氣體動力論是一種微觀理論，而波以耳、查理定律雖是巨觀的實驗，但對我們而言，終究還是一種看不到的氣體性質推理，而促使我們本次的模擬實驗藉由真實粒子撞擊所形成的現象，解說氣體定律。 一、 理想氣體的粒子模型很難取得，因為真實的粒子必有重量，也很難達到彈性碰撞，我們以B.B 彈為氣體粒子模型，以馬達轉動撞擊B.B 彈，輸入的電功率P＝IV 轉為粒子的動能，就算粒子與器壁為非彈性碰撞，若其散失有一定的比例，也就是當能量平衡時，以功率觀點， p電＝ p粒子得到 ＋p散逸 ⇒p電＝kop粒子得到(ko＞1)，我們可視為粒子Ek 不變，由 IV＝ko．NEk(N：粒子數，Ek：粒子動能)，所以當N 固定時，我們可由p電值來代表粒子動能的大小，當N 非固定時，可由p電/N 代表粒子動能大小。 二、 ∵分子動能 1/2 mv2= 2/3 KT ∴ IV / N 也可用來代表氣體溫度（T）。 三、 垂直放置的活塞受有重力Mg (↓)，若底部有粒子撞擊而使活塞上升一段距離而平衡，可得到F撞擊力 = Mg，而壓力P= F/A =Mg/A，∴若活塞截面A 固定則活塞質量 M 可代表氣體壓力P。 四、 B.B 彈活動的空間體積V=hA 也就代表氣體容器的體積，∵活塞的截面積A 固定∴可用 h 來代表容器體積。 ∴此次探討中，氣體的P、V、N、T 各以M（活塞質量），h（活塞高度），N（粒子數），p電/N（電功率/粒子數）來代表。

The purpose of the research was to develop en easy to use/ affordable\r product that can indicate defects in any kind of cable carrying an electrical\r current or signal without any damage to the cable… and if there are defects,\r it can show you the kind of defects.

The study aimed to compare the electricity generated from the fruit extracts of calamansi, camias and starfruit. Unripe fruits were extracted and varied percentage compositions of each extract were prepared.Wires wereconnected to a multi-tester (voltmeter or ammeter) to measure voltage or current that passes through. Results revealed, that amount of voltage and electric current generated are its lowest reading at 25% and are its highest reading at 100%. Nonetheless, of the three fruit extracts, it’s the calamansi that has the highest amount of voltage generated of0.97 volt while camias has the highest amount of electric current generated of 13.98 mA. Using ANOVA at 0.05 level of significance on the amount of voltage generated among varied percentage compositions of three extracts. However, there’s a significant difference on the amount of electric generated among varied percentage compositions. Results of ANOVA statistically signify that the three different extracts could either be used as a source of voltage and that camias extract should be preferably used over the other two fruit extracts in generating electric current. In all compositions, produced voltage is between 0.88 and 0.97 volts and current is between 3.28 and 13.98 mA. These currents produced are not enough to turn on a small light bulb having a smallest voltage capacity of 1.2 volt, but can be able to turn on a light-emitting diode (LED) that require such amount of current.

After reading “CKSH Communication 20 “, we are interested in Question 5 . We try to explain that in all the No. Crunches, whether we can put the numbers in the No. Crunches any certain position. We specify the question, according to the “Point Symmitry Homing” in mxn No. Crunches, to find the correlated characters of the rules. Finally, we find a “switch” – we can get the better way to rotate the numbers quickly by some programs.從「建中通訊解題」第20 期第5 題出發，本研究嘗試去解釋對所有的數字轉盤而言，是否能將其中的數字歸位到任意指定的位置？接下來將題目特殊化，藉由m× n 數字轉盤的「點對稱歸位」，尋找遊戲規則衍生出的相關性質。最後，利用研究出的性質找到一個「判斷式」可藉由程式設計，快速的找到較佳轉法。

