茶品的發酵程度對其香氣與口感有決定性的影響，然而業界卻缺乏相關的客觀指標與其有效的量測方法。茶品發酵的主要化學過程是其兒茶素的氧化與聚合，這些茶單寧將隨著發酵過程逐漸由還原態轉變成氧化態。所以，不同發酵程度的茶，其氧化態單寧與還原態單寧的比將有所不同。這個比值預料可由氧化還原電位間接地量測得知。本研究使用白金絲與銀/氯化銀參考電極為電極對來量測此氧化還原電位。量具則使用具高輸入阻抗(大於十億歐姆)的pH 電極用電位計以取得茶汁中微弱的氧化還原電位訊號，可於十秒內取得高再現性(相對標準差小於3%)的電位訊號所得到的電位訊號與發酵程度呈高度的線性相關(相關係數大於0.9)。Degree of fermentation is pivotal for the aroma and the aftertaste of tea, but an objective scale and efficient evaluating methods are demanded for the important quality factor. Oxidation along with the polymerization of catechins is known to be the major chemical process during tea fermentation; the tea tannins will gradually change from their reduced forms to their oxidized formats. As the consequence, the ratio of oxidized tannins to reduced tannins will differ with the extent of fermentation. The ratio can be measured simply by the redox potential. In the present study, we used a platinum wire and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode as the electrode pair to measure the redox potential. A pH meter with high input impedance (over Giga ohm) served as our voltmeter for the weak voltage signals retrieved from tea infusions. The measurement was quick (less than 10 second) and with good reproducibility (CV0.9).

世界上有許多病患，需要在體內植入電子醫療裝置，才能維持生命。然而，電池充電的問題卻一直無法克服，於是必須透過開刀重新更換電池，如此不僅增加病患的痛苦，也增加了醫療成本與環保問題。然而，過去研究以提高電池蓄電量為主，只有極少數研究著重在探討隔空充電技術，例如:動物體內電池充電。本研究主要是應用電磁感應原理，設計一套可以針對實驗兔體內體溫發射器的電池進行充電的方法，及探討充電過程所產生的電磁輻射及其影響。我們的初步研究成果顯示: (一)將24V與18V兩種電壓分別輸入電磁棒，在實驗兔動物身體表面進行充電，發現可產生的最高充電電壓值分別為4.75 V與3.64V。(二)充電30分鐘後可讓體溫發射器每二秒發射一次訊號，為期長達8天。(三) 將24V與18V兩種電壓分別輸入電磁棒，在距離電磁棒5-60cm的範圍，最大的電磁輻射值為179.6mG及0.1 mG。本研究證實我們設計的電磁棒可以對兔子體內電池進行隔空充電，並且不會對實驗兔子造成電磁輻射傷害。我們建議未來可以應用此方法解決動物體內醫療電子元件的充電問題。

碘化銅（CuI）為一種P型半導體，在一般文獻中大部分被用做催化劑，合成極為不易。我們利用一簡單電化學合成的方式，可將銅控制在一價銅( Cu?O )，如在有碘離子( I－ )的溶液中便形成CuI。在這研究中我們將所合成出之P 型半導體CuI 製成光感測器，在偵測不同光強時有良好的線性關係(r2=0.9961)。在光感測器的實驗中我們利用CuI 電極，讓它接受光照，使其電流產生光電流，如果能儲存其光電流能量，就可成為一太陽能電池，利用其原理，未來可以發展成為替代能源。 CuI is a kind of P type of semiconductor in the general literatures. Most of the CuI is use to catalyst. Except that, CuI is difficult to synthesis. We use a simple way of Electoctrochemistry complex to keep Cu?O under controlling. For example, in the I- solution, Cu becomes CuI. In the study, we make the synthesis P type of semiconductor to be light sensor. In different lightness, the procedure showed good linearity(r2=0.9961) In the light sensor, we use CuI pole to accept sunlight. Then the current will produce light current. If we could store the energy of light current, it will be a solar energy battery. When we apply the theory, it can develop to be substitute energy.\r

