can be used as a toluen dedector and when ionic liquid filled the fiber, two steps that occur in the spectra of corbon dioxide so it can also be used as a carbon dioxide dedector. The system was customized as a carbon doxide sensor in a cost-efficient and portable way. Our system can be specialized and easiliy used with right light source, which is efficient to see the absorbtion peaks, and proper liquids to dedect intended gas. Making a carbon dioxide sensor by filling PCF with ionic liquid was never attempted before. Also the lack of carbon dioxide sensor studies supports the originality of our project. That’s why we think our project will contribute very importancies to the existing literature.