In any , we prove that there exist cycles which have any length between 3 and 3n and paths which have any length between their smallest distance and longest Hamiltonian paths in any two different nodes; for any two nodes, there exist varied Hamiltonian cycles, making the two nodes locate on any possible counterpart position(only limited by the distance between the two nodes). In , there are 2n internally-disjoint spanning cycles, and 2n-1 internally-disjoint spanning paths. Besides, we also prove has no more than 2n disjoint spanning paths, and calculate its wide diameter. 本報告證明在環狀網路 中，存在有長度3到 3n 的所有迴圈；任何相異兩點都有各種不同的長度的路徑:從最短的距離到最長的漢米頓路徑；取定任意兩點，存在有各種不同的漢米爾頓迴圈，使得兩點位於所有可能的相對位置上(僅被兩點之間的距離限制)。在 中，也具有2n 個彼此不相交、經過所有點的迴圈，以及2n-1 個彼此不相交、經過所有點的路徑。除此之外，也證明了，在兩相異點間，具有個數不超過2n 且互斥的路徑，且這些路徑經過所有點。我們也估算了它的寬直徑。

The role of Notch signaling in the regulation of growth and differentiation of epithelial stem cells is poorly understood. While specific markers for epidermal stem cells have not yet been identified, members the Notch signaling pathway have been reported to be differentially expressed in the human epidermis. This study sought to demonstrate the presence and distribution of Notch and its ligands, Delta and Jagged, in human keratinocytes, and thereby characterize this subpopulation. Human neonatal foreskin samples were used to obtain isolated epidermal cells. Cells that were shown to be negative for connexin43, a gap junction protein, and positive for keratin14, a basal marker, were classified as presumptive stem cells (PSC). This sorted subpopulation was shown to be small and agranular by flow cytometry analysis. After two weeks in cell culture, PSC revealed a proliferative potential three times greater than non-sorted cells. The PSC exhibited increased expression of Delta and Jagged ligands than the general population. Additionally, RT-PCR confirmed the presence of Jagged and Delta in keratinocytes; however, only Jagged was detected in immunohistochemistry tests. Members of the Notch family were identified by immunohistochemistry in the epithelium and also at the protein- and mRNA-level. The data suggests that variations in the expression of members of the Notch signaling pathway could potentially be used as markers for stem cells of the epithelium; however, further research is necessary to make definitive conclusions, which would provide better insight into Notch regulatory pathways. This understanding could one day allow for the eventual treatment of epithelial damage caused by various skin diseases, injuries, or burns.

As soon as a drop from the same liquid falls to the surface of the liquid, a crown emerges, which is followed by a Liquid Column shortly afterward. In order to measure the diameter of the short-lived crown and the height of the liquid column, we developed two incredible and useful devices for each one of that. After a series of experiments and discussion, we decided to adopt collision and oscillation to illuminate the phenomenon. And the details are in the reports. 液滴活泉：一種碰撞與振盪的交合，也是表面張力與黏滯力的拉鋸。碰撞的同時與 表面張力交柔展現皇冠；振盪的同時與黏滯力以圓形波動吞噬液滴。 望冠興嘆：激起的液體皇冠徑和隆起的液柱高猶如曇花一現，測量技術就簡單設備 而言是窮則思變的契機。 滴滴入扣：滴落小液滴如質點的碰撞，隨著液面的振盪，而終止於波心；滴落大液 滴如多個小液滴集體行動，如聖誕老公公灑落糖果般，爾後激盪擾動迴旋 不已。

Nowadays, many people are suffering from eye defects and thus eye-glasses play a vital role in their life. On a sunny day, bright light enters our eyes without any adjustment of light intensity, causing discomfort and harm to our eyes. Therefore, sunglasses are right here to satisfy our needs. However, it is very inconvenient for some people who suffer from eye sight problems to bring two pairs of glasses and change them frequently. In order to solve this problem, our Esglasses are designed to combine both glasses together.\r To show the details of the physics theories behind our displays, we would like to illustrate the various components of a liquid crystal as well as the whole structure briefly. The liquid crystal we use is made up of molecules that have no positional order but tend to point in the same direction.

