Most neurological diseases are characterized by the presence of protein aggregates,\r suggesting that aberrations in protein homeostasis are associated with neuronal demise. In eukaryotic cells, protein homeostasis is maintained by the chaperone, ubiquitin proteasome (UPS) and autophagy systems. As age is a risk factor for several types of neurodegenerative diseases, the function of these various protein homeostatic systems could become compromised with age. To understand the events that occur during normal aging, we examined the expression of key markers associated with the aforementioned systems in mice aged 1, 3, and >18 months. We found that proteasome activity and the amount of proteasome-related structures remained unaffected with age. Interestingly though, an agerelated increase of a novel Hsp70 chaperone protein species (herein designated Hsp70*) was observed. The expression of Hsp70* is also increased markedly in cells treated with pharmacological agents that promote proteasome inhibition, suggesting a functional interaction between the chaperone system and the UPS. Taken together, our results suggest that there is some form of crosstalk between the chaperone system and the UPS involving the observed HSP70 species.

NO.61-02 2022 APR | 科學研習期刊目錄 本期專題 數學科普與素養 微積分音樂劇「恆河左岸的愚公」之開發歷程 | 高竹嵐 玩藝數——遊戲與藝術中發現數學新奇 | 嚴志弘 閱讀生活中的數學 | 賴以威 倒水遊戲中的數學 | 李源順 教學現場 「藝數柏拉圖」3D立體卡片的創意教學 | 彭良禎 連結舊概念和方法的數學感教學——面的大小比較 | 李源順、詹明霞 議題融入取向的國小數學課室樣貌——以「健康與福祉」議題為例 | 溫世展 議題融入取向的國小數學課室樣貌——以「性別平等」議題為例 | 陳玉珊 科學新知 Seeing Dots——高中數學的探究與實作 | 張宮明 人工孿生智慧：是善，抑或是惡？ | 王啟樺 小齒輪，大關鍵！ | 李祐宗 我國氣象觀測站網的建置和演進(二)臺灣中部和南部地區 | 陳正改 2022年會考成績分析與應考策略 | 謝甫宜 特約專欄 親師生一起FUN科學～當珍珠粉圓遇上STEAM | 廖素禎 Orbis Pictus Award-為孩子推薦非小說類讀本的最佳選擇 | 劉淑雯、林微珊 森棚教官數學題——奇妙化簡 | 游森棚 科普活動報導 疫情下的小小程式設計師線上課程與競賽 | 謝依潔、陳思穎、吳建明、羅小茹、蘇萬生 科學有藝思 AI與創造它的科學家(二) 艾薩克．