本研究目的1.探討催化劑對光子晶體SiO? 合成的影響，依據催化劑對光子晶體製作的數據，統整歸納出不同濃度的氨水催化劑對於SiO? 的吸收光譜與粒徑大小等性質的影響。2.尋找簡易的方式進行光通道的製作。 採用溶膠凝膠法將tetraethylorthosilicate(TEOS) 以氨水做催化劑在乙醇溶液中的水解及縮合反應製作單分散SiO?粉體。 嘗試將細線附著在玻片上進行排列，排列完成後將細線拉起企圖製造一條溝道。 實驗結果,催化劑會影響合成SiO? 的顆粒大小，隨著催化劑濃度增加，顆粒大小也隨之增加。使用細線可成功製造出凹陷的孔道，但目前採用之線仍嫌太粗，欲尋找奈米線材加以取代以製造出更適用之光通道。 ;The purpose of this research is 1.to find out the influence of the catalyst on compounding silica photonic crystals . According to datum , I can generalize the connection between the consistency of catalyst and the particle size of photonic crystal. 2.to find easier method of making the passage of light. I used tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) as a reactant and ammonia as the catalyst to react hydrolysis ,water condensation and alcohol condensation in ethanol. I tried to put fine lines on sheet glasses. After the arrangement of the silica particles, I took apart the lines attempting to make sunken ditches. The outcome of this ecperiment show that partical size increases with the consistency of catalyst. We can use fine lines to make the sunken ditches, but the line is not fine enough that I should find much finer lines to make it.

本研究探討自由渦流中的穩定漩渦，自然界的漩渦分為強制渦流和自由渦流兩大類，自由渦流又可分為不穩定漩渦與穩定漩渦兩種。不穩定漩渦的水流不斷的從放流口流出，水面無法保持穩定。穩定漩渦因為有水源補充流出的水，水面則可保持恆定。本研究的測量方式有別於別的研究。我們將漩渦周邊的水壓利用儀器轉變為電壓，再利用流體力學的公式及一些自導公式將這些數值轉變為漩渦的各項數據，如水壓、流速。另外，我們也用攝影機來觀察漩渦的形狀及流線，最後總合而為漩渦周邊的結構。This study investigates vortex type 4—stable free vortexes. Vortexes can be classified into two main categories: force vortexes and free vortexes. Free vortexes can further be subcategorized into unstable free vortexes and stable free vortexes, the difference between which is that the surface and structure of unstable free vortexes do not maintain a stable condition because the water runs outward while those of stable free vortexes do because the water circulates with abundant water supply within the container. The study employed different means of measuring the vortexes from those used by previous studies. The water pressure of the spiraling vortex water flow was measured, transformed into electric power and then into exact values of water pressure and flow velocity by applying equations in flow mechanism and some self-derived equations. Besides, video cameras are also used to observe the patterns and streamlines of the vortexes. Based on the figures achieved, this study obtained a comprehensive account of the structure of the spiraling vortex water flow of stable free vortexes.

任意一個三角形要如何分割成四個彼此相似的組成三角形呢？我們透過嚴謹的數學推理，先對三角形作二、三分割的可能情形進行驗證，並藉由已完成相似二、三分割的三角形，運用「內分」和「外加」的觀念，使相似四分割的討論變得明快，並得以將各式三角形的所有相似四分割的圖示作完整而有系統的呈現。 \r 我們也對「比例四分割」的作圖法與其相關幾何性質，進行猜想與討論，並驗證得出一些結果。尤其對「黃金三角形」經比例四分割後，組成三角形之對應邊長的比值也是「黃金值」，以及使用五條摺痕線的摺紙方式，可以摺出一張黃金三角形紙張的比例四分割，這些研究結果都令我們感到獲益良多。 How to divide a triangle into four similar little triangles？ Possible situations of dividing a triangle into two or three parts could be testified by strict mathematical inferences, and then the concepts of “internal division” and “external addition” could be applied to make our discussion clearly and briefly. With above discussions, figures about four similar divisions of all kinds of triangles could be presented completely and systematically. Some results were come up after making some conjectures and discussions about the geometric constructions and geometric properties of “four proportional divisions”. We learn a lot by these researches especially on the discoveries that the ratio of those corresponding sides in each four similar triangles which form a golden triangle, is also golden ratio; and that we could divide a golden triangle into four similar triangles by using five folding lines.