國立自然科學博物館推出《數位博物館》，內含大量生物圖鑑及豐富館藏文物之圖文資 料，無論用於資料查詢或提供進階研究資料皆有極大貢獻。但經使用後發現，其檢索架構仍 只提供關鍵字搜尋及分類瀏覽，無法精確檢索出欲查詢之資料，尚有改進之處。 於是針對現有之影像檢索系統，我們跳脫出傳統以文字為檢索之依據，而設計出一連串 之改進方案，如下： 1. IRHI 色調辨識影像檢索，針對色調相近之影像類群提供良好檢索架構。 2. IRCI 輪廓辨識影像檢索，針對輪廓相近之影像類群提供良好檢索架構。 3. IRHCI 色調暨輪廓辨識影像檢索，綜合前述兩種方法之優點所設計。 A while ago, the National Museum of Natural Science put forth the “Digital Museum,” which contains great amount of biological pictographs and abundant collections of textual as well as pictorial materials. This has contributed tremendously to information search and advanced research. However, after employing them, we come to discover that its retrieval paradigm only provides key-word search and categorization browse, without enabling us to precisely pick out the desired data. Thus, this paradigm leaves something to be desired. To make up for the insufficiency of the existing system, we have escaped from the concept of searching by texts. Instead, we have designed a series of improvements. They are as follows: 1. IRHI(Image Retrieval by Hue Identification): Providing a sound paradigm for the image groups composed of similar hues. 2. IRCI(Image Retrieval by Contour Identification): Providing a sound paradigm for image groups composed for similar contours. 3. IRHCI(Image Retrieval by Hue and Contour Identification): Combining the strengths of the above two paradigms.

本文將一道組合問題可能的方法數製成正方形表格，以「巴斯卡正方形」命名。將此正方形內的組合數同餘若干自然數後，觀察及歸納其結果。 同餘後不同的餘數配予不同顏色，產生一些特別的圖形，例如：「教大中庭系列」及「棋盤格系列」。我們研究了這些圖形的規律性以及對各個餘數的個數進行計數。 我們利用Lucas’s Theorem及(1+x)n 展開的係數搭配乘法原理來做計數的工具，並且研發了一個算式用於計算任意組合數被質數的次方同餘後的結果。

Non-biodegradable waste materials like discarded polybags, rubber bottles, broken buckets and sachet water bags constitute a serious environmental problem all over the world. Several steps have been taken to eliminate these waste materials. Burning of these non-biodegradable waste in an incineration only constitute environmental pollution as poisonous gases are release to the environment which are hazardous to lives. The purpose of developing this catalytic conversion of non-biodegradable waste material into fuel is to remove the problem non-biodegradable waste materials poses in its disposal as well as obtaining a precious end product that will supplement fuel supply. Dump side lands that would have been used for dumping waste is also reclaimed. The procedure and chemistry is from the fact that Non-biodegradable waste materials are composes of long chain hydrocarbon. Some are made of polymeric units like polythene. The materials are heated in a closed vessel with coal and a catalyst. Heating is done progressively until condensate from gaseous product is obtained. This condensate is wide range of liquid fuel (Diesel and petrol) including LPG ranges. Further separation processing will give pure product of the different fuel liquids. The Apparatus consist of a cylindrical cooking vessel heated by coal furnace or other heat source like LPG, the vessel is made of steal. The upper side of the vessel provide an outlet vent to connect condensing section/condenser which is required for the conversion of gaseous form of product into liquid state. The fuel produce can find it application in the following areas; Heating of kiln in the cement company, Heating of boilers and Domestic lighting.

