My project ‘Avert’ (To avert and vertebrae combined) involves research into posture related back problems and a solution to help prevent back pain by maintaining correct posture. My solution is a chain-like structure fitted with 24 sensors that is sewn into a Skins compression top. When worn the chain is aligned with the user’s spine from the lower back to the base of the neck and moulds to the spine as it moves. As everybody’s back is slightly different it is important that the device can recognise the difference between what may be bad posture for one person, yet relatively normal for another. To solve this the device takes an initial reading of the user’s spine in correct posture and saves it as a reference measurement. Bad posture is defined by the device as angles that exceed the natural movement of individual vertebrae and their platelets. While in use the 24 sensors are continually measuring the shape of the user’s spine and comparing it with the original reference measurement taken earlier. If any measurement links to unhealthy posture a light will flash and an alarm will sound either aloud or through headphones until the posture is corrected. This device can be worn during light activity and non contact sports to encourage the user to maintain correct and healthy posture. The device can also record and save poor posture measurements that can be uploaded later to a software program I designed to draw the shape of the spine as a vector diagram. The device can also be plugged directly into a computer so that the user can see the shape of their spine as it moves in real time. I, along with others, tested my solution with many activities and found Avert to be a beneficial and reliable product as it successfully detects slouching and many potentially problematic spine shapes. Throughout my research I gained a thorough understanding about the potential damage bad posture can cause and the endless number of activities it occurs in. With further development I feel there is a huge potential for Avert to become a marketable product used not only for posture correction in everyday activity, but for many other purposes such as physiotherapy, biomechanics and athletic performance. Many people have approached me with praise and requests for the Avert system which is extremely exciting and also rewarding to know that my research has the potential to help people.

NO.58-03 2019 JUN | 科學研習期刊目錄 本期專題 生物多樣性 千變萬化—蝦類多樣性 | 楊倩惠 海鮮的迷思 | 廖運志 現世恐龍樂園 | 蕭世輝 教學現場 素養導向課程設計之國中生物科神經系統教案實例 | 郭淑妙 素養導向運用於國小生物相關之教學 | 潘怡吟 簡易減量潔手裝置 | 牛奇源 摩斯密碼氣壓機 | 李柏翰 科學新知 日本的天然災害 | 陳正改 鏡頭下的臺灣氣象 | 鄭明典 特約專欄 森棚教官的數學題-誤打誤撞 | 游森棚 分享書，談科學：用兒童文學探索「尺度」概念 | 劉淑雯 5分鐘完成的STEM簡易科學實驗－自製炸彈包 | 蘇子珺、黃琴扉 科教館GO好玩 看看「SHERO．我的故事」主題書展 | 蘇懿禎 總召集人的話 人類生存所需的氣候、飲食、醫藥和土壤等，都極度依賴健全的生物多樣性(biodiversity)。為了增進對生物多樣化課題的理解與覺察，聯合國宣布每年5月22日是國際生物多樣性日(International Day for Biological Diversity, IDB)。今(2019)年IDB的主題是「我們的生物多樣性、我們的食物、我們的健康」(Our Biodiversity, Our Food, Our Health)。本期特別以「生物多樣性」為專題。 「本期專題」單元共有三篇文章，〈千變萬化—蝦類多樣性〉一文介紹綺麗的蝦類世界。〈海鮮的迷思〉一文列舉幾個常見的海鮮迷思加以釐清，以增進讀者對海鮮食物的了解，期能讓海鮮的選擇更永續。〈現世恐龍樂園〉一文指出現今的鳥類，就是源起於兩億三千萬年前就出現的恐龍祖先，且特別介紹臺灣的鳥類生物多樣性，並呼籲大家做好環境保護以減免對這種多樣性的影響。 「教學現場」單元刊登四篇文章，〈素養導向課程設計之國中生物科神經系統教案實例〉一文分享分享國中生物科主題為「生物的構造與功能」的素養導向課程設計。〈素養導向運用於國小生物相關之教學〉一文分享透過9節課的教案設計，以「如何適齡適性呈現生活周遭事物與自然環境，誘導學生的關懷心，以增進學習動機」的教學經驗。〈簡易減量潔手裝置〉一文透過教學實驗建議大家兩種節水洗手方法，第二種方法使用簡易減量潔手裝置。〈摩斯密碼氣壓機〉一文介紹微弱傳輸氣壓波動微擾訊號的預實驗以及摩斯密碼氣壓機的實作設計與製作。 「科學新知」單元刊登兩篇文章。〈日本的天然災害〉一文介紹日本的自然環境和天然災害(如地震、海嘯、火山爆發、豪雨和颱風等)特質。〈鏡頭下的臺灣氣象〉一文選出網友在作者臉書上分享的7張天氣照片加以說明，讓讀者更能感受臺灣氣象的豐富面貌。 「特約專欄」單元刊登三篇文章，〈誤打誤撞〉一文拋出找把加法算式頭尾兩數值併起來恰好是此一算式之和的加法算式有那些的問題，供讀者自主探索或發想科展題目。〈分享書，談科學：用兒童文學探索「尺度」概念〉一文介紹和說明《分享書，談科學：用兒童文學探索科學概念》一書中提到的尺度(scale)概念。〈5分鐘完成的STEM簡易科學實驗--自製炸彈包〉一文則分享以提升學生解決問題能力為目標，透過生活中的情境、將簡單易取得的器材帶入教學及實作的教學經驗。 本期「科教館GO好玩」單元刊登〈看看「SHERO．我的故事」主題書展〉一文，介紹正在科教館9樓圖書館內展出到2019年年底的以女性為主題的書展，歡迎參觀! 總召編輯委員 - 李隆盛 關於本刊 出版單位：國立臺灣科學教育館 發行人：陳雪玉 總召集人：李隆盛 編輯委員： 物理科吳仲卿/陳耀榮/李柏翰/盧玉玲 | 化學科古建國/許良榮/王伯昌/林如章/周金城 | 生物科王美芬/蕭世輝/陳建志/郭淑妙 | 地球科學許民陽/王郁軒/李文禮 科技科張玉山/汪殿杰/林育沖/趙珩宇 | 數學科李源順/鄧家駿/溫世展/張宮明 | 跨領域學科李名揚/連信仲 | 特約專欄 游森棚/黃琴扉/劉淑雯 策劃：曾聰邦 主編：錢康偉 本月專題特約主編：王美芬 編輯：吳郡怡 網頁設計編輯：施曉恬/陳璽君 投稿規範請來信詢問：article@mail.ntsec.gov.tw