本研究透過對蕃茄施予短時間的不同高鹽份濃度刺激，觀察植株成長 情形並對果實進行品質測定，本研究對於品質之定義著重於總抗氧化能力、糖度及硬度的檢測。由實驗結果得知Na+、Cl-離子所造成的滲透壓差，確實有助於可溶性固形物及Na+、Cl-離子的累積，對於果實糖度及硬度上皆有顯著變化。但對於如何造成總抗氧化能力值的提升，在未來的研究中會再深入探討。We observe the germination of the tomatoes and assay "the quality" of the fruits in our research by giving plants short-range acridness of different high salinity. In this research, the definition of “quality” emphasizes the anti-oxidized ability, the brix, and the hardness. By the experimental result knew Na+ and Cl- ion creates the osmotic pressure, truly is helpful to the Soluble Solid Content and the Na+ and Cl- ion accumulation. Yet regarding by what the anti-oxidized ability promotes, we will treat in-depth in our intended research.

許多難纏的疾病，如神經退化性疾病與糖尿病，在1998年建立人類的胚胎幹細胞後，開始露出一線曙光。但就算科學家已經從胚胎幹細胞，成功引導出特殊種類與功能的細胞，預備做細胞治療時，需透過細胞核移植技術，使排斥的情形大大減少。所以當今年3月，韓國透過細胞核移植技術成功作出人類的胚胎幹細胞株時，轟動全世界。但是，他們從242顆卵，只做出一個胚胎幹細胞株，浪費這麼多卵子就牽涉到醫療倫理的層面了。既然，每一個人都要訂製自己的幹細胞株，那麼卵子的來源就很重要了。理論上，胚胎幹細胞可以分化成所有細胞與組織，當然也應該含生殖細胞在內。去年5月底，賓州大學就利用小鼠胚胎幹細胞，體外培養出型態上非常像卵子的細胞。所以，今年暑假利用兩個月時間，有個機會參與了台大醫學院婦產科的胚胎幹細胞研究團隊，稍稍瞭解了胚胎幹細胞製造成生殖細胞的過程。我們採取一種方法，先從胚胎幹細胞株，用類胚胎體(EB)的立體環境，加上 SSEA-1的篩選，與維他命A的刺激，引導至初始生殖細胞，第二步利用細胞重組的方法，利用小鼠胚胎的性腺組織，來支持這些選擇過的細胞，希望可以培養出小鼠的卵子或精子。我們從EB得到SSEA-1細胞約為全體細胞的10%，然後經過維他命A的刺激，得到SSEA-1細胞約為全體細胞的5%，這時的細胞理論上是初始生殖細胞 (PGC)，但是之後的體外單獨培養或與胚胎性腺重組培養，發現成果並不是很理想。到最後，也許受限於時間還有能力，沒有得到明確的小鼠生殖細胞，但是過程中，我學習到生殖細胞的生理，胚胎幹細胞的特性，基本實驗室的細胞培養與組織染色，這些都令我印象深刻。我們認為，如果有一個適當的基因轉植的胚胎幹細胞株，例如GFP放進生殖細胞相關的基因裡頭，讓達到終點，或邁向目標的細胞群，可以自我顯現，實驗會更容易達成目標。Scientists discovered ways to obtain or derive stem cells from early mouse embryos more than 20 years ago. Many years of detailed study of the biology of mouse stem cells led to the discovery of human embryonic stem cells in 1998. Through years of experimentation scientists have established some basic protocols or "recipes" for the directed differentiation of embryonic stem cells into some specific cell types. One major problem that must be solved before human stem cell therapy becomes a reality is the threat of rejection of the transplanted cells by the host's immune system. One way to avoid the problem of rejection is to use stem cells that are genetically identical to the host. This could be achieved by the same techniques of somatic cell nuclear transplantation (SCNT) that produced Dolly. Low efficiency less than 0.5% (1/242) in Korea this March brought some controversies in ethical issues. Where and how to procure the large amount of oocytes that will be required? One source of eggs could come from the generation of oocytes from embryonic stem cells (ESCs), as described by Hubner et al. (2003) in the mouse. By the selection of primordial germ cells (PGCs) and re-aggregation with their stromal cells, we hope to derive mature germ cells such as oocytes and sperm from ESCs in this study. In this study, we have demonstrated some PGCs after sequential selection by SSEA-1 antigen and optimal culture conditions. We also proved some FE-J1 positive cells but no further fertilization was obtained after all. Further investigation about this mechanism may be needed to derive these germ cells from ESCs.