在「植物的秘密生命」這本書中提到植物在電場或磁場中會生長的更好,我最近正好學到了電磁場如何產生,以及一些產生電磁場的方法,所以想利用螺形管線圈來產生均勻的電磁場並用安培右手定則來控制磁場產生的方向來了解電磁場在高低室溫下對綠豆生長的影響. 在本實驗中我利用鐵碗纏繞線圈的方式並通入不同的電流大小來改變磁場的強度,所進行研究所得到的結果顯示（1）綠豆只有在適當的電流大小下所產生的電磁場才可以幫助加速綠豆的生長(2)栽培綠豆的環境所架設的電磁場越高,越能持續讓綠豆的生長加速（3）綠豆的加速生長並不需要整天都通電（4）綠豆在N極朝上的磁場中生長的速率較S極朝上的磁場中要快(5)在較低的室溫下,電磁場加速綠豆生長的效應較能顯現 It has been mentioned that the plants will grow faster in the electronic or magnetic field in the book of “the secret life of plants”, I learned about the knowledge and methods of how to produce the electromagnetic field just now, I use the screw wire to produce electromagnetic field and control the direction by the Amplifier’s rule to investigate the growing speed of green beans under electromagnetic field in those different temperature. In this experiment, I use the wire to screwed around the ironed bowl, and make different electric current to generate different strength of electromagnetic field, the results indicate that (1) The faster growing speed will only exist in some strength of electromagnetic field (2) The higher ironed bowls that full of screwed wire will result in the faster growing speed (3) It will not need electromagnetic field all days (4) The green beans will grow fast in those north magnetic pole than those in south magnetic pole (5)The effect of electromagnetic field to increase growing speed will be significant in higher room temperature

The purpose of Computer Vision is to understand the methods by which humans\r process visual information and likewise to create computer algorithms similar to these\r processes. Through careful observation, a computer algorithm was developed to mimic\r how humans recognize logos in television commercials. After visual analysis of\r numerous commercial sequences, it was hypothesized that the key frames (frames in\r which the logo resides) could be found using the intersection of color histograms; the\r logo region could be found using the edge density within the key frames; and the logo\r could be identified utilizing a correlation method with a database of stored logos, scaled\r to different levels using Bilinear Interpolation.\r Color histograms were implemented using one-dimensional arrays with 24 bins;\r key frames were determined by calculating the intersection between consecutive frames’\r color histograms. The edge density was calculated by convolving the key frame with\r the number of edge pixels within a 21X21 area. The identification of the logo was\r determined by computing the Sum of Square Differences between the logo region and\r the database of logos on different scales; SSD values were normalized for different\r scales.\r The algorithm was tested on 14 different sequences and determined the key frame\r with 80% accuracy. By segmenting the sequence into two key frames, the algorithm\r generated 93% accuracy. The algorithm also identified the logo region with 93%\r accuracy. The identification of the logo yielded anomalous results. These data suggest\r that motion between consecutive frames in commercial segments decreases around the\r display of the logo. They also suggest that the logo region has the most visible edges\r within the key frame.\r Future study includes a complete overhaul of the logo recognition algorithm. The\r correlation algorithm (SSD) does not work accurately enough to be used. Therefore, the\r next step is possibly to look at the edge information about the key frames. As the Canny\r algorithm determines the edges of an image, it has to determine the direction (or\r orientation) of the edges. Therefore, a proposed study includes utilizing an edge\r orientation histogram of the database of the logos and the key frames. This would mean\r that the algorithm would identify the logo in the key frames by matching edge\r orientation histograms.