本研究的目的在利用LP 唱盤系統發聲原理，以鑽石唱針摩擦各種金屬表面所產生的頻譜圖，與金屬材質的相關性。除了LP 唱盤外，我們應用CoolEdit 軟體來分析聲音資料，並利用相似度統計理論，將頻譜圖用量化比較。實驗結果發現：Ⅰ、藉用LP 系統錄取各種金屬材質頻譜圖形，有相當高的穩定性，相同金屬聲音頻譜圖形重疊性高，以統計演算出的量化結果與圖形觀察相似。Ⅱ、同一金屬在不同摩擦速率時，所產生的頻譜圖略異，經由樣本相似度門檻t 值鑑定，顯示摩擦的速率會影響聲音頻譜的產生。本研究的結果可應用在材質的分析比較。The objective of this study is, based upon the principle how LP phonograph players generate sounds, to obtain sound spectrographs from rubbing diamond phonograph needles against surfaces of a variety of metal and thus to link the sound spectrograph to certain metal material. Besides the LP phonograph player, we also use the software, Cool Edit, for analysis of sound data and, according to theory of similarity statistics, quantity comparisons of spectrographs. The result of the study shows: I. A high stability exists when spectrographs of a variety of metal material are recorded by the LP system. There is high frequency that spectrographs of same metal material overlap. The quantification result from statistic calculation is similar to the graphs as they are observed. II. Spectrographs differ slightly when a certain metal is rubbed at different speeds. As appraised by sample similarity threshold t value, it shows that rubbing frequency will affect the formation of spectrographs. The result of this study can be employed to analyze and compare qualities of material.