在台灣公共場合快速成長下，例如：大賣場、百貨公司、展覽會場，這些公共大型場合都有很好的消防設施，但始終有人葬身於火場？ 原因就是幾乎所有的人都不會去特別注意逃生平面圖，導致花太多的時間尋找出口，這樣生存機率就大大降低。火場裡面有太多的致命因素，像是：高溫的空氣，毒氣、濃煙…等，所以必須把握每一分每一秒。為了加快逃生速度，我們將所有的通道都設有導引警示器，逃生者只要順著導引警示器就可以安全到達出口。為了因應公共場合有龐大的人群，所以逃生路線不能只有一條，因此我們設計上是有多條路線，一、可以解決龐大人群，二、可以加快速度。;With the rapid growth of public places in Taiwan, evacuation system is of more and more importance. Actually, public places, such as hyper malls, department stores and exhibitions, are not without fire-fighting equipment, but why is that there are still people getting killed in a fire? The reason is that almost no one actually pays attention to the evacuation plans. As a result, it often takes too much time to find the exits, which lowers the possibility of survival. In a fire, there are usually too many fatal factors, which could lead to death, such as high temperature and heavy smoke; therefore time is precious when escaping from a fire. To fasten the speed of evacuation, we set guiding alarms in every passageway. By following the guiding alarms, people can get to the exits safely. Besides, owing to the huge amount of population in public places, there can’t be only one route out. With regard to this, we design many routes in order to enable and fasten the speed of evacuation of huge amount of population.

NO.58-02 2019 APR | 科學研習期刊目錄 本期專題 化學元素週期表年特輯 2019年國際元素週期表年活動簡介 | 邱美虹 環島、巡迴、國際元素週期表年 | 王伯昌、高憲章 穿越150年淺談金屬元素 | 古建國 教學現場 實踐國中卓越科學情境體驗報導 | 廖純英 週期表元素命名探趣 | 王宸瑋 、程長遠 簡易原子堆積趣味玩具 | 許良榮 科學新知 稀土元素及其在染料敏化太陽能電池之應用 | 李權倍 從化學的材料本質思考循環經濟 | 陳立基 特約專欄 森棚教官的數學題-七邊型之謎 | 游森棚 帶得走的STEAM課程設計-流籠運水 | 黃琴扉 STEM領域女力崛起--讀出女孩超能力 | 劉淑雯 總召集人的話 19世紀出生在俄國西伯利亞的門得列夫(Dmitri Mendeleev, 1834-1907)，發現了化學元素的週期性，他依照原子量製作出深具解釋力和預測力的元素週期表。這張在1869年發表的元素週期表到今(2019)年正好150周年，因而聯合國公布今年為「國際元素週期表年」(International Year of Chemical Elements of Periodic Table, IYPT)，國際和國內有許多的慶祝活動。本期特別以「化學元素週期表年」為專題。 「本期專題」單元共有三篇文章，〈2019年國際元素週期表年活動簡介〉一文介紹國際和臺灣的IYPT活動。〈環島、巡迴、國際元素週期表年〉一文介紹和臺灣的組織「中國化學會」關係密切的IYPT 2019相關活動，這些活動都可由化學會所建立的網站平台找到。〈穿越150年淺談金屬元素〉一文，介紹1870年代先後出版的《化學初階（第一至四卷）》和《化學鑑原補編》兩本中文無機化學書中，所提到金屬和部分金屬元素與現行國中自然科相關內容之對照。 「教學現場」單元刊登三篇文章，〈實踐國中卓越科學情境體驗報導〉一文分享臺北市實踐國中透過「週期表的奇幻世界」系列教學活動，開啟全校師生對科學家門得列夫的崇敬與週期表相關知識之理解的經驗。〈週期表元素命名探趣〉一文介紹週期表裡較為少見之元素的命名典故和背後的故事。〈簡易原子堆積趣味玩具〉一文介紹利用簡易器材製作Atomix (意指原子的混合)模型以及在教學上的運用。 「科學新知」單元刊登兩篇文章。〈稀土元素及其在染料敏化太陽能電池之應用〉一文介紹稀土元素、稀土元素之應用背景、太陽能電池背景及染料敏化太陽能電池、和以稀土發光材料提升染料敏化光電極性能。〈從化學的材料本質思考循環經濟〉一文以聚氯乙烯(PVC)為參考案例，引導讀者思考「循環經濟」的核心價值，期產業發展與環保意識可取得平衡、協調共生。 本期「特約專欄」單元刊登三篇文章，〈森棚教官的數學題--七邊型之謎〉一文拋出正七邊形的頂點有五個紅點和兩個黑點，用紅點當頂點可以連成多少個等腰三角形的問題，供讀者自主探索或發想科展題目。〈運用STEAM概念發展「流籠運水創意課程」〉一文分享一個透過戶外的探究實作，讓學生在災害防救的模擬情境下進行流籠運水的STEAM創意實作課程之理念與經驗。〈STEM領域女力崛起--讀出女孩超能力〉一文則介紹從那些繪本可以讀出女性在STEM領域的力量，分就S、T、E和M四類各推介二至三本繪本。 總召編輯委員 - 李隆盛 關於本刊 出版單位：國立臺灣科學教育館 發行人：陳雪玉 總召集人：李隆盛 編輯委員： 物理科吳仲卿/陳耀榮/李柏翰/盧玉玲 | 化學科古建國/許良榮/王伯昌/林如章/周金城 | 生物科王美芬/蕭世輝/陳建志/郭淑妙 | 地球科學許民陽/王郁軒/李文禮 科技科張玉山/汪殿杰/林育沖/趙珩宇 | 數學科李源順/鄧家駿/溫世展/張宮明 | 跨領域學科李名揚/連信仲 | 特約專欄 游森棚/黃琴扉/劉淑雯 策劃：曾聰邦 主編：錢康偉 本月專題特約主編：古建國 編輯：吳郡怡 網頁設計編輯：施曉恬/陳璽君 投稿規範請來信詢問：article@mail.ntsec.gov.tw

