NO.58-05 2019 OCT | 科學研習期刊目錄 本期專題 從臺灣邁向國際的機器人教育 FRC菜鳥教練的驚奇之旅 | 謝曜隆 機器人賽事分享 | 蘇鼎欽 淡江大學電機系機器人研發團隊 歷年參與國內外競賽心得分享 | 林怡仲、李世安、劉智誠、翁慶昌 人機合作模式的機器人教學設計 | 李文宏、陳璽宇 教學現場 生活科技競賽與108新課綱之結合 | 林坤誼 在成功國小和機器人相遇 | 鄭頌穎 機器人專題課程如何在高中階段實踐 | 汪殿杰 自製雷文霍克顯微鏡 | 陳其威 科學新知 熱浪洶湧的夏天 | 盧孟明 特約專欄 最快的小碎步 | 游森棚 STEAM機械摩天輪教具研發與教學 | 黃琴扉、葉凡愉 玩出繪本好味道－食育與動作發展 | 劉淑雯 科普活動報導 民間組織所舉辦的機器人競賽－台灣玉山機器人協會 | 謝宣而 培養科學的愛好者：「全國科學探究競賽－這樣教我就懂」 | 蔣振宇 氣象探究研習營－數位科技愛地球 | 楊玉蘭、黃嘉郁、蘇萬生 總召集人的話 機器人(robot)和教育的關連至少有三個面向：一是以機器人為學習內容(learning ABOUT robot)—將機器人當作學習科目或單元；二是以機器人為學習工具(learning WITH robot)—將機器人當作輔助、管理和/或支援學習的工具；三是以機器人為學習管道(learning THROUGH robot)—將主持教學的機器人當作學習管道。目前我國機器人教育在前兩個面向愈來愈普及，不但在學習者年齡層方面正持續向下扎根，在學習場域方面也正努力和國際接軌。本期特別以「從臺灣邁向國際的機器人教育」為專題。 「本期專題」單元共有四篇文章，〈FRC菜鳥教練的驚奇之旅〉一文介紹每年吸引世界各國對機器人製作有興趣的高中生，爭相投入的FRC機器競賽活動。〈機器人賽事分享〉一文介紹FIRST系列機器人競賽。〈淡江大學電機系機器人研發團隊歷年參與國內外競賽心得分享〉一文分享該研發團隊近幾年在國內外「輪型組」、「人形組」和「手臂組」機器人競賽中屢次獲獎的成果與心得。〈人機合作模式的機器人教學設計〉一文則以2019年「START!智慧小車競賽」的競賽試題為例，提出人機合作模式的機器人教學設計理念。 「教學現場」單元也刊登四篇文章，〈生活科技競賽與108新課綱之結合〉一文介紹當今的國、高中生活科技競賽，並說明其與108新課綱的結合。〈在成功國小和機器人相遇〉一文分享桃園市成功國小實施機器人課程與教學的經驗和心得。〈機器人專題課程如何在高中階段實踐〉一文分享臺北市立大同高中透過選修方式實施兩年機器人專題課程的經驗與成果。〈自製雷文霍克顯微鏡〉一文則介紹如何製作簡單的隨身單式顯微鏡。 「科學新知」單元刊登〈熱浪洶湧的夏天〉一文，指出全球暖化速度未減、各地愈來愈熱以及氣候行動新篇章。 「特約專欄」單元刊登三篇文章，〈最快的小碎步〉一文拋出隨便選一個正整數n再找出分母最小之有理數b/a使n、a和b構成特定關係式的問題。〈STEAM機械摩天輪教具研發與教學〉一文介紹運用STEAM整合式學習模式，結合布魯姆分類學概念，所發展之創新教案。〈玩出繪本好味道--食育與動作發展〉一文則分享可如何透過繪本導入烹飪活動，讓兒童學會飲食相關知識，並促進動作發展。 本期「科普活動報導」單元刊登三篇文章，〈民間組織所舉辦的機器人競賽--台灣玉山機器人協會〉一文，介紹該協會辦理機器人競賽的活動與心得。〈全國科學探究競賽--這樣教我就懂」〉一文介紹「這樣教我就懂」科學探究競賽的緣由、現況與展望。〈氣象探究研習營--數位科技愛地球 〉一文則是台北市國中、小學生「氣象探究研習營--數位科技愛地球」活動的回顧與展望。 總召編輯委員 - 李隆盛 關於本刊 出版單位：國立臺灣科學教育館 發行人：陳雪玉 總召集人：李隆盛 編輯委員： 物理科吳仲卿/陳耀榮/李柏翰/盧玉玲 | 化學科古建國/許良榮/王伯昌/林如章/周金城 | 生物科王美芬/蕭世輝/陳建志/郭淑妙 | 地球科學許民陽/王郁軒/李文禮 科技科張玉山/汪殿杰/林育沖/趙珩宇 | 數學科李源順/鄧家駿/溫世展/張宮明 | 跨領域學科李名揚/連信仲 | 特約專欄 游森棚/黃琴扉/劉淑雯 策劃：曾聰邦 主編：錢康偉 本月專題特約主編：張玉山 編輯：吳郡怡 網頁設計編輯：施曉恬/廖憶慈/顏韶寬/蔡婉懿 投稿規範請來信詢問：article@mail.ntsec.gov.tw

