異族效應可能是造成種族歧視的原因。本研究透過按鍵反應及腦波儀的形式，對本國人及高加索人兩族群進行受試。實驗中，我們給予受試者兩種族群、正反兩種方向和七種情緒的刺激材料，請受試者辨識情緒，受試完畢後再利用ANOVA、EEG lab等分析行為實驗數據及腦波圖。分析結果發現：按鍵反應方面，高加索人較會辨認情緒，也表現出較強的同理心；本國人對兩種族皆產生面部倒置效應、高加索人則僅對於本國人產生；高加索人判斷正臉情緒時會有異族效應，本國人判斷時則正反皆無。腦波儀方面，每一種情緒的異族效應是相似的，就腦內影響的區域而言，本國人面部倒反效應多由枕葉影響，高加索人則多由額葉影響，本國人異族效應由右腦影響，且僅出現在刺激後150～200毫秒，高加索人則未呈現異族效應。另外，異族效應與面部倒反效應間具有交互作用，於是在臉部辨識上的正反差異就會呈現不同結果。將上述結果進一層地推論，可得知異族效應是後天學習行為，而面部倒反效應則是受本能與後天學習共同影響而產生。 期望本研究結果未來能運用在社會議題或心理學研究上，減少異族效應可能產生的負面影響。

NO.58-02 2019 APR | 科學研習期刊目錄 本期專題 化學元素週期表年特輯 2019年國際元素週期表年活動簡介 | 邱美虹 環島、巡迴、國際元素週期表年 | 王伯昌、高憲章 穿越150年淺談金屬元素 | 古建國 教學現場 實踐國中卓越科學情境體驗報導 | 廖純英 週期表元素命名探趣 | 王宸瑋 、程長遠 簡易原子堆積趣味玩具 | 許良榮 科學新知 稀土元素及其在染料敏化太陽能電池之應用 | 李權倍 從化學的材料本質思考循環經濟 | 陳立基 特約專欄 森棚教官的數學題-七邊型之謎 | 游森棚 帶得走的STEAM課程設計-流籠運水 | 黃琴扉 STEM領域女力崛起--讀出女孩超能力 | 劉淑雯 總召集人的話 19世紀出生在俄國西伯利亞的門得列夫(Dmitri Mendeleev, 1834-1907)，發現了化學元素的週期性，他依照原子量製作出深具解釋力和預測力的元素週期表。這張在1869年發表的元素週期表到今(2019)年正好150周年，因而聯合國公布今年為「國際元素週期表年」(International Year of Chemical Elements of Periodic Table, IYPT)，國際和國內有許多的慶祝活動。本期特別以「化學元素週期表年」為專題。 「本期專題」單元共有三篇文章，〈2019年國際元素週期表年活動簡介〉一文介紹國際和臺灣的IYPT活動。〈環島、巡迴、國際元素週期表年〉一文介紹和臺灣的組織「中國化學會」關係密切的IYPT 2019相關活動，這些活動都可由化學會所建立的網站平台找到。〈穿越150年淺談金屬元素〉一文，介紹1870年代先後出版的《化學初階（第一至四卷）》和《化學鑑原補編》兩本中文無機化學書中，所提到金屬和部分金屬元素與現行國中自然科相關內容之對照。 「教學現場」單元刊登三篇文章，〈實踐國中卓越科學情境體驗報導〉一文分享臺北市實踐國中透過「週期表的奇幻世界」系列教學活動，開啟全校師生對科學家門得列夫的崇敬與週期表相關知識之理解的經驗。〈週期表元素命名探趣〉一文介紹週期表裡較為少見之元素的命名典故和背後的故事。〈簡易原子堆積趣味玩具〉一文介紹利用簡易器材製作Atomix (意指原子的混合)模型以及在教學上的運用。 「科學新知」單元刊登兩篇文章。〈稀土元素及其在染料敏化太陽能電池之應用〉一文介紹稀土元素、稀土元素之應用背景、太陽能電池背景及染料敏化太陽能電池、和以稀土發光材料提升染料敏化光電極性能。〈從化學的材料本質思考循環經濟〉一文以聚氯乙烯(PVC)為參考案例，引導讀者思考「循環經濟」的核心價值，期產業發展與環保意識可取得平衡、協調共生。 本期「特約專欄」單元刊登三篇文章，〈森棚教官的數學題--七邊型之謎〉一文拋出正七邊形的頂點有五個紅點和兩個黑點，用紅點當頂點可以連成多少個等腰三角形的問題，供讀者自主探索或發想科展題目。〈運用STEAM概念發展「流籠運水創意課程」〉一文分享一個透過戶外的探究實作，讓學生在災害防救的模擬情境下進行流籠運水的STEAM創意實作課程之理念與經驗。〈STEM領域女力崛起--讀出女孩超能力〉一文則介紹從那些繪本可以讀出女性在STEM領域的力量，分就S、T、E和M四類各推介二至三本繪本。 總召編輯委員 - 李隆盛 關於本刊 出版單位：國立臺灣科學教育館 發行人：陳雪玉 總召集人：李隆盛 編輯委員： 物理科吳仲卿/陳耀榮/李柏翰/盧玉玲 | 化學科古建國/許良榮/王伯昌/林如章/周金城 | 生物科王美芬/蕭世輝/陳建志/郭淑妙 | 地球科學許民陽/王郁軒/李文禮 科技科張玉山/汪殿杰/林育沖/趙珩宇 | 數學科李源順/鄧家駿/溫世展/張宮明 | 跨領域學科李名揚/連信仲 | 特約專欄 游森棚/黃琴扉/劉淑雯 策劃：曾聰邦 主編：錢康偉 本月專題特約主編：古建國 編輯：吳郡怡 網頁設計編輯：施曉恬/陳璽君 投稿規範請來信詢問：article@mail.ntsec.gov.tw

PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH \r The purpose of this project is to provide a cost-effective and efficient way of \r stripping electrical conductors, with thicknesses of 16mm up to 70mm in diameter, \r of their isolation. The current methods that are available are unsafe and unpractical. \r Therefore this project determines a safe way of stripping cables and also provides a \r new product to improve the worker’s safety during the process of stripping cables. \r PROCEDURES \r The solution can be found by doing research on the types of cable isolations \r currently on the market. By talking to the workers who use these types of tools, and \r strip these types of cables on a daily basis, I can comprehend the problems posed by \r the present methods and provide a solution. \r DATA \r An electrical cable is commonly a conductive wire surrounded by a nonconductive, \r insulation sleeve. In order to splice two cables together or connect the \r cable to an electrical device, the conductive wire inside the sleeve needs to be \r exposed. \r Numerous tools have been developed for slitting and stripping the electrical \r cable in order to expose the said conductive wire. The simplest tool is a knife with \r which the user makes an annular cut in the sheathing. The end portion of the \r sheathing then is pulled away exposing the individually insulated wires and the bare \r ground wire. The knife may also be used to cut away a short portion of the \r insulation at the ends of the wires. During both operations the user has to be \r extremely careful, or else the knife blade may damage the insulation around the \r internal wires and even nick the conductor or he may injure himself. To do so the \r user must first cut away several inches of the plastic sheathing at the end of the \r cable. A short length of the insulation then is removed from around each end of the \r conductors. \r As an alternative to using a knife, various scissors-like wire strippers have been \r developed. Although such scissors-like wire strippers are effective for removing the \r insulation from individual wires within an electrical cable, they are not efficient for \r removing the sheathing from the end of the cable in order to expose the individually \r insulated wires. \r A disadvantage of using a conventional knife and with using the known wire \r stripper is that a cable having a relatively thick insulation sleeve is difficult to strip \r and thus prepare for connections, since conventional wire stripping tools and other \r conventional devices, such as knives or tools with enclosed blades are inefficient for \r stripping thicker cable jackets. \r A further disadvantage of the known wire strippers is that, its basic \r characteristic dictates that the degree of friction between the tool and the wire after \r the insulation has been ringed will be high. This occasions no particular difficulty \r when only a short length of insulation is to be removed from the end of the wire. \r However, when yards and yards of insulation are to be stripped, as may be the case \r when reel ends are to be prepared for scrapping, the conventional wire stripper \r generates so much friction that it cannot be efficiently utilised. \r CONCLUSION \r The developed product enables workers to effectively strip electrical \r conductors without any impeding danger to themselves or the risk of damaging said \r cable. It is cost-effective and saves a lot of time. After several tests of the product no \r problems have been encountered up to this point.