a. Purpose of research- Since the discovery of genetic codes and the dogma of 64 codons coding for 21 amino acids, scientists worldwide have been interested to know the reason(s) behind this unique number ratio (64:21). This ratio indicates certain form of inefficiency in the replication of amino acids. Such inefficiency can be explained through symmetries in the condons coding for the same amino acids. In the light of that, my project looks for patterns in the properties of amino acids and symmetries in the codons combinations. Using these analysis findings, I invented a three dimensional periodic table for the codons and amino acids that has a points to layers ratio of 64:21. b. Procedures- To get started with the project, I searched for relevant information in books and the Internet. After locating the relevant materials, I began my analysis by looking for non-random patterns in the correlation between codons and the respective amino acids they code for. At the same time, I try to look for symmetries in the codon distributions and suggest new and innovative models for a periodic table of codon combinations. I have come out with mainly a new model, with its own unique ideas and concepts behind it. Finally, I will try to match a property of the amino acids to the positions of the codons such that the table shows a gradual change in property of the amino acids, together with the symmetries. This will effectively explain the unique codons to amino acids ratio and lead to discovery of possible amino acids. c. Data- This research is primarily conducted based on the conventional 2D periodic table and no experimental data is collected. After much analysis, I have come up with the 3-sided triangular pyramid model. This model is inspired by the ratio of 64 codons coding for 21 amino acids, which can be easily approximated to 3:1. It is made up of a triangular pyramid that is three-faced, with the bottom side unutilized. As a triangular structure, each layer has dimensions in the multiples of 3. Layer 1 consists of 1 point, layer 2 with 3 points, layer 3 with 6 points and so on… until layer 7 with 18 points, having a total of 64 points. This 64 points to 21 layers ratio is consistent with the codons to amino acids ratio! d. Conclusions- The unique 64:21 ratio suggest certain form of inefficiency in the replication of amino acids. This may be explained through symmetries in condons coding for the same amino acids. A general 3:1 ratio can be approximated and this suggests a high possibility for the existence of a three-sided symmetry in codon combinations. Thus, this idea of a three-sided symmetry gives rise to my 3-sided triangular pyramid model. This new model of a 3-dimensional periodic table for codon combinations would be useful in explaining such a unique 64:21 ratio and serves to provide a basis for better understanding of the relationship between codons and amino acids. This new model may also lead to the discovery of currently unknown amino acids.

1. Purpose of the research While studying about insects for school club activity, we found that there are differences in several anatomical characters of the insects according their habitats. Especially, the unguis was different as whether the insect lives in water or on land. So we observed the structure of unguis of some insects by microscope, and physically analyze to relate with the habitat of each insect. 2. Procedures First, we read papers and books about insect morphology to study about insect's unguis. Then, we collected samples of Chironomus plumosus(larva), Neuronia regina(larva), and Carbula humerigera. After pretreatment of samples, we put them in the SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), observed the unguis of each insect and took pictures. 3. Data First, the larva of Chironomus plumosus has prolegs with numberless hooks that has a certain arrangement and the same angle of 90º. They also has several tiny swellings around the hook. Next, the larva of Neuronia regina has pincer-like unguis which were sharp and bend, reminding the shape of a quadratic curve. Lastly, Carbula humerigera has two large, thick pincer unguis, its form same as the of Neuronia regina. The unguis are very sharp and faced towards the land. 4. Conclusions Both the aquatic insects and the terrestrial insects have structures in unguis developed to increase precision on land. Especially, the angle of unguis were all close to 90º. In addition, aquatic insects like the larvas of Chironomus plumosus or Neuronia regina have particular characters increasing friction force according to resist the flow of water.

在1940 年代，Bouwkamp 提出一系列有關如何將矩形切割成若干個正方形的研究報告，但是如何找出正方形個數最少的方法仍是長久以來懸而未決的問題。在本研究報告中，首先引進「四角切割」的方法，並結合輾轉相除法的概念，來研究矩形的切割問題。我們的方法能大幅度降低正方形的個數，也適合做為此問題的上界函數。有關如何在長方體中切割出正立方體的組合，我們也將輾轉相除法的概念延伸到三維空間，進而建立所切割出最少個正立體數的一個上界模式。此外，藉由四角切割概念的延伸，我們也發現這個上界亦可再予修正。In 1940’s, Bouwkamp proposed the study of dissecting squares from rectangles. Among the study, the problem of the least number of dissected squares has been open for decades. In this project, we first propose a corner dissection method, associated with the famous Euclidean algorithm. By reducing nearly three fourths of the number dissected by the primitive Euclidian algorithm, our method indeed establish a suitable upper bound of the minimal number of dissected squares from the given rectangles Meanwhile, the Euclidean algorithm has also been considered to dissect the cubes from cuboids. We analyze the fundamental properties of the method and establish a prototype of upper bound function for the minimal number of dissected cubes. Moreover, the method of corner dissection has also been implemented for some cuboids, which also exhibits the acceptable improvement being a suitable upper bound.