我們的研究工作有兩項重要成果：首先，根據物理學的彈性體振動模型發現：主動脈硬化的定量分析訊息可由測量主動脈相對於心臟運動的延遲時間明確得知，而且可用目前臨床使用中的心臟超音波儀器直接進行此一測量。在對23 個樣品、每個樣品分析大約50至100 次心跳的初步研究中發現，此一延遲時間是確實存在的，而且延遲時間超過大約0.17秒時，樣品就可能具有動脈硬化的現象。其次，在比照過10 組樣品的數據後發現，上述之延遲時間確定可由體外的胸前超音波掃描（TTE）準確測得，而不需要採用侵入式的經食道超音波掃描（TEE），以免除受測者的不適，及避免副作用的風險，使得此一新方法更具有方便、普遍的優點。而且此一方法也可能由數據的分佈發覺心血管之其他病徵。未來仍需應用此一方法對較多樣品進行研究以進一步確定此診斷方法之可靠性。 Two important results were achieved in this research. Firstly, according to the physical model of elastic oscillation, we found that the qualitative analysis of aorta stiffness could be obtained by a measurement of the delay time of the aorta motion relative to the cardiac motion. This measurement could be carried out with the conventional echocardiography. A preliminary analysis based on 23 samples, with 50 to 100 heartbeats per sample, confirmed the existence of this delay time. Also, a delay time of greater than 0.17 sec might imply the symptom of aorta stiffness. Secondary, after a comparison of 10 samples, the aforementioned delay time could be measured with TaransThoracic Echo (TTE) instead of TransEsophadeal Echo (TEE), in which the later is invasive while the former is not. Therefore, the discomfort of the patient and the risk of invasive operation can be avoided, making this new method more convenient and more common to accomplish. This method could also clearly discern some abnormal cardiac performance. A large-scale study with this method should be conducted in the future.