This research is aimed to make an in-depth exploration into Raoul’s Law and Henry’s Law by using an accurate but simple vapor pressure gauge. The gauge is constructed from non-complicated electronics components- electronics IC PCB, film resistor, digital multi-meter, and battery. In the first step, we measured the vapor pressure of six kinds of liquids and 3 liquid mixtures- water, ethanol, chloroform, acetone, benzene, toluene, mixture of water and ethanol, mixture of chloroform and acetone, mixture benzene and toluene. From the results of this experiments, the vapor pressures of water and ethanol liquid mixture, and chloroform and acetone liquid mixture were slightly lower than their theoretic values-called negative deviation solution, while the vapor pressure of the benzene and toluene liquid mixture was quite close to its theoretic value-near an ideal solution. In the second step, the individual vapor pressures of water, ethanol, and chloroform were measured at various temperatures; the vapor heat(ΔH) were calculated by using the lausius-Clapeyron equation. In the final step, we used the gauge and other non-commercial instruments to measure the B.O.D. values of water from the Kaohsiung Love River, found the P-T correlation using Gay-Lussac’s Law, and calculated the absolute zero temperature value by extrapolation. 本研究是利用一些簡易的電子元件－電路IC板、電阻膜、數位三用電表和電瓶來組裝一 個準確、簡易的氣壓量測器。我們將此量測器用來深入探討「拉午耳定律」及「亨利定律」 。 首先，我們測量了水、乙醇、氯仿、丙酮、苯、甲苯等六種純液體的蒸氣壓，並測量了(水＋乙醇)、(氯仿＋丙酮)、(苯＋甲苯)等兩成份系溶液的混合蒸氣壓。結果發現(水＋乙醇) 、(氯仿＋丙酮)的混合蒸氣壓都比理論值低了一些，此稱為負偏差溶液；(苯＋甲苯)的混合蒸氣壓與理論值差不多，較接近理想溶液。 接下來，我們還測量了不同溫度下水、酒精及丙酮的蒸氣壓，並利用clausius－clapeyron equation求出液體純質的汽化熱( H Δ )。 最後，我們還搭配了自製的儀器裝置，來測定愛河水質的B.O.D.值(生化需氧量)以及探討氣體的給呂薩克定律(P~T關係)，並利用外差法來推求絕對零度。

After an annual swimming rally in the Nahoon river, concerns were raised after several swimmers fell ill, complaining of possible symptoms of mild E.coli infection. Research was hence conducted to determine the following: \r \r \r The Nahoon River is safe for recreational activity in terms of faecal-coliforms and E.coli \r \r \r Whether the amount of rainfall affects these levels. \r \r \r If faecal pollution is present, to determine the possible point sources of the pollution \r \r \r To devise a method that needs no assistance from a laboratory, and could be done in a home environment at low cost. \r \r \r \r Procedures \r Colilert-18, (the reagent) contains nutrients which react to faecal-coliforms and E.coli in the sample. It causes samples to change colour when contamination is present. A dilution method (used by the Kowie Catchment Campaign) was used to test the severity of the contamination. The dilution levels were as follows: 1, 1/10, 1/100 and 1/1000. A control test was also performed. One Colilert capsule was divided among the five samples, which were incubated in a household stove at 37ºC for 18 hours. A sample was collected every four days and after heavy rainfall. \r The results were rated on a severity scale of 0-4, where a two was considered unsafe for recreational activity. If the undiluted sample remained clear, it was ra ted 0, if all the samples changed colour, it was rated as a four. The same rating system was used when fluorescing samples to test for E.coli. The daily rainfall level was compared to the levels of faecal-coliforms and E.coli. \r Conclusion \r As it has high levels of faecal coliforms and E.coli, the Nahoon River is not safe for recreational activity on a daily basis. \r Heavy rainfall causes the levels of E.coli and faecal coliforms to rise. \r The major source of the contamination is a stream entering the river from a newly developed settlement, and not a leaking sewer. \r This experiment has developed cost-effective home environment testing method which could be used in researching other rivers, marine environments, recreational waters and even drinking water by community researc