在實驗用共振法測量聲音在固體、液體、氣體中的駐波聲場，測量各介質中的聲速。研究超聲波在液體中的空腔效應，鋁箔在不同液體受空腔效應所破損面積與時間略成正比，並發現在水與各濃度的洗潔精水溶液中以水的破損效果最明顯。另外利用1.65MHz 高頻超聲波打入水中，因駐波使水有疏密不同產生狹縫，以雷射通過狹縫有光的繞射花紋產生，由干涉條紋可推估駐波波長。利用閃頻共振法研究光彈材料超聲波場，且發展出以肉眼觀測的裝置，由光彈材料的花紋級數與應力研究中，發現花紋級數與應力成正相關，由聲場中的花紋顏色判斷所受應力大小，並發現超聲波不僅有聲場產生並伴隨熱效應，會影響觀測花紋級數。This project began by studying the fundamental properties of acoustic waves, the relationship between its velocity, frequency and wavelength. Experiments regarding the distribution of sound waves in different mediums, and the induction of resonance in solid, liquid and gaseous materials were conducted. Results from utilizing suspending method to confirm theoretical prediction of sound velocity was accurate, and the sound wave patterns in photo-elastic materials were observed. It was also observed that an aluminum foil would be cut in an ultrasonic cleaning device. The effects of different liquids such as water and detergents on cleaning effectiveness were then experimentally determined, taking into account factors such as viscosity. From reference materials, we learned that ultrasonic waves would create Caritation in liquids. Traditionally, sound waves are expected to exhibit only longitudinal waves, yet in this study it was discovered that the residual\r stresses from resonance in photo-elastic materials also indicate the existence of transverse waves.

近年來，隨著癌症人口的激增，及一些食物中天然存在或加工過程中衍生出的致突變物質之陸續發現，人們開始注意到含黃樟素， Pyrrolizidine 生物鹼， alkaloid 生物鹼等食物的致癌性和致突變性。而可可鹼( theo bromine, 3 , 7 -dimethylxanthine )，咖啡因( caffeine )，茶葉素( theophylline )，為 alkaloid 生物鹼的三種主要化合物。只要是嗜好可樂或巧克力甜食的人，就免不了和可可鹼有長時間且高頻率的接觸，這不禁令人對可可鹼是否造成遺傳物質的傷害，感到好奇。

路邊停車時，總需要三番兩次的調移車身，過程些許費時，因此，嘗試推算一次順利進出車格之軌跡。我們以開出停車格之軌跡做探討，軌跡建立之後再依循所建軌跡供車輛倒車行駛。為了能順利一次路邊停車，我們設定方向盤轉動量最大，讓前輪達到最大轉向角θ（一般車輛是35度），以取得最小迴轉半徑R，利用車輛基本性質，包括：車前懸a、前後輪軸距b、車後懸c及車寬d，推導計算最小迴轉半徑R，所代出之公式經模擬實驗，其誤差率均小於5％，值得引為後續研究之用。於路邊停車軌跡部分，先探討車輛出車格之軌跡，包括：左轉、直行及右轉軌跡，三個軌跡的反向連續軌跡，即為路邊停車時倒車的應行進軌跡。於倒車入庫軌跡部份，則包含直行及右轉軌跡兩部份。最後，對於誤差修正之探討，我們提出所謂前輪轉動受「軸承」控制之計算觀念，將車輪轉動中心砌合實際狀況轉移，於給定承軸及輪胎外側圓心之距時，將有更精密之數據展現。