NO.61-01 2022 FEB | 科學研習期刊目錄 本期專題 2022第四屆全國科學教具創意設計競賽 「輪」番上陣比比看──橡皮筋彈力驅動車 | 黃昀孟、陳宥瑋、黃粲閎、陳怡君、高嘉鄖、詹志凡、戴明鳳 張拉整體結構的發展史與其應用 | 戴明鳳 張拉整體結構實作套件設計與操作──在科學教育推廣上的應用設計 | 邱彩瑄、余青諄、詹志凡、高嘉鄖、戴明鳳 「擺」的發展史與其運動週期測量技巧的深入探討 | 高嘉鄖、戴明鳳、張又懿 教學現場 滑輪組教具研製與創課活動設計 | 謝甫宜 湯匙擲球器與拋體運動課程 | 吳明德 氣球吉他 | 曾瑞蓮、許馨月、曾靖雯 科學新知 我國氣象觀測站網的建置和演進(一)臺灣北部地區 | 陳正改 特約專欄 閱讀有趣的科學繪本培養探索世界的好奇心 | 劉淑雯、黃譯平 STEAM簡易科學實驗──自製化石翻模 | 黃國展、黃琴扉、洪振方 森棚教官數學題——飛到西飛到東 | 游森棚 科普活動報導 運用能源議題融入國小低年級生活領域之實踐 | 黃真瑱、蘇萬生 2022第四屆全國科學教具創意設計競賽 | 洪偉清 科學有藝思 AI與創造它的科學家(一)艾倫．杜林 Alan Turing | 國立臺灣大學科學教育發展中心 總召集人的話 新春喜氣洋洋，《科學研習》月刊祝大家有個美好的開始。日常生活已離不開科學，科學改善生活也大量被商業化的使用到許多教育市場；良性的科學營隊有助於參與者的能力提升，掛羊頭賣狗肉的則需要大家互相提醒，免得受騙上當。108課綱的實施有新的氣象，學生在探究與自主學習上有更大的彈性，許多競賽場合也看到能量充沛的年輕人努力衝刺。召集人在大學端任教二十多年看過許多學術倫理樣態，很多是因為老師沒教、貪圖便利使然；期許大家做為年輕學子的典範，教導他們有正確的觀念：科學要求真、創作做自己、原創要鼓勵、沒做別掛名、抄襲不可取。 科學教具創意競賽 的成果透過文章來與讀者互相對話；早期資源短缺，許多報廢的線軸加上橡皮筋及冰棒棍就變成了線軸車，有了物理老師的加入，透過科學可以把童玩之美說得更清楚了。時間的量測跟許多的量測儀器一樣有其基礎原理及精巧之處，戴明鳳老師團隊從歷史的故事為大家介紹擺的科學以及探究的試驗。起重機、吊車、纜車、斜張橋、建築藝術等等都有著許多的線條加上桿件，這些桿件有個重要的名詞叫做二力構件，這些線條其實是許多的張力纜繩，這也是在高職機工科的靜力學會學到的內容；從歷史角度的回顧以及許多建築藝術的表現，除了讓人驚豔也讓人不禁想自己也跟著做一下。 教學現場 有三篇文章，「滑輪組教具研製與創課活動設計」、「氣球吉他」及「湯匙擲球器與拋體運動課」。第一線的科學老師是票房保證，謝甫宜老師透過自製滑輪組的組裝及步驟教學，培養學生藉由實作活動探索作功vs.位能關係、如何達到省力的目標、如何完成省時的任務等重要核心概念；有科學內容、有探究、有實作、有討論，過程中的問題解決以及形成性評量都契合現有九年級的定滑輪及動滑輪教學。氣球吉他的製作連結了音樂及物理學，音樂及物理的關係是非常美的數學特徵值問題，科工館曾瑞蓮研究員科學團隊，在文章中提出的探究及操作都非常值得深入推敲。經驗豐富的吳明德老師透過簡易設施輔以APP軟體，藉由實際數據量測計算讓學生動手有感，這是很好的科學學習模式，吳明德老師文章寫作的精準也可以做為未來投稿者學習典範。 科學新知 當我們輕易地透過網路擷取許多氣象資訊時，我們有沒有想過這些不同地區的資訊是如何匯集的？當有地震警報時，不同地區的反應資訊又是從何而來？完整的自動氣象觀測站網和強地動監測站網對於預警、救災都有很即時的助益。想知道全台616個氣象觀測站的分布、氣象儀器的自動化程度以及氣象站否有人員駐紮等等問題，資深氣象人陳正改說給你知道我國氣象觀測站網的建置和演進──臺灣北部地區。 「閱讀有趣的科學繪本培養探索世界的好奇心」在新聞台很少報導國際新聞的年代，蚊子老師提供我們日本的科學繪本出版資訊，有大多是自製少數翻譯，科學範疇則從生命體、星空、圖形、數理甚至到歷史文化都能見到科學的樣貌。蚊子老師也提到 ：「與其說科學是門知識，筆者更認為科學是一種思考習慣；科學不是專門要考倒你的試卷題（在考試制度的教育下很容易落入這樣的思維），而是在日常生活就存在的事物。」期待大家看此文章並感受日本科學繪本的魅力。「STEAM簡易科學實驗—自製化石翻模」做石膏模型是大家小時候美好的記憶，當石膏與化石有所連結時，透過黏土壓印物件製作翻模工具，以及石膏調製製作模型，文中提到與5E之間的關聯、與STEAM間的關聯；除了石膏之外，還有很多科學內容期待大家開發。「飛到西飛到東」又到了動腦時間了，想像有老人、大人、小孩在操場上繞圈圈，何時他們會交會在操場跑道上的某一點？噢不！森鵬教官的問題是蜜蜂直線的來回，要大家費點心，畫一下、想一下。 「運用能源議題融入國小低年級生活領域之實踐」能源議題攸關民生，也是社會上許多爭議的來源，如何從小培育學生具有科學的認知以及批判的能力，是未來的主人翁應該有的基本素養。風能是能源的一個來源，風的科學、風的物理學、海浪等等…這些都需要更多科學的解釋。 科學GO好玩 「2022第四屆全國科學教具創意設計競賽」洪偉清主任以嫻熟的方式辦理大型競賽活動—第四屆全國科學教具創意設計競賽推廣與創新，文章中除了傳遞舉辦活動的精神及理念也嶄露如何經營及廣邀各界參與的各式輔助工作坊及分區競賽；透過活動拔擢具設計巧思，有動手實踐能力的同學，是提高學生參與及動手的最好機會。能動手有巧思是要鼓勵的對象，有原創不抄襲不找人捉刀是參與者的科學精神。 總召編輯委員 - 李旺龍 關於本刊 出版單位：國立臺灣科學教育館 發行人：劉火欽 總召集人：李旺龍 編輯委員： 物理科吳仲卿/陳耀榮/李柏翰/盧玉玲 | 化學科古建國/許良榮/王伯昌/林如章/周金城 | 生物科王美芬/蕭世輝/陳建志/郭淑妙 | 地球科學許民陽/王郁軒/李文禮/謝隆欽 科技科張玉山/汪殿杰/林育沖/趙珩宇 | 數學科李源順/鄧家駿/溫世展/張宮明 | 跨領域學科李名揚/連信仲 | 特約專欄 游森棚/黃琴扉/陳正改/劉淑雯 策劃：曾聰邦 主編：吳中益 本月專題特約主編：李源順 編輯：佟冠誼/林博雅 網頁設計編輯：施曉恬 投稿規範請來信詢問：article@mail.ntsec.gov.tw

Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite known to cause infectious colitis and amoebic dysentery in humans. Its life cycle consist of two parts: the infectious cyst stage and the multiplying trophozoite stage. Epinephrine, a neurotransmitter in vertebrates, is released by the trophozoites during the process of cyst formation. The addition of epinephrine to in vitro cultures of amoebas causes them to encyst, and addition of compounds that prevent epinephrine’s activity inhibits encystations. Therefore, epinephrine plays a critical role in encystation in vitro. An understanding of the molecular intricacies of epinephrine-induced encystations may allow for pharmacological manipulation of epinephrine metabolism to control cyst formation in vitro. Drugs that either prevent cyst formation or induce it before a large amoebic population is present would result in the release of fewer cyst forms of the parasite, reducing parasite transmission from person to person. Although trophozoites release epinephrine, it is no known if E.histolytica synthesizes epinephrine or extracts it from the growth medium. Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase(PNMT) is the enzyme that catalyzes production of epinephrine norepinephrine. This study aims to determine the source of epinephrine by determining if E.histolytica contains a PNMT-type enzyme. PNMT amino acid sequences from several higher organisms were compared to identify conserved regions of the enzyme. These conserved amino acid sequences were then used to search for similar sequences in a database containing the recently sequenced amoeba genome. A PNMT-like gene was found in the E.histolytica database and cloned in bacteria. Yeast cells containing the cloned E.histolytica PNMT gene expressed PMT enzyme activity. This suggests that E.histolytica produces its own epinephrine, and is the most evolutionarily ancient eukaryote shown to do so. The use of inhibitors against PNMT activity is under investigation.

在這能源短缺的時代，開發替代能源已經成為主要課題。利用光觸媒特性所製成的色素增感型太陽能電池，因二氧化鈦光觸媒受到紫外光照射才產生電子躍遷，吸收光的頻率區域狹小，實用性不高。因此研究氧化鋅、二氧化錫與二氧化鈦混合，是否能提升該電池的轉換效率。藉由各種變因的探討，從中選取最有利的方式，使太陽能電池發揮更大的效益。除了以溫度、電解質、混合比例等因素外，增加電極面積以及串聯均可提高電壓與電流，以增加日常生活的實用性。如不斷的改進發展，諸如電解水、使小燈泡發光，甚至各種小家電用品的使用，都可應用於其中。In times of energy shortage, exploring the alternative energy has already become a main issue. The dye solar photocell is using photocatalyst characteristic. Because the electron transition is caused by lighting up the titanium dioxide photocatalyst by the ultraviolet, the frequency of spectrum is narrow and small. It is thus impractical. Therefore, we research whether or not the mixtures of zinc oxidize and tin oxide with titanium dioxide can improve the conversion efficiency of the dye solar photocell. Through discussion on various kinds of factors, we can choose the best way to make the dye solar cell yield more efficiency. In addition to the factors such as temperature, electrolyte, mixed proportion, etc., increasing the area of electrodes and contact can improve the voltage and electric current. That way we can increase the practicability for daily use. With constant improvement, it can be applied to many kinds of things, such as electrolyzing water, small bulb lights, even small household appliances.