艾西莫夫 | 國立臺灣大學科學教育發展中心 總召集人的話 常聽到許多人說，學數學幹嘛，我現在不是活得好好的？可我們在日常生活中是離不開數學的：買賣東西需要算錢、與人辯論需要邏輯、量測觀測需要三角函數、把相差十的八次方的不同大小生物放在同一條尺規上那需要對數、蓋房子需要量測與計算、數學的幾何之美、材料晶體結構、子彈的飛行、橋梁的變形及震動、投出變化球需要流體力學、晶圓的成長需要熱傳學…。我們生活在數學環繞的世界中，不想理他都不行。學生時期讀混沌一書、讀複雜性科學等非線性物理等，發現許多的科學進展總是因為數學有了突破才能往前；個人的研究與統計力學有關，需要求解的是積分──微分方程形式的波次曼方程式；雖然就讀機械工程學系，但是看到理學院的數學系、物理系的師生都非常崇拜及尊敬，因為那是我在解決問題過程中提供我養分及工具的源泉。 成功大學機械系大一的一門必修課-工程圖學，讓我們要開始手畫三視圖，也讓我們透過圖面想像3D圖形；授課老師就常鼓勵我們蹲在牆角看著那三個軸，思考圖形如何繪製。 專題主題：數學 有鑑於美版微積分舞台劇以點狀的方式呈現許多微積分的道理，高竹嵐教授興起科學舞台劇「恆河左岸的愚公」的想法，透過愚公移山的故事架構，如何在故事裡面無縫的描述兩個微積分概念，作者的科學敘事歷程在這篇文章中一覽無遺。 「玩藝數」策展人嚴志弘教授，作品有料，讓人驚豔；透過接地氣的實體接觸，讓民眾有感，主動購票進場參觀；「感性的藝術裡仍存有理性的足跡，抽象的思維中卻藏有具體的景象，仔細尋找便能發現數學驚喜。」透過感性的作為讓民眾感受數學及各學科間的因緣、連結或是徵兆，是很棒的科學敘事；有空要到科教館看展覽，享受「玩藝數」策展人團隊的用心及真功夫。 「數學是一種思考方式，是一種描述規律、分析事物的學問」是各領域專家溝通時的共通語言。萬物皆數-生活中處處皆數學，數感實驗室邀您透過日常生活中的許多例子，去閱讀及理解其間的數學奧秘，賴以威老師的數學轉譯能力是大家公認的，當然是數學功力深厚的高手才能讓受眾有感；讀者平時要給自己有大量的練習，是有機會變成有數感的轉譯高手的。遊戲與設計中的數學舉例可以讓您有感及驚艷。 對數字有感覺的玩遊戲跟漫無目的的玩遊戲，哪一種比較好玩？ 遊戲要夠好玩才能讓從漫無目的到有系統、有規律、能邏輯推理的玩。分水（倒水）遊戲怎麼玩？ 「終極警探3」布魯斯威利要回答的一個考驗問題是「有一個3加侖和一個5加侖的水桶，它們都沒有刻度，因此只知道裝滿是3加侖和5加侖。問要怎樣才能量出4加侖的水？」。多玩幾次，玩出手感，找出規律，還有各種解法；李源順老師以分水遊戲為例，跟我們回憶一下學過的二元一次方程式的整數解可以對應不同的解法，參數表示式更是一般化的說明。 教學現場 日本有個太空科學家三浦公亮透過摺紙（三浦摺）解決人造衛星太陽能板展開的問題，立體書、紙雕都有異曲同工之妙。對稱軸、對稱面，特別是彭良禎老師的車輪餅上下蓋的觀念貫穿整篇文章；正多面體的例子一一透過上下蓋的設計以及雙足、斜角、鏡面對稱等技法，教學現場第一線的彭良禎老師〈動手做一本屬於自己的立體書〉；講到這裡我也忍不住剪一下紙張，摺疊正四面體的一半（上蓋）來呼應閱讀文章時感受到的催促。板金、衣服都需要展開圖，幾何之美令人讚嘆。 〈連結舊概念和方法的數學感教學——面的大小比較〉文章中提到，「學生在學習的過程中，能了解現在所學與以前所學概念／方法的異同（第五個核心內涵的教、學策略），可以讓學生的學習形成一個整體的概念，形成數學感」。兩位作者以直線與曲線、平面與曲面的區分教學，讀者可以從中理解教學的設計以及統整概念時期的連結新知識與舊概念，才能有感的學習新知識。不要太早連結舊觀念是這次學到的心得。 教學現場溫世展老師透過「常見30分鐘運動熱量消耗表」、「手搖杯的含糖量（全糖、半糖、微糖）數據」等資訊為例，讓學生可以思考及促進自身健康的實踐。