A novel and simple method was developed to determine the activity of silver in nanometer particles more than in non-nanometer particles. The conductivity of conducting polymer, polyaniline (PANI) doped with different amount of nanometer silver particles was used to evaluated the activity of nanometer silver. In polymerization of polyaniline, hydrogen chloride solution usually used to increase the conductivity of polyaniline. When 1%(w/w) nanometer silver particles doped during the polymerization, the conductivity of polyaniline was down from 2.28 s/cm to 0.65 s/cm, then increased with increasing the amount of nanometer silver doped. The conductivity of polyaniline was changed from 2.28 s/cm to 0.47 s/cm when 3%(w/w) nanometer silver particles doped, but it is increased from 2.28 s/cm to 2.44 s/cm when was doped with 3%(w/w) micrometer silver particles. The conductivity of polyaniline changed due to the formation of silver chloride (AgCl) in doping nanometer silver. Some of the nanometer silver particles were formed to silver ion in hydrogen chloride solution for the high activity property of nanometer silver. This also can be proved from the spectra of XRD and FE-SEM. Therefore; determination the conductivity of conducting polymer by doping nanometer metal particles can be used to determine the activity of the nanometer particles. 本研究為開發一個新穎的檢測奈米金屬粒子化學活性大於非奈米金屬粒子的簡易方法。方法為利用導電高分子聚苯胺，於合成過程中添加不同濃度的奈米銀粒子，並分別偵測其成品的導電度，藉以評估奈米銀粒子的化學活性。由於聚苯胺在合成過程中通常加入鹽酸以提高其導電度，致活性較大的奈米銀粒子於氧化後，隨即與氯離子形成氯化銀的沉澱，而降低聚苯胺的導電度，如添加1﹪(w/w)奈米銀粒子的，其導電度由2.28 s/cm 降至0.65 s/cm，隨後隨著添加量的增加導電度先降後再稍回升。一般非奈米級銀粒子因氧化電位為負值，即化學活性小，而不易被氧化。由實驗結果，我們發現同樣添加3%(w/w)的奈米級銀粒子或微米級銀粒子，添加奈米級銀粒子的導電度由2.28 下降為0.47，添加微米級銀粒子的導電度卻由2.28 上升為2.44，此乃說明本方法確實足以證明奈米級金屬的化學活性的確遠大於微米級金屬，因相同條件下，微米級銀粒子未如同奈米級銀粒子一樣被氧化成銀離子。即奈米級銀粒子可以輕易的被氧化，而非奈米級銀粒子則不易被氧化。尤其也可由X 光繞射儀分析光譜圖和場發射式掃描電子顯微鏡拍攝圖證明。因此，我們可以採用添加3 %(w/w)奈米級金屬銀粒子及微米級金屬銀粒子於導電高分子的方法，並藉導電度的變化，證明奈米金屬粒子的高活潑性。

All Praise be to Allah and Pray and Peace be upon to the Prophet\r of Allah ( Mohammad peace be upon Him )

單淘汰賽是一種失敗一次即遭淘汰的賽制；在此假定每位選手都有一相對應的能力數值，本文主要探討在均高的單淘汰賽程表之下，若賽程安排完全依照種子安排原則(亦即最強的選手對最弱的選手、次強隊次弱….)，則對於能力越強的選手越有保障，直觀上而言能力最強的選手應有最大的奪冠機率，探討此種賽程安排是否滿足能力較強的選手有較大的勝率？因發現在某些特殊的選手能力數值分佈之下會發生次強選手勝率大於最強選手的情況，令A、B代表最強與次強選手，P(A)、P(B)代表A、B奪冠的機率，故擬定P(B)/ P(A)為參考依據，尋求P(B)/ P(A)的最大值發生處作為最極端的狀況。發現四位選手的情況下，P(B) / P(A)最大值 = 1；八位選手的情況下，P(B) / P(A)最大值=(196+98) / 343=1.0938，當選手數為2n時，P(B)/ P(A)最大值隨n的增加而遞增。 Knockout Tournament is a highly competitive system in which any player losing a game can no longer play in the tournament. Here we suppose that every player has a numerical value that corresponds to his ability. We consider a totally-seeded knockout tournament with 2n players where in the first round, the strongest player matches the weakest player, the second strongest player matches the second weakest player, and so on. We examine whether a stronger player always has a greater probability of winning the tournament. The answer is in the affirmative for n = 2. For a tournament with eight players(n = 3), the situation is much more complicated. In certain cases, the second strongest player has the greatest probability of winning the tournament. Specifically, let A and B denote the strongest and second strongest players, P(A) and P(B) their respective probability of winning the tournament. We find that the maximum value of P(B)/P(A)equals (196+98) / 343 = 1.0938. For n > 3, we have not obtained the maximum value of P(B) / P(A) . However, it can be readily seen that the maximum value of P(B) / P(A) is non-decreasing as n increases.