單淘汰賽是一種失敗一次即遭淘汰的賽制；在此假定每位選手都有一相對應的能力數值，本文主要探討在均高的單淘汰賽程表之下，若賽程安排完全依照種子安排原則(亦即最強的選手對最弱的選手、次強隊次弱….)，則對於能力越強的選手越有保障，直觀上而言能力最強的選手應有最大的奪冠機率，探討此種賽程安排是否滿足能力較強的選手有較大的勝率？因發現在某些特殊的選手能力數值分佈之下會發生次強選手勝率大於最強選手的情況，令A、B代表最強與次強選手，P(A)、P(B)代表A、B奪冠的機率，故擬定P(B)/ P(A)為參考依據，尋求P(B)/ P(A)的最大值發生處作為最極端的狀況。發現四位選手的情況下，P(B) / P(A)最大值 = 1；八位選手的情況下，P(B) / P(A)最大值=(196+98) / 343=1.0938，當選手數為2n時，P(B)/ P(A)最大值隨n的增加而遞增。 Knockout Tournament is a highly competitive system in which any player losing a game can no longer play in the tournament. Here we suppose that every player has a numerical value that corresponds to his ability. We consider a totally-seeded knockout tournament with 2n players where in the first round, the strongest player matches the weakest player, the second strongest player matches the second weakest player, and so on. We examine whether a stronger player always has a greater probability of winning the tournament. The answer is in the affirmative for n = 2. For a tournament with eight players(n = 3), the situation is much more complicated. In certain cases, the second strongest player has the greatest probability of winning the tournament. Specifically, let A and B denote the strongest and second strongest players, P(A) and P(B) their respective probability of winning the tournament. We find that the maximum value of P(B)/P(A)equals (196+98) / 343 = 1.0938. For n > 3, we have not obtained the maximum value of P(B) / P(A) . However, it can be readily seen that the maximum value of P(B) / P(A) is non-decreasing as n increases.

自2004年4月29日至2004年8月30日止，研究不同食物量對於蓋斑鬥魚生殖表現之影響。自臺北縣水產種苗繁殖場取得40尾（北縣種苗場字第0930000192號），分成低、中、次高、與最高四個飼養食物量組（3, 6, 9 ,12 顆飼料/每隻魚），每一種食物量組進行四次重複實驗，每一個實驗箱飼養雌、雄魚一對，控制相同的光週期、溫度、密度等變因。結果顯示食物量為中食量組（6粒/隻）泡巢維持時間最長，與其他三組統計上有顯著差異，而其他生殖表現如雄魚的吐泡巢次數、泡巢間隔時間，以及雌魚產卵次數、產卵間隔時間，和魚卵孵化時間等四組之間皆無明顯差異。因此推測不同飼養食物量的處理對於蓋斑鬥魚生殖行為之影響不顯著。From April 29, 2004 to August 30, 2004, we studied the effects on breeding behavior of Macropodus opercularis in different quantities of food. We got forty fish from the nursery in Taipei County. We breed one male and one female in the tank, and the quantities food was set to low, middle, high, and highest groups (3, 6, 9, 12 granule forage per one fish). Every experiment group repeated three times. We also controlled the same light cycle, temperature, and density. We found that the longest maintenance time per one foam nest was breeding in middle group, and there is a statistically significant difference. But the other results had no statistically significant differences between different groups. Therefore, we inferred that the different allowance food feeding control had no significant effect to breeding behaviors of Macropodus opercularis.