The definition of "Fermat Point" is that a dot, which lies in a triangle, has the minimum distance to the three apexes. In other words, "Fermat Point" has the minimum distance to three dots which are not on the same line. In the broad sense, then, in a N polygon, a dot which has the minimum distance to the N apexes could be named "Fermat Point." But what if we link up the N apexes and find out that they cannot make a convex polygon? The above is what we wish to fully discuss. Our inspiration comes from a paper on"Fermat Point." It just describes N convex polygon, so we think of putting the case to naturally polygon. The case may be that it is a concave polygon or part of the apexes which lies on the same line. We would not base our study on the conventional methods. Moreover, strictly defined, the repeated line segment will not be taken into account. That is, if the "Fermat Point" drops on the line with more than two dots on it, we just count the\r line segments except for the shorter line segments which were originally included in other studies. According to the theorem, our conclusions are as follows: 1. If N points lie on the same line segment, then the "Fermat Point"can be any point on the line segment. 2. If (N-1) points are on the same line segment, then the "Fermat Point" is on the point which two lines join together. One is that the line segment, and the other is the one which passes the remaining point and\r perpendicular to the first line segment. 3. Now there are (M+N) points. Among them, M points will make a M jog-polygon. The others all drop in the polygon. As the diagram shown beneath, we know that the "Fermat Point" drops on the point which two lines join together. The two lines must pass as many points as possible. 所謂的「費馬點」是指三角形內到三頂點距離和最小的點。換言之，「費馬點」就是到平面上不共線三點距離和最小的點。因此，我們可定義，廣義的「費馬點」即是n 多邊形內到各頂點距離和最小的點，亦即到平面上不共線n 點距離和最小的點，但若平面上n 點不能恰為n 多邊形的頂點呢？這就是我們所要討論的。由於我們的靈感來自一份關於「費馬點」的科展作品，所以我們想到，當平面上n 點不能恰為n 凸多邊形的頂點，甚或其中有一部分的點共線時，將不能以n邊形的方法來探討，但我們可以將之化為m 邊形內（n-m）個點來討論。而更重要的是，我\r 們增加了另一個限制，重複的線段將不被我們列入計算。亦即當所求點落在某一多點共線的線段上時，我們只計算該線段的總長，而不計其中重複的較短線段。根據這個原則，我們試行證明平面上三點、四點、五點及六點的可能情況，期望能從中找出足以推廣至平面上n 點的一般性。結果雖不完美，但我們總算差強人意的歸納出了下列結論：1.若n 點共線段，所求點可為所共線段上任一點。2.若（n-1）點共線段，則由該不共線點引一線與共線段垂直，其交點即為所求。3.若（n+m）個點中有m 個點為一m 多邊形的頂點，另外n 個點落在該m 多邊形內，則由兩個外頂點引直線盡可能通過最多點，該兩直線的交點即為所求。

在升學主義越來越興盛的社會中，考試成績成為人人關心的重點，這\r 次研究就是藉由數理資優班同學的各學期在校成績和指定考科成\r 績，透過迴歸分析，找出各學期成績與指考成績之間的關係，並利用\r 圖表來解釋各種科目在各學期的課程，在高中三年所學的重要性，在\r 藉由此結果，希望能對目前老師的教育重點及學生學習方式能有所幫\r 助，亦可了解學生在高中求學過程中，哪些階段對指考成績較有正面\r 影響，進而強化該學習階段，以有助在指定考科時能充分發揮所學。\r \r In a society that emphasize on degrees, examination scores become the\r spotlight, and the ultimate goal for a high school student who had worked\r so hard for three years is to achieve high scores in the J.C.E.E. In the\r three years of high school, each subject has different topics each semester,\r but which semester has the most decisive effect on the J.C.E.E. score?\r This research is to study the effect of each semester on the J.C.E.E. by\r analyzing the grades of a science and math talented class in Senior High\r School using Regression analysis to find out the connections between\r term grades and the J.C.E.E. Then finding out which term grades had the\r most decisive effect in each subject. By using the result, we hope it can\r help teachers in their teaching and students in their learning. Also, it can\r provide the information about which stage in high school has positive\r effects on J.C.E.E. grades, therefore enabling students to emphasize on\r that stage in order to perform well on the J.C.E.E.

