Elevation of intracellular calcium secondary to increased calcium influx along with increased gliosis are implicated in the pathogenesis of focal ischemic stroke. In astrocytes, which play a major role in maintaining homeostasis in brain ischemia, the identities of the ion channels responsible for increased calcium influx during ischemia is relatively unknown although several Ca2+-permeable transient receptor potential (TRP) channels have been identified to have contributing roles. The transient receptor potential vanilloid 5 (TRPV5) channel is a Ca2+-permeable cationic channel expressed primarily in kidney epithelial cells and at low levels in the brain, but the exact localization and role this channel plays in the brain has not been explored. To investigate the possible role TRPV5 plays in astrocytic calcium influx in ischemia, we examined the functional expression of TRPV5 in astrocytes subjected to hypoxia-ischemia in vitro and in rat models of ischemic stroke in vivo. We hypothesize that TRPV5 contributes to increased calcium influx in ischemia. By treating astrocytes with culture conditions without glucose and with low oxygen levels, we found that TRPV5 is upregulated with increasing durations of simulated hypoxia-ischemia in vitro. Similarly, rat models of ischemic stroke with middle cerebral artery occlusion also show TRPV5 upregulation in reactive astrocytes, suggesting a possible role of TRPV5 in reactive gliosis in vivo. Microfluorimetric intracellular calcium imaging using Fura-2 on primary cultured astrocytes show a voltage-independent increase in astrocytic calcium influx after hypoxia-ischemia in vitro that is selective for extracellular Ca2+ concentration and is reduced by inhibition of TRPV5 with ruthenium red. Electrophysiology measurements using the whole-cell patch clamp technique on primary cultured astrocytes reveal a non-selective cation current similar to that of TRPV5 that is inhibited by Mg2+, another inhibitor of TRPV5. Preliminary results on astrocyte cell viability during hypoxia-ischemia with TRPV5 inhibition by ruthenium red also suggest that inhibition of TRPV5 could enhance astrocyte survival and reactive gliosis in vitro, indicating a beneficial role in blocking non-selective Ca2+ entry via TRPV5 into astrocytes. Since TRPV5 is highly selective for Ca2+ and an important channel for Ca2+ absorption in various epithelial cells, TRPV5 upregulation may contribute significantly to elevated Ca2+ influx in astrocytes in hypoxia-ischemia. Also, Ca2+ influx has been demonstrated to play a crucial role in reactive gliosis, further suggesting that TRPV5 upregulation is involved in reactive gliosis. We propose that TRPV5 is involved in ischemia-induced calcium influx in astrocytes, and might participate in the pathogenesis of focal ischemic stroke.

In any , we prove that there exist cycles which have any length between 3 and 3n and paths which have any length between their smallest distance and longest Hamiltonian paths in any two different nodes; for any two nodes, there exist varied Hamiltonian cycles, making the two nodes locate on any possible counterpart position(only limited by the distance between the two nodes). In , there are 2n internally-disjoint spanning cycles, and 2n-1 internally-disjoint spanning paths. Besides, we also prove has no more than 2n disjoint spanning paths, and calculate its wide diameter. 本報告證明在環狀網路 中，存在有長度3到 3n 的所有迴圈；任何相異兩點都有各種不同的長度的路徑:從最短的距離到最長的漢米頓路徑；取定任意兩點，存在有各種不同的漢米爾頓迴圈，使得兩點位於所有可能的相對位置上(僅被兩點之間的距離限制)。在 中，也具有2n 個彼此不相交、經過所有點的迴圈，以及2n-1 個彼此不相交、經過所有點的路徑。除此之外，也證明了，在兩相異點間，具有個數不超過2n 且互斥的路徑，且這些路徑經過所有點。我們也估算了它的寬直徑。