My project is about investigation on traditional medicines in\r Namibia. This is all about plants and different herbs that different\r people in Namibia use for medicinal purposes. The objective of this\r project is to inform the world of how valuable nature is and how we can\r try to conserve nature’s treasure so that valuable knowledge cannot pass\r away with olden experienced herbalists. Understandably the enquiry\r into indigenous medicinal herbs arose from the need to expand the\r possibilities of ones own medical practice. It was very important for me\r to satisfy our farmer’s thirst for knowledge, which is what I want to do\r with the rest of the world.\r In this project I have included most but not all of the plants that we\r use in Namibia for medicinal purposes. Seeing that some of these plants\r do not grow in certain parts of the country, I have also tried to clone it in\r other parts of the country. I have also made a powder from one of the\r plant’s leaves and tested it on several people within the country.\r To conclude my findings and experiments I would like to say, let us\r try to take these precious knowledge left for us from our ancestors and\r maybe one day in the future we might need it in some ways.

In recent years, sandstorms have seriously attacked Taiwan day by day. Combining with the observations of Central Weather Bureau and the satellite images of NASA, the study has been collected the data of suspension grain in decades. And the study hopes the sandstorms’ information could be observed in early period. Still it hopes to find out the possible transmission paths in the atmosphere. Then we know how to cope with sandstorms in early time. Sandstorms attack Taiwan frequently in alternation of the spring, the autumn, and the winter. Compared with thecharts of sandstorms and the satellite images, we could broadly aware hat the moving paths of sandstorms are related to the currents and the characteristics of the atmosphere. When El Nino happens, the times of sandstorms attacking Taiwan decrease, and that increase when La Lina happens. From the observation data of acid rain, when sandstorms attack Taiwan, acid rain would diminish. Combining actual Measures and satellite data in the future, maybe we can establish a prediction mechanism of sandstorms.近年來，大陸沙塵暴侵襲台灣的情況日趨嚴重影響。本研究中收集了近十年來懸浮顆粒資料，配合中央氣象局所觀測的資料與美國太空總署的衛星影像資料，希望能夠在早期觀測發現大陸地區沙塵暴訊息，和沙塵暴所帶至大氣中的懸浮顆粒可能傳輸的路徑期能早期應映。發生沙塵暴侵臺事件的季節，主要在秋冬及冬春兩季交替期間發生的次數為最多。由沙塵暴監測氣候圖表及美國太空總署的衛星影像進行綜合比對之後，可大致瞭解大陸沙塵可能的移動路徑與大氣環流及特徵有關。聖嬰現象（El Nino）發生時，侵襲臺灣的沙塵暴次數會減少。在「反聖嬰現象」（La Lina）發生時，侵襲臺灣的次數相對增加。由酸雨中得知大陸沙 塵暴侵襲台灣時，酸雨情況會減緩。未來結合實測及衛星資料或許我們可以預報大陸沙塵暴的侵襲。