NO.60-06 2021 DEC | 科學研習期刊目錄 本期專題 STEAM策略下的AI與機器人教育 機器學習與學習機器學習 | 蘇文鈺 疫情下生活科技課遠端教學的實施經驗分享 | 汪殿杰 AI機器人發展與教育推動 | 社團法人臺灣玉山機器人協會 在國小校園遇見AI人工智慧 | 林育沖 教學現場 AI-STEAM教學實例 | 張玉山、翁子涵 線上方式推動科技教育 | 薛雅云 臺北市國中小學人工智慧(AI)教育的推動 | 曾振富 我的第一堂AI課 | 呂聖泰、蔡孟辰、翁子涵 搭建國小機器人課程的任意門 | 楊秀全 宅配教材之探究實作視訊教學的課程設計與實踐 | 謝甫宜、謝明澄 科學新知 岩心標本知多少？！ | 梁勝雄、范力仁 臆測生物學 | 謝甫宜、謝秉璋 特約專欄 我們只有一個地球——全球環境氣候議題教學資源介紹 | 劉淑雯、黃譯平 COVID-19創疫課程：因應線上課程的STEAM課程設計與實踐 | 周靜儀 森棚教官數學題——三歲的小畫家 | 游森棚 科普活動報導 科普旅遊實務——白冷圳 | 陳正治、蘇明俊、林芷伊 疫情下的物理探究實作競賽 | 張智淳、余進忠、蘇萬生 總召集人的話 有件事情需要我們想想，牛頓時代沒有細分的系所，大師輩出；現在領域、系、所，分了又分，許多學者論文動輒百篇，然大師依舊屈指可數。以前的醫師是把個脈可以像CSI做診斷；現在的醫師當然也是分科很細，採用許多尖端儀器協助診斷病因。是我們分工更細更多，也將有限的資源更為弱化，卻又某天驀然回首說我們要跨域，因為我們發現思路變窄，視野不廣，覺得需要有互相支持的專業；要跨域要先能夠溝通，要有共同的語言則要透過基礎科學。基礎科學是慢慢地磨，教育扎根的工作跟挖下水道一樣，看不到亮點，卻影響甚鉅；而應用科學有賴於扎實的基礎科學養成，才能有成長及開花結果的機會。大家看到光鮮亮麗的成就背後都有著長久的積累，而非像阿拉丁神燈摸一摸就可以馬上有成果有亮點的。拋開社會上的功利及收割，我們是要規劃長久的未來，偶爾解決當下的問題！ 本期專題的主題——STEAM策略下的AI與機器人教育，呼應最近的新聞——2021年有12校增設人工智慧系，以及半導體學院設立等等。值得思考的是這些新設系所學位學程算不算個領域？或是資工系、電機系、機械系裡的某個組？暑假到了，好多的AI營隊、機器人營隊等等，都打著STEAM的招牌，這好像在一個科展作品中用了雷切、3D列印、Arduino等當紅設施；我們要如何判斷這是AI？還是機械領域裡面的自動控制？我們每天一定會使用的沖水馬桶浮球自動止住出水就是自動控制。 一個機器加了感測器(感官)及致動器(肌肉)的設施，還是需要一個控制器(大腦)，控制器當然就需要透過程式來實現學習、決策、判斷及下達指令，這樣就是個閉迴路控制系統。學習使用Scratch寫程式，就會有運算思維嗎？寫了程式就必然會用到演算法嗎？如何透過工人智慧的精神去學習人工智慧？是不是應該有很細緻的規劃及引導才能竟其功。 若要問寫程式最多的系所，很多人都會回答是資工系。然而，大家看看超級電腦放在氣象局，就應該知道跟流體力學有關的科系如大氣、機械、航太、水利、造船等才是需要龐大計算資源的。 專題主題及教學現場文章中，蘇文鈺老師分享其機器學習歷程的演進，從早期AI的提出電腦跑不動到現在電腦速度夠快可以實現AI，到組織學會並開發PAIA平台，服務學生程式學習進行AI/ML的操作。汪殿杰老師透過自身實作經驗，分享如何透過Google協作平台於疫情期間的許多教學作為以及遠距授課的各種樣態、作法及解決方案，還有許多經驗數字值得讀者參考、值得讀者學習。 「市面上充斥著各式各樣的相關科普產品，大多處於AI體驗階段…」AI知識學習與STEAM有何關係？AI機器人有哪些競賽？是純粹機器人還是有人工智慧的機器人？有哪些值得反思的地方？在國小校園如何遇見AI？在國小階段就有機會體驗、操作、思考AI與生活的關係，這很值得探究及評量其成效，學習其作法；在運算思維及程式設計的基本能力建立上會遇到那些困難？林育沖校長分享其經驗。曾振富校長也為大家介紹台北市中小學AI教育的推動軌跡及教材開發。AI-STEAM教學實例一文就可以讓我們省思，S.T.E.A.M.與STEAM的差異，有AI跟無AI的STEAM有那些本質上的差異；當我們在學習過程中發現有模糊不清之處，要回歸到定義，理解基本定義，才能有足夠的判斷能力。 市面上許多的補習班及營隊透過STEAM、AI名稱招生，有必要仔細檢驗這裡面的課程內容，不然漸漸的、慢慢滴，定義好像就積非成是了。AI人工智慧的學習是需要完整的知識體系，現存許多跟自動控制有關、有智慧製造或是智慧決策等功能的組件，都可以跟人工智慧有關係，能不能以人工智慧稱呼考驗大家的智慧。因此許多市面上或是牽拖點關係的都是需要回歸定義，不然只是先導的幾個初階學習，如知識學習、名詞學習。