學生透過日常生活的實例，經由實際操作與運用數學知識討論數據的探究歷程，覺知健康問題（食物含糖量）所造成的嚴重性，有反省有修正的設定實踐目標。 如何在國小高年級的教學活動中設計「性別平等」議題融入導向的國小數學課室實踐？第一線的陳玉珊老師以共創的「男女大不同？！」之教學活動為例，鉅細靡遺的讓讀者了解如何從解決真實生活問題切入，融入數學、社會、綜合等三個學習領域的內涵，激發主動探究的學習動機，並培養跨領域整合的能力。 科學新知 要拍照，要拍幾次才能全部的人都能入鏡？拍照的數學建模主要的基礎在哪？格子點與整數解都是建模的重點，「seeing dots」文章透過解構國際科展得獎作品分享給您知道！ 學微積分、高等微積分、泛函分析、機率論、統計學， 其實是很有用途的數學領域。「掌握基礎數學，我們就有一條具體能實踐的路，來理解每年最新科技的進展。」跟奈米技術的發展一樣，從人工智慧到人工孿生智慧，整個有創新價值的作為卻也同時衍生出新的危機。利用人工智慧技術，複製模擬出患者的數位孿生（Digital twin）患者，在治療藥物的臨床試驗中，可協助加速藥物試驗的整體流程；人工孿生智慧之惡金融詐欺-合成身份詐欺，也會造成大量的盜用他人個資及增長金融犯罪。且看王啟樺為大家說人工孿生智慧的善與惡。 「小齒輪、大關鍵」一文透過立可帶、腳踏車變速機構讓讀者理解齒輪一直存在我們生活周遭。如何控制齒輪單向轉動？趕緊找個立可帶或是立起騎腳踏車，讓自己認真探究一下。 臺灣有多少自動氣象觀測站網和強地動監測站網？三月份的大地震西部很多人都很有感地說手機先收到警告信號，才感受到震波；這歸功於東部測站偵測到地震，就發送訊號，這時間差是電磁波與震波賽跑產生的差距；離測站越遠，感受時間差越大。不同氣象站設置時間及珍貴照片以及歷史資料，都在陳正改組長的文章中呈現。 謝甫宜老師針對國中會考分析與應答策略分析110學年度的自然科考題，討論題型難易度、級距、學生迷失以及誘答失分等等問題。並且針對增A及減C提出他的看法及教學上的建議。 特約專欄 〈親師生一起FUN科學～當珍珠粉圓遇上STEAM〉一文，廖素禎老師以她指導國小四年級同學參加2019年高雄市中小學科學展覽作品「『圓』來如此～QQ粉圓大作戰」為例，分享其心得、省思以及建議。人在國外的蚊子老師為我們介紹Orbis Pictus Award的審查機制，作為我們選擇繪本書籍時參考。也為我們介紹2022得獎的十四本自然科學及社會類別的繪本，NCTE的網站中更有許多教學資源以及從不同的角度思考問題整理的資料，要詳讀本文才能獲得入寶山的鑰匙。蚊子老師說「繪本不只是給兒童看的故事書，而是可以讓課堂變得更加生動有趣的一種媒介。」我們在不同受眾的課堂上可以藉由繪本輕鬆的切入主題。也期待有國產的繪本獲獎。 最期待的森朋教官的數學挑戰題來了，透過n=1, n=2, n=3的化簡結果，你可以猜想n=4時會是甚麼答案嗎？那n=r時的化簡結果又是如何？趕緊近來動腦了。 科普活動報導」 〈疫情下的小小程式設計師線上課程與競賽〉臺灣半導體中心透過營隊方式以自家生產產品「SenCu-感測方塊」結合Scratch程式設計，讓參與者了解生活周遭有太多感測器的應用。 總召編輯委員 - 李旺龍 關於本刊 出版單位：國立臺灣科學教育館 發行人：劉火欽 總召集人：李源順 編輯委員： 物理科吳仲卿/余進忠/戴明鳳/朱慶琪 | 化學科古建國/王伯昌/林如章/周金城/黃琴扉 | 生物科王美芬/蕭世輝/張育傑/辛懷梓/郭淑妙 | 地球科學許民陽/王郁軒/謝隆欽/盧孟明 科技科張玉山/汪殿杰/林育沖/徐新逸 | 數學科李源順/游森棚/嚴志弘/高欣欣 | 跨領域學科李名揚/劉淑雯/吳嫻/李芝瑜 | 特約專欄 游森棚/黃琴扉/陳正改/劉淑雯 策劃：李耕雲 主編：吳中益 本月專題特約主編：李源順 編輯：佟冠誼/林博雅 網頁設計編輯：施曉恬 投稿規範請來信詢問：article@mail.ntsec.gov.tw