本組改良第50屆國中組化學科「愈熱愈涼快」的實驗。除了沿用電解池的導電性會隨著溫度的改變的原理外，有以下改良： 1.電壓由15伏特提升至110伏特，以應用於一般電器使用。 2.將直流電改為交流電，並以銅棒對硫酸銅溶液通電，溶液濃度與電極因此皆不會減少，能長期使用。 3.利用溫度改變能使氣體熱漲冷縮的特性，製作氣體溫控升降儀，加大溫控效能，並達到自動化斷電目標。 4.最後，同時串聯四台風扇，以模擬教室環境用電，增加實用性與發展可能。

File compression has become a very important tool in the technology field because it allows faster data transfer rates over the internet and decreased file size on data disks. File compression aims to reduce file size while still retaining the quality of the file. Lossy file compression methods are not very efficient because the compressed files end up losing more data than what is usually intended causing a considerable loss in quality. Lossless file compression methods, on the other hand, take time to process since they require decompression to retrieve the original file. In this study, a lossless algorithm which does no require decompression was created. The resulting Fractal File Compression (FFC) algorithm contains two parts, the IFS algorithm and the Huffman Tree generator. Both algorithms were created using Java language and JCreator. The finished program was tested on an image file with 2542 x 1944 pixels dimensions. The image file was compressed using JPEG, BMP, PNG and FFC formats. For each method, the image file was compressed at three different resolution settings; low, medium and high. All the compressed images were then viewed under 500% zoom using Adobe Photoshop CS2. In an area of 40 by 40 pixels, the number of distinct boxes, which served as a measurement of image quality, was determined. Compressed images for JPEG, BMP, and PNG for both the low and medium settings have low image qualities, while the fractally-compressed images have a high image quality. For the high resolution setting, both JPG and fractally-compressed images have Page 2 of 2 high qualities while BMP and PNG still have low qualities. Based on the measurements obtained from the box-counting method and the file sizes, the absolute image quality for each compressed image was calculated. The absolute image qualities of the compressed images used for each setting were then compared. Coupled with large file size and small pixels per area count, the conventional methods have lower absolute image quality than the images compressed using the FFC method. This was true for the low and medium settings, however, JPG compression has a higher absolute image quality than the fractally-compressed images. This meant that JPG compression is more efficient than fractal compression when an image has a high resolution. The resulting FFC algorithm is lossless since it uses pattern searches and replacements in order to decrease the file size. To make the program more suitable for high resolution images, the FFC algorithm may be modified. Most of the changes in the FFC algorithm should be done in the IFS generator. High resolution images can be compressed fully if the pattern that was used for compression is more representative, but even shorter. A more representative bit pattern would create a high quality, high resolution image with a smaller file size.

國立自然科學博物館推出《數位博物館》，內含大量生物圖鑑及豐富館藏文物之圖文資 料，無論用於資料查詢或提供進階研究資料皆有極大貢獻。但經使用後發現，其檢索架構仍 只提供關鍵字搜尋及分類瀏覽，無法精確檢索出欲查詢之資料，尚有改進之處。 於是針對現有之影像檢索系統，我們跳脫出傳統以文字為檢索之依據，而設計出一連串 之改進方案，如下： 1. IRHI 色調辨識影像檢索，針對色調相近之影像類群提供良好檢索架構。 2. IRCI 輪廓辨識影像檢索，針對輪廓相近之影像類群提供良好檢索架構。 3. IRHCI 色調暨輪廓辨識影像檢索，綜合前述兩種方法之優點所設計。 A while ago, the National Museum of Natural Science put forth the “Digital Museum,” which contains great amount of biological pictographs and abundant collections of textual as well as pictorial materials. This has contributed tremendously to information search and advanced research. However, after employing them, we come to discover that its retrieval paradigm only provides key-word search and categorization browse, without enabling us to precisely pick out the desired data. Thus, this paradigm leaves something to be desired. To make up for the insufficiency of the existing system, we have escaped from the concept of searching by texts. Instead, we have designed a series of improvements. They are as follows: 1. IRHI(Image Retrieval by Hue Identification): Providing a sound paradigm for the image groups composed of similar hues. 2. IRCI(Image Retrieval by Contour Identification): Providing a sound paradigm for image groups composed for similar contours. 3. IRHCI(Image Retrieval by Hue and Contour Identification): Combining the strengths of the above two paradigms.