在一次意外的發現中，我觀察到以鱷魚夾夾住的鎂帶在海水中竟然不斷的冒出氣泡，引起了我一探究竟的興趣。經由一系列的探索和實驗，我驗證了此種奇特電化學行為的反應機制，並且藉著此種機制，我嘗試尋找可以產生最大電流、電壓的伏打電池組合，以便製出一個又產電、又生氫的新式伏打電池，一方面可作為直流電的電源，另一方面產生的氫氣又可作為燃料電池的燃料來源。 In one accidental discovery, I’ve observed that there were continuously bubbles coming out when a magnesium stripe was attached by the metal clip in the sea water. This incident aroused my curiosity to find out the reason. Through a series of searching and experiments, I have proved the mechanic reaction of this spectacular electronic chemical behavior. Then I tried to search for a combination which can produce the greatest electronic current and voltage in order to produce a new type of voltage battery that can produce electricity and hydrogen. In one way, it can be the source of producing the direct-current. On the other way, the hydrogen it produced can also be the source of a fuel battery.

一個有3 個旋鈕，每個位置的號碼數分別是a、b、c 的密碼鎖，如果有兩個位置的數字正確就能打開，最少需要猜多少次才能保證打開這個鎖。在本論文中，我們將密碼鎖三個位置的號碼數分成：a＝b＝c＝n、a＝b＜c，a＝b＞c 和a＞b＞c 四個部份來討論。前兩部份的研究已經找到最少次數開鎖的方法 ，後兩部份則是給了一個演算法可求出開鎖次數的上界。If a combination lock with three rotate wheels can be opened when two wheels are adjusted to the correct numbers, then how many guesses does one need to make before he or she can actually open this lock? Let us say a , b and c respectively represents the numbers that should show on each wheel. In this paper, we divide the numbers into shown on the three wheels, and they are a = b = c = n , a = b c and a = b < c . The research on the first two combinations has already given us the method we can use to open he lock with the least number of trials. On the other hand, the latter two offer us an algorithm that can be uses to obtain the upper bound of tries needed to open the lock.

The purpose of the research was to develop en easy to use/ affordable\r product that can indicate defects in any kind of cable carrying an electrical\r current or signal without any damage to the cable… and if there are defects,\r it can show you the kind of defects.

以「方格紋路」標記砂土表面，方便觀察撞擊時表面的詳細受力情形。利用「紅土球」撞擊砂土的過程中，紅土球會成功碎裂，並且會產生「輻射紋」、「中央峰」與「環形山」等地形，此隕石撞擊模型是我們自創的，而且效果相當良好。玻璃彈孔的「橢圓形延伸碎裂區」橢圓軸的方向和「最大破裂痕方向」均會和「射擊方向」一致。利用輻射紋之「長短軸比值」和「射擊角度」之間的「標準曲線」，可反推出第谷坑、哥白尼坑、刻卜勒坑和阿里司塔克坑的撞擊角度。發射器以低角度射擊時，能以「打水漂」方式模擬出「連續隕石坑」。砂子和石灰粉都能藉由橡膠彈力球之撞擊，在反彈後可以產生「多重環形山」，可證實「不一定只有液體」才能製造出「多重環形山」。我們藉由h= S‧ tanθ公式，可以利用「上弦月」平面相片求得隕石坑的深度。使用自製CD光譜儀，能分析出隕石坑之間的RGB值和HSB值之差異性，CD光譜儀分析所得的資訊量遠多於一般的月亮黑白相片。