葉綠素為植物體內進行光合作用關鍵物質，在能源領域內也有不少的應用。葉綠素是光合作用的鑰匙，葉綠素能夠累積光的能量並放出激發態電子，利用激發態電子的能量進行一連串複雜的反應，本研究的理論就建立在光合作用上，利用葉綠素吸收光能轉為電能的特性開發新型光電池。光電池使用金屬或非金屬材料，照光後能產生電流之材料作為發電材料。電池的製作過程非常簡單，實驗發電材料葉綠素也很容易取得，完全沒有汙染環境的疑慮，是非常乾淨的綠色能源。另外也探討葉綠素濃度對於發電效能的影響。研究使用的裝置是由兩片玻璃與矽膠片組裝而成的電池，在電池中間加入葉綠素與電解液。藉由改變電解液與有無光照來探討葉綠素在該電池中的氧化還原作用是否有明顯的變化，並推出化學反應式。結果顯示在葉綠素與電解液的配合下能夠建立出一套循環產電系統。

修正汽車駕駛喜歡猛踩加油踏板之習慣,把一加油動作分解成多段階級式加油動作,使自動變速箱內扭力降低達到順利變換高速檔o 達到節約能源.減少污染.提高效率之目的。The oil-saving project by adjusting the driving habits To avoid the habit of easily step the pedal to speed up, we divide it into multi-step fuel-filling procedures. Therefore, they decrease the wristing strength of transistor inside auto speed-changing box and reach high-speed brake smoothly. As a result, it can save energy, reduce pollution and increase high efficiency.

-to prove my original hypothesis that colour affects the power that is produced by solar panels. \r \r - that the wavelength of an elctromagnetic wave affects the photon or quanta energy that the wave has.

When one time we beautified our campus. It made us meet the snails, Euphaedusa sheridani shihi Chang, unexpectedly. Maybe snails make people associate with the holes on vegetables tops in thinking. Do all of the snails make vegetables tops as their food? We compared with the weight of the wood which has been stayed by snails or not. After a week, the weight of the wood which has been stayed by E. sheridani shihi Chang decreased obviously. It showed they also make wood as their food. What do they decompose wood become? First, we used the basic Carbohydrate's detection means to test the eluate of the wood which has been stayed by E. sheridani shihi Chang. However, we found both the eluate of the wood which has been stayed by E. sheridani shihi Chang or not can examine the Pentose out. So next, we plan to use SDS-PAGE to analyze the left enzyme on the wood, and use it to prove whether they secrete enzyme in mouth to decomposed wood or not. In addition, the holes these snails made and the environment are connected. By means of changing light, temperature and humidity to experiment with how much wood can these snails decompose. We found in the dark, about 20℃ and moist environment, they could decompose the wood the most. Finally, the holes they made on the wood also have its ecological niche. They decomposed the wood not only hastened the dissolution of the wood, but also provided the microhabitat for alga, fungi and small bugs.一次綠化校園的活動，製造了我們與石氏煙管蝸牛的邂逅。蝸牛，或許使很多人想到蔬菜上的洞，但真的所有的蝸牛都以蔬菜為食嗎？比對有無蝸牛棲息的兩組木頭，結果一星期之後有蝸牛棲息的木頭重量明顯減少，顯示蝸牛也以木頭為食。那麼牠們把木頭分解成什麼呢？我們先以基本的醣類檢測方法，檢測蝸牛棲息過的木頭表面洗出液，不過發現不管有無蝸牛棲息皆可檢驗出五碳醣，接著預計用SDS 膠體電泳看是否可以分離分析出蝸牛在消化木頭時殘留在木頭上的酵素，以證明蝸牛是否在口腔分泌酵素以分解木頭。至於環境和蝸牛消化木頭的關係，我們藉著改變光線、溫度、溼度等變因進行實驗，發現牠們在陰暗、潮濕、約20℃的環境下可以分解最多的木頭。最後，牠們分解木頭形成的洞也具有其生態意義，不僅加速木頭的分解，也製造了微棲地提供藻類、真菌及小型生物的生存空間。