NO.58-04 2019 AUG | 科學研習期刊目錄 本期專題 臺灣的藻礁、珊瑚礁與火山地形探秘 臺灣西北海岸藻礁的前世今生 | 許民陽 臺灣西北海岸藻礁的生態價值 | 劉靜榆 恆春半島隆起珊瑚礁的前世今生 | 許民陽 基隆北方四火山島探祕 | 許民陽 教學現場 臺灣西北海岸的地質地形教學資源 | 李文禮 大屯火山區地景巡禮 | 王郁軒 科學新知 福衛三號與七號的大氣研究 | 吳育雅 太陽系的矮行星 | 梁添水 臺11線地質慢旅行6 -大峰峰奇岩與八仙洞遺址 | 梁勝雄 酵素進階的植化素多酚 | 陳怡妗 特約專欄 讀繪本習料理科學 | 劉淑雯、楊志文 STEM綠色化學教具研發與教學 | 黃琴扉 電話魔術 | 游森棚 科普活動報導 全新的體驗--在火車上玩科學 | 李旺龍 科教館GO好玩 MorSensor積木好好玩-新興科技在探究實作之創意應用 | 楊玉蘭、蘇萬生 總召集人的話 有人說：本土就是斯土斯民，對斯土斯民的愛與關懷該從認識做起。臺灣有多樣的生物礁和火山地形，值得我們透過多種管道多加認識。本期特別以「臺灣的藻礁、珊瑚礁與火山地形探秘」為專題。 「本期專題」單元共有四篇文章，〈臺灣西北海岸藻礁的前世今生〉一文介紹西北海岸的藻礁特性及其發育和氣候與海岸變遷的關係，以及近期海岸線進退和藻礁的關係。〈臺灣西北海岸藻礁的生態價值〉一文釐清西北海岸藻礁的獨特性、說明西北海岸藻礁的重要性、和提醒大家這些藻礁的生態系服務。〈恆春半島隆起珊瑚礁的前世今生〉一文介紹隆起珊瑚礁的形成與礁相、更新世和全新世的隆起珊瑚礁、隆起珊瑚礁的伴生地形。〈基隆北方四火山島探祕--基隆嶼、彭佳嶼、棉花嶼、花瓶嶼地景資源〉介紹這四個火山島的地景資源。 「教學現場」單元刊登兩篇文章，〈臺灣西北海岸的地質地形教學資源〉一文分享利用北海岸的地質地形景觀實察活動，實現12年國教新課綱三大面向核心素養和融入重大及重要議題的想法。〈大屯火山區地景巡禮〉一文介紹大屯火山群的噴發史、火山群相 、火山岩、火山作用的地質景觀及別具風味的火山溫泉。 「科學新知」單元刊登四篇文章，〈為大氣層體檢：福衛三號與福衛七號的觀測〉一文介紹面對極端天氣，觀測資料是天氣準確預報的關鍵，福衛三號觀測借重掩星法已在國際間贏得「太空中最精準的溫度計」的名號，而福衛七號已在2019年6月順利升空並成功通聯。〈太陽系的矮行星〉一文介紹冥王星和穀神星等矮小但重要的行星。〈臺11線地質慢旅行6--大峰峰奇岩與八仙洞遺址〉一文介紹花東海岸公路上大峰峰奇岩與八仙洞遺址之地質景觀與地質意義。〈酵素進階的植化素多酚〉一文介紹植化素是什麼及其與中醫五行五色的呼應、以及富含植化素的蔬果及其作用等。 「特約專欄」單元刊登三篇文章，〈讀繪本習料理科學〉一文介紹如何以《石頭湯》和《鬆餅鬆餅》兩本料理繪本帶出課程。〈STEM綠色化學教具研發與教學〉一文分享自行研發的一套STEM綠色化學教具「可攜式泛用微型反應器」。〈電話魔術〉一文則拋出猜出由電話號碼所衍生數字的問題，供讀者自主探索或發想科展題目。 「科普活動報導」單元刊登〈全新的體驗--在火車上玩科學〉，報導主辦2019年第四屆臺灣科普列車的經過與感想。 本期「科教館GO好玩」單元刊登〈MorSensor積木好好玩--新興科技在探究實作之創意應用〉一文，介紹一群臺北市校園數位氣象網的種子教師在科教館研習MorSensor無線感測積木原理及應用的緣由與經過。 總召編輯委員 - 李隆盛 關於本刊 出版單位：國立臺灣科學教育館 發行人：劉火欽 總召集人：李旺龍 編輯委員： 物理科吳仲卿/陳耀榮/李柏翰/盧玉玲 | 化學科古建國/許良榮/王伯昌/林如章/周金城 | 生物科王美芬/蕭世輝/陳建志/郭淑妙 | 地球科學許民陽/王郁軒/李文禮/謝隆欽 科技科張玉山/汪殿杰/林育沖/趙珩宇 | 數學科李源順/鄧家駿/溫世展/張宮明 | 跨領域學科李名揚/連信仲 | 特約專欄 游森棚/黃琴扉/陳正改/劉淑雯 策劃：曾聰邦 主編：吳中益 本月專題特約主編：李源順 編輯：佟冠誼 網頁設計編輯：施曉恬 投稿規範請來信詢問：article@mail.ntsec.gov.tw