許多自動控制的學習被誤解成是人工智慧。 教學現場以線上方式推動科技教育會面臨哪些問題？ 以學生為中心的課程設計，透過自發互動共好的理念，讓學生有主動參與學習的機會，如何讓Brainstorming 的教學方式，很有效率及有成效的進行？我的第一堂AI課剛好給大家檢視如何看懂感測元件的使用說明書以及結合程式來做判斷；如何透過演算法訓練好感測器都是需要學習的。國小機器人課程學習可以建立運算思維以及學習演算法嗎？機器人組件組裝及課程是如何連結到演算法、運算思維、以及STEAM的？想知道疫情期間如何突破線上課程的限制進行探究與實作的教學——「宅配教材X視訊教學」——謝甫宜老師團隊說給你聽。 科學新知有兩篇文章——您知道什麼是岩心標本嗎？您知道岩心標本如何解讀嗎？您知道全國最大典藏岩心標本的地方在哪裡嗎？岩心箱中的岩心排列是按照甚麼法則放置？ 中央地調所豐富的岩心收藏值得探究，且看岩心標本知多少一一道來。融合浪漫與理性、創意與邏輯、紊亂與秩序的臆測生物學，在介紹優雅的古生物意象及演化為師之餘，也介紹許多值得一讀的書籍及書中珍貴的插圖。 特約專欄中，極端氣候的出現，認識氣候變遷帶來的影響，災難防制已成顯學，劉淑雯老師為您介紹優質的教育資源。如何透過STEAM教育理念作為核心，配合創意思考及翻轉教育激發的學生思考能力，來達成有效能的學習模式，COVID-19 創疫課程讓你有感；建構符合防疫的線上課程，透過與STEAM的密切磨合耦合，吸引學生興趣，更是學生學習系統設計，開拓眼界的機會。三歲小畫家讓您對於期望值有更深入的理解，務必嘗試，必然有解。 疫情下的許多變通考驗大家的智慧，中華民國物理教育學會余進忠理事長團隊舉辦第四屆全國高中探究實作競賽，鉅細靡遺地解決繁雜問題，令人佩服，整個經驗也值得傳承學習。 總召編輯委員 - 李旺龍 關於本刊 出版單位：國立臺灣科學教育館 發行人：劉火欽 總召集人：李旺龍 編輯委員： 物理科吳仲卿/陳耀榮/李柏翰/盧玉玲 | 化學科古建國/許良榮/王伯昌/林如章/周金城 | 生物科王美芬/蕭世輝/陳建志/郭淑妙 | 地球科學許民陽/王郁軒/李文禮/謝隆欽 科技科張玉山/汪殿杰/林育沖/趙珩宇 | 數學科李源順/鄧家駿/溫世展/張宮明 | 跨領域學科李名揚/連信仲 | 特約專欄 游森棚/黃琴扉/陳正改/劉淑雯 策劃：曾聰邦 主編：吳中益 本月專題特約主編：張玉山 編輯：佟冠誼/林博雅 網頁設計編輯：施曉恬 投稿規範請來信詢問：article@mail.ntsec.gov.tw

在數位化的今日，由於網際網路的技術蓬勃發展，網際網路變得更容易使用及具高度的親和性，使得網際網路的使用逐年成長。隨著越來越多人依賴網路進行交易，也衍生了層出不窮的網路詐騙問題。其中，網路釣魚就是一項著名的詐騙技術：詐騙者透過偽裝成知名企業的網站，藉此騙取使用者的個人私密資料。在本研究中，我們提出了一套植基於彩色視覺密碼學原理的網站驗證機制，使用者可以透過此機制，直接利用人類視覺的方式來驗證所連上的網站是否有問題，並在此機制之下，設計出另一套管理使用者密碼的方式，進而方便使用者不必費心的去記憶密碼。 Recently, as networks technology flourishes, Internet becomes easier and friendlier to use, and makes the usage of Internet grow up year after year. With more and more people relying on online transactions, it leads to endless network fraud issues. Among them, phishing is a well-known fraud technology to disguise the famous business website to get user’s private information by cheating. Therefore, in this study, an effective scheme based on color visual cryptography is proposed to test and verify the website. Through the proposed mechanism, users can check whether there is a problem website by using human vision directly. Furthermore, the proposed scheme also provides another way to manage user’s password effectively.