在高二學習複數時，我們由棣美佛定理： nεN(cosθ +isinθ ) n= cos nθ + isin nθ )導出 cos n θ與 sin n θ可用 cos θ及sinθ 之多項式表示。我們發覺他們的細數頗有規律，值得研討，因此就開始研究tan nθ與sin nθ+cos nθ展開式中，其係數間關係。

洗滌用的界面活性劑分散系，沾在吸管可吹成泡，沾在框上則生成特定形體的薄膜；兩種不同現象，依據各自的性質原理，分別設計為可測量的裝置，研討表面張力與濃度間的關係，發現『兩泡連通法』，測量的靈敏度較佳，並且；薄膜總面積法則會因為框的形不同，測得薄膜總面積與表面張力大小的變化趨勢不一樣，而且數據誤差都比『兩泡連通法』大。市售的洗劑有肥皂與合成清潔劑兩類，它們溶於水的分散系，表面張力與濃度大小的變化趨勢正好相反；肥皂的濃度愈大表面張力愈大，合成清潔劑的濃度愈小表面張力愈大。這種現象發生的原因，和分散質是否含苯環結構無關。用數位照相輔助毛細管上升法，觀測『兩泡連通法』標準液的張力與濃度關係，數據顯示兩泡連通法與毛細管上升法，兩者比較各種分散系張力與濃度大小的結果相同。因此，用『兩泡連通法』比較不同分散系張力大小是簡便生動的可行方法。The dispersion of surfactant used for the purpose of cleasing,if dipped on a blowpipe,can be blown into bubbles and,if dipped on a frame,will form a certain shape of membrane.For these two different situations,according to the principle of their quality,measuringdevices can be respectively designed to explore the relation of surfact tension to its concentrate.It is discovered that,with the measuring device of the Two Bubble Connection Method,the sensitivity measured is better;and that,because of the difference of the structures of the frames,the total area of the membrane and the change trend of the degree of the surface tension will also be different and the probable error of the measured digits is always larger and it is not easy to find regularity. For the two categories of dispersion,soaps on the market and synthesis detergent,when they are measured with the Two Bubble Connection Method about the relationship of their surface tension to the degree of their concentrate,the trend of change is exactly opposite.The surface tension and concentrate of the category of soap are in right proportion whereas,for synthesis detergent used for cleaning bowls and plater and washing clothes,when its concentrate is less,its surface tension is more intense.Based on the findings of this study,the concentrate and the change trend of the degree of tension have no connection with whether there is benzene structure in the solvent. With the Capillary Rise Method assisted by digital photography to observe the relation of the tension of standard solution to the concentrate,we have found that they totally correspond to the result measured with the Two Bubble Connection Method designed in this study.

這是一種可在膨脹狀態及未膨脹狀態間轉換的膨脹收縮瓶塞。本設計之瓶塞包含一彈性橡膠之塞座及一剛性塑膠之旋轉控座。該瓶塞在未膨脹狀態，可將瓶塞置於平口內將瓶塞順時針方向旋轉90度使瓶塞由未膨脹狀態轉換至膨脹狀態將瓶子密封；欲開瓶時將瓶塞逆時針方向旋轉約90度使瓶塞由膨脹狀態轉換至未膨脹狀態，可輕易將瓶塞從瓶子內拉出。根據顧客之需求設計瓶塞並選定適當之塑膠材料以製作旋轉控座及適當之衛生橡膠以製作塞座，依廠商提供塑膠及衛生橡膠之特性資料做有限元素分析預測橡膠元件受撐大之變形量，進行加工與製造印證分析之結果，與預期目標有相當的差異，故製作簡易之試件進行探求塞座內縮量與瓶塞膨脹量之關係， 探求瓶塞膨脹量與瓶子所能承受的壓力之關係，進而逆向設計瓶塞之塞座內縮量。 This is a kind of bottle plug that can change at the situation of swell or unswell.The design of this bottle plug includes a rubber plug and a rigid plastic controller that can revolve around. We can put the bottle plug at the top of the bottle and rotate it 90° c.w., the bottle pug will be at the situation of swell and then seal up the bottle. If we want to open the bottle, we just rotate 90° c.c.w., and the bottle plug will be at the situation of unswell and then we can pull the bottle plug out easily. I design this bottle plug according to the need of the customers; choose the certain plastic material to make the rigid plastic controller, and the properly rubber to make the plug; analyze and predict the amount of deformation by Finite Element Method in accordance with the characteristics of rubber and plastic supplied by the factories. However, the result and the expected result are quite different. In order to solve the problem, I make an easy sample to search for the relationship between the contraction of the rubber plug and the swells of the plastic controller and also the relationship between the swells of the plastic controller and the pressure that the bottle can endures. Then I design the contraction of the rubber plug on the base of the result of the experiment I made above.