It’s very important to control and monitor gases that are produced by industrial applications in different values and kinds because they can cause environmental pollution and health problems. Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF), which is a different kind of optical fiber, is a new alternative for gas sensors due to their small sample volumes, low transmission losses and high flexibility properties. PCF’s are silica-glass fibers, made by periodic sequence of hollows along the fiber. By filling these hollows with optical liquids or gases very sensitive sensors can be made. In this project, we aimed to design a sensitive sensor by filling the hollows with proper gases and liquids in the solid core PCF. For these applications ethanol, methanol, toluene vapors and carbon dioxide was used. And to observe carbon dioxide’s effects ionic liquid (EMIMBF4), which carbon dioxide can dissolve in, was filled then the experiments were repeated. It was observed that the transmission of light in PCF changed depending on the refractive index of the gas that was filled. With this change, it was understood that there were another gas besides the usual containments of air. Our system could measure the absorbtion peak of toluen so it can be used as a toluen dedector and when ionic liquid filled the fiber, two steps that occur in the spectra of corbon dioxide so it can also be used as a carbon dioxide dedector. The system was customized as a carbon doxide sensor in a cost-efficient and portable way. Our system can be specialized and easiliy used with right light source, which is efficient to see the absorbtion peaks, and proper liquids to dedect intended gas. Making a carbon dioxide sensor by filling PCF with ionic liquid was never attempted before. Also the lack of carbon dioxide sensor studies supports the originality of our project. That’s why we think our project will contribute very importancies to the existing literature.

在全球一片節能環保的趨勢下，綠色能源的開發也越來越快速，未來連植物，也可能成為「發電來源」。我們根據前人的研究方法就想到要利用這一種身邊常看到的花草樹木利用酸鹼性的不同來當作電池的電動勢，因而藉此來發電。透過在學校、家裡附近的街道、公園等等地方的植物，用指示劑來檢測它的範圍，觀察其是酸還是鹼。利用現有的網路資源。尋找各種植物的名稱和圖片，一種一種的慢慢去找。所以我們此篇文章討論的是植物的酸鹼性來做電池的正負性。讓我們解決現代「電」的不足。用植物電池並配合串聯、並聯的接線方式，除了可以應用於低功率的負載，如點亮LED燈，甚至在並聯了兩組改良式電極模組之後，再嘗試讓小鎢絲燈泡發電。 我們進行新．神農氏嘗百草，但我們不是為治病，而是拯救地球能源短缺的問題。 Based on previous studies, we expect to make use of plants to generate electricity.We collected plants form school, streets and parks, detecting their pH values with indicators .Through lnternet resources, we find out the names and pictures of various plants. Therefore, we conduct this research to make the pH values of plants act as the positive and negative of batteries. Furthermore, we will help to solve the problem of electricity shortage.

Modern capacitive touch input and proximity sensing technologies are rigid and limited to flat substrates making it impossible to apply them onto objects with irregular geometries like textiles or car handles. Furthermore, the high cost restricts the applications to small surfaces and cannot be scaled up to be applied on large surfaces such as walls. Therefore, a paint-on scheme would broaden the applications of capacitive touch input and proximity sensing devices. Paintable capacitive sensors are an emerging technology hindered by the high cost and lackluster properties of conductive paints. Existing conductive paints utilize expensive filler materials such as silver and gold to achieve high conductivity but suffer from low surface area. High surface area is critical for capacitive proximity sensors to detect objects from far distances and for overall sensitivity. Carbonaceous alternatives using micronized graphite exhibit low conductivity, require high loadings and most disintegrate when in contact with water. Multilayer graphene nanoplatelets are investigated for their high conductivity, high surface area, low cost, flexibility and eco friendliness. A waterproof acrylic latex is combined with multilayer graphene and dispersed via bath sonication. The optimal time of sonication and optimal graphene loading is determined through systematic testing. An Arduino Uno is loaded with a CapSense library and the graphene based paint is utilized as the interface to sense both touch and proximity.

當一顆球在撞球桌上晶無數次與桌邊碰撞，則入射角之間有啥變化呢？如果撞球桌不是長方形而且是正n 邊形時？球的出發點是否跟角度之間有關係呢？讓我們一起來探討這個問題吧!且當正n 邊形時,球由任一邊的中點出發且能碰擊其他各邊θ 的取值範圍,若不是由中點出發而是由任一點出發,那又是什麼情形呢？如果是任意凸n 邊形又有什麼情形？