Although it is well known that, unlike the feces of a fowl, those of an ostrich\r do not produce foul smell, the impact of different enterobacteria on elimination of malodorous\r substances has not been seriously investigated. I sought to test the hypothesis that ostrich\r enterobacteria (OE) are useful to eliminate hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3), two\r important components of foul smell of the feces.

由於想了解化學反應的微觀形態，我們設計微型化學反應裝置來比較巨觀(傳統型)與微觀(創新型)化學反應間的差異，並探討其實用及環保方面的問題。在顯微鏡底下，我們觀察化學反應的沉澱結晶及電解反應，嘗試以各項變因(溫度、濃度、聲波…等)來觀察其結晶的型態。我們已成功地將實驗藥品用量減少到一滴(約0.04ml)，並以微觀的角度觀察化學反應的過程。在實驗中，發現反應進行時，粒子會不斷流動，經查證後為愛因斯坦所提出的布朗運動，並且測得硫顆粒的直徑大小約4.2 ~ 6.7 微米。不同聲波所造成硫粒子的移動速率不同，而不同溫度的部份，我們發現→每增加十度硫粒子移動速率增加約兩倍。在面積4.392×10-4cm2 範圍內大約有250~300 顆硫沉澱的粒子。本實驗成功地將顯微鏡應用在化學領域上，若將此實驗推廣，可達到污染少、觀察實驗的時間短、用量少的目標。此實驗是邁向化學微觀世界，一種值得嘗試且創新的方法。In order to compare the differences between the chemical reactions of macroscopic reactor and microscopic reactor, we have designed a device of chemical reaction and researched into the problems of their environmental protections and practical aspects. Under the microscope, we observed not only their precipitating crystal compound from the chemical reaction and electrolytic reation but their types of crystal. We have successfully reduced the dose to one drop ( about 0.04ml) and observed the process of their chemical reaction from the angle of microscopic reactor. During performing the experiment, we found the particles would keep flowing while the reaction was working. It was proved as "Brown motion" introduced by Einstein. The diameter of these particles were around 4.2~6.7μm. We find that different sound waves and temperatures,the motion speeds are quite different. And the movement rate increases about two times as the sulfer particles increase 10℃ each time .Within the measure of area of 4.392×10-4cm2,there are 250~300 sulfer particles.The experiment has successfully used a microscope in the field of chemistry. If we popularize the experiment, we can reach the goal of less pollution, fewer the dose and time-saving observation. It’s an innovation to step to the world of chemical microscope world.

在中國數學雜誌八卷二期（ Chinese Journal of Mathematics volum 8, Number2 , Jun 1980）有篇朱建正、黃振芳所作”三角形的剪裁” ( "On Trimming A Triangle " ）。內容是要證明以下的猜側：定義：剪裁給定一個三角形，固定其兩頂點，而將另一頂點沿三角形的邊向某一固定頂點移動，而得出一較小的三角形，這樣的程序稱為一個剪裁。下一個剪裁則從此較小的三角形出發。 Goodman 的猜測：由 △ ABC經有限多次剪裁成之 △ A'B'C'，必可由 7 次以下之剪裁使 A 變到 A', B 變到B',C 變到 C'。實際上，朱、黃所證，僅是沒有“記號”的情形，至於有記號 的情形，卻從略不提。我試於後文提出一反例，說明朱、黃的解法何以無法解決有記號的情形。藉著電子計算機之助，我對此猜測的所有情形作了驗證，證實往考慮記號的情形下此一猜測為真。根據朱教授表示，原問題係他於 1978 年赴英參加數學會議時，一數學家 Coodman 所提出。