Farmers in many countries are legally required to identify livestock with some sort of tagging system. Tagging is required for ownership, breeding and as a means of tracking livestock during a disease outbreak.\r New Zealand farmers are required to fit all livestock with two ear tags (one in each ear). Ear tags are applied in a similar way to the piercing of human ears. The two tags are of different sizes and are known as the primary and the secondary tags. The primary tag is physically bigger than the secondary tag.\r We farm deer and have noticed that after tagging some deer develop ear infections at the site of tagging.\r A randomized controlled trial was undertaken in 105 fawns to test the hypotheses:\r ‧ Pre treatment of the ear tag with liquid iodine will reduce post tagging infection.\r ‧ A reduction in ear infections as a result of tagging will lead to more rapid weight gain.\r The treatment group had iodine applied to the sharp part of both primary and secondary tags immediately prior to tagging of the fawns. The control group was tagged in the usual fashion. Fawns were then assessed for infection at 6 and 11 weeks after tagging. Each ear was individually graded for infection and recorded against the number of the animal. Grading was on a scale of 0-3: zero having no infection; 1-slight redness; 2-a larger ring of redness and possibly some dried blood; 3-as for grade 2 plus swelling of the ear around the pin.

壹、研究目的：培養建構式思考方式，提高解決問題的能力。 貳、研究過程：一先查數學辭典，確定F.S.之定義。二以文字敘述替代數字敘述F.S.，並分析歸納規律性。三將發表過的有關關係式，挑選適合以代數分析研究者，研究採逆命題角度處理，共有下列七種關係式採論之。 壹、Motivation and Purpose In this study, we expect to know something about Fibonacci Sequence (F.S.) that we can understand and enjoy as a high school student. 貳、Procedure 一.Make sure the definition of F.S. 二.Use algebra instead of numerical to state F.S. 三.Select the related formulas and discuss by fundamental algebra. We get 7 types as follows

在相對較高氧化電位下的前處理，這樣的活化步驟已被普遍接受。藉由這樣的活化步驟，廢煤渣（傳統鋼鐵業）轉變成能夠有效偵測微量鉛金屬離子的催化劑。微量鉛金屬離子的偵測是藉由方波剝除伏安法進行。在最佳化參數下，偵測鉛金屬離子的靈敏度為11.482μA/ppm(斜率??)，線性範圍為0.1－2ppm。最後，照光設備之應用亦可用來提升偵測鉛金屬離子時之靈敏度。最終實際應用則取天然的水進行實驗之驗證。The preactivation process (i.e., preanodization) at very positive potentials has been accepted as the prime activating procedure. By using the preactivation process, waste cinder (from steel industry) were converted into an efficient catalyst in the determination of Pb2+ in cinder-modified carbon paste electrodes. The possibility of determining Pb2+ at trace levels was examined by square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry. Under the optimized analytical conditions, the sensitivity, linearity, and detection limit are 11.482 μA/ppm, and0.1－2 ppm (r = 0.974). Finally, the lighting was also used to raise the sensitivity of the determining Pb2+. The practical applications were demonstrated to measure trace Pb2+ in natural waters.