我們常可以在自然界中發現漩渦的存在，但其存在的形體與性質也不盡相同，為了研究漩渦的結構與形體，筆者分析出多種會對漩渦產生影響的因素：開始放流的水而高度、放流洞口大小、有無破壞漩渦結構的阻礙、單孔落流漩渦與雙孔落流漩渦、還有流體的黏滯度對漩渦的影響， 但漩渦是一個不斷改變的流體，非常難以觀察，且自然界的漩渦也不是說出現就出現，所以必須設計一個簡易實驗器材來觀察，並用數位攝影機紀錄下來，再慢慢分析，而我們也可以在這個實驗中了解漩渦的結構，和體會到漩渦所表現出自然界的力與美的一面。‧We can always find in nature of different swirl’s forms and properties. To study the swirls, we analyzed such factors, as the beginning water level, the size of the hole, the presence of obstruction that will destroy the structure of swirls, differences between single-hole-swirls and twin-hole-swirls, and the viscosity of fluid. Because swirls change all the time, it is very difficult to observe. We designed a device .The procedure was recorded with a digital video camera and analyzed it. The study helps us understand the structure of swirls and admire the beauty of swirls.

Chitin, a polysaccharide common in biocomposites, has an interwoven organic framework that can act as a scaffold for mineralization in natural systems. Acidic amino acids, namely aspartic (Asp) and glutamic (Glu) acids, are the primary active molecules at biomineralisation interphases in mollusks and play an important role in controlling the polymorph and morphology of the associated mineral.\r In this study, chitin was extracted from squid pens and used as a scaffold for crystallization. The chitin scaffold was functionalized with glutamic acid and aspartic acid separately to create an artificial microenvironment for the study of biomineralization of calcium carbonate. The objective was to investigate the usefulness of the extracted chitin to serve as a scaffold for calcium carbonate crystallization, especially the fidelity of the polymorph nucleated to the amino acids and proteins used.

本實驗係以台灣常見之數種植物(甘蔗、橡膠、破布子、苦苓)乾餾所成之多孔性碳棒鍍上銅和拷上Chitin 為電極兼電容，而以NaOH(aq)為電解液，製成化學電池。希望能研究出一低污染、低成本、能在常溫下經濟運作、並具有教學演示功能之電池。This research is based on the poromeric carbons which are made of several Taiwanese common plants (including: sugarcane, babul, Sabastan Plum Cordia [Cordia dichotoma Forst] , and Chinaberry tree [Melia azedadach L.]) by means of destructive distillation. The copperplating poromeric carbons later covered with Chitin functions as an electrode ac well as capacitance. Along with NaOH(aq) eletrolyte, a accumulator is then produced. The chief objective of this research is to produce a accumulator with low class of pollution and low cost, which is able to function economically under the normal atmospheric temperature. Also,this accumulator can serve as a teaching demonstration.