完全圖Kn是指一個圖中有n個點，且任意一個點都跟其它的點有邊相連。兩個圖G和H的卡氏乘積G□H的點集V(G□H)＝{(g,h)| g∈V(G),h∈V(H)}，兩個點(g1,h1)和(g2,h2)有邊相連若且為若g1=g2 且h1~h2，或g1~g2且h1=h2。 三個完全圖Ka、Kb、Kc 的立方乘積是指Ka□Kb□Kc。一個圖G中的一點v所連的其它點稱為這個點v的鄰居，也就是N(v)={x | x~v}。一個點集S中的所有點的鄰居的聯集稱為這個點集的鄰居，也就是N(S)=∪v∈S N(v)。如果一個點集S和它的鄰居N(S)包含了一個圖G的所有的點，也就是S∪N(S)＝V(G)稱這個點集S是這個圖G的一個控制集。我們把圖G的所有控制集中點數最少的稱為最小控制集，並定最小控制集的點數為最小控制數γ(G)，也就是γ(G)＝min { | S |, S是G的控制}。 本文的目的在於研究完全圖立方乘積的最小控制，也就是要給γ(Ka□Kb□Kc)一個上界。特別當 a = b = c = n時，γ(Ka□Kb□Kc) = 。 A complete graph Kn is a graph with n vertices, which any vertex is adjacency to every other vertices. The Cartesian product of two graph G and H which is denoted G□H is define as follow: the vertex set V(G□H)＝{(g,h)| g∈V(G),h∈V(H)}，and two vertices (g1,h1) and (g2,h2) is adjacent if and only if g1=g2 and h1~h2 or g1~g2 and h1=h2. The Cartesian product of three complete graph Ka,Kb,Kc is Ka□Kb□Kc,which is the same with (Ka□Kb)□Kc. In a graph G, the neighbor of a vertex v N(v) is the set of the vertices adjacent to the vertex v, that is N(v)={x | x~v}。 The neighbor of a vertex set S is N(S), which is the union of the neighbors of vertex v over S, that is N(S)=∪v∈SN(v). For a graph G, if a vertex set S unions its neighbor N(S) equal to the vertex set of G, that is S∪N(S)＝V(G), we say that S is a dominating set of G. The domination number of a graph G will be denoted as γ(G), which is the minimum size of all dominating set of G.. We give an upper bound to γ(Ka□Kb□Kc). And when a=b=c, γ(Ka□Kb□Kc) ≦

1. Purpose of the research Because we live in a famous winter sport region in Switzerland, we have been confronted with the problematic of avalanches since we were born. In winter 2011/2012 alone, 179 people were involved in an avalanche accident, of whom 25 died. The most important device for searching and rescuing a buried person is the avalanche transceiver. It creates an electromagnetic field, which can be used to locate a buried person with another transceiver. The most important factor while searching is time: After 30 min. the chance of survival of a buried person has dropped to 40%. Considering the fact that people often make mistakes when they are put under such a big stress, valuable time gets lost. This is where our project comes into play. With an automation of the searching process a fast and reliable search should be achieved. The aim we agreed on for this paper is to develop a prototype of a robot that can find an avalanche transceiver automatically and reliably. To study and optimize the functionality of our robot more easily, our tests have only been performed on flat ground. 2. Procedures The components of an avalanche transceiver with only one transmitting antenna are used as a receiver. With the help of this receiver, the signal of a transmitting avalanche transceiver was analysed. Furthermore, the results were used to evaluate the most suitable search technique. Our robot is based on the “RP6” robot system, which is programmable in the C-language. The signal of the receiver is modified in a way which allows the robot to read it. Based on the results of the signal analysis, a search algorithm is developed. In the final tests the robot was examined as to its functionality and efficiency. Therefore, the robot was positioned at randomly chosen starting points to locate the transmitting device. 3. Data The transmitter could be located correctly in every test. The starting points were successfully located up to 11 m from the transmitter. The search ending points were found at a maximum range of 0.5 m from the correct position. 4. Conclusions In view of the results, the aim of developing an automatic localisation of an avalanche transceiver on flat ground as a prototype is seen as fulfilled. Outside the specified range, the transmitter can only be located unreliably. This is due to the fact that outside that range the signal differential in different directions is too small to be processed by the robot. Our prototype was tested under ideal conditions. Certainly, our robot is still some way from being ready for use in an actual avalanche. Many different questions have not been answered yet or have come up during this project, for example: ‘How should the robot should be applied on uneven terrain?’ or: ‘How should it deal with several buried people at once (multiple transmitted signals)?’ Two aspects of our prototype, the low weight and the low construction costs, however, are particularly favourable.

The reason for making this project was with the intention to help the blind persons. A lot of people with vision problems don’t have the resources available to acquire equipment or programs that make it easier for them to use a computer to write, to communicate etc... Being aware of this problem we took the liberty of researching at a community center that helps the blind persons in Tijuana Baja California, Mexico. We found that they had a type writer (Perkins) with only 6 keys that symbolized Braille. They also had a normal keyboard that had the Braille code over each key, but it is complicated to learn because of its many keys. Due to our research our intention was to design a system that respect the Braille symbols of the Perkins type writer and translated them to the common alphabet. We believe that this project will help many people especially the blind, with writing books, letters, articles, etc. So they can be integrated to activities and jobs reserved, until now, for people with the sight sense. My project also has 8 keys, when the person press a key combination the PC emits the sound of the letter. And when a word is completed the PC reproduce the whole word on the speaker. When the entire paragraph is completed there is an option to reproduce it. It has also other functions as erase everything, back space, etc. All these with the 8 keys. To control the system I used the parallel port of a PC, with a control program made in Visual Basic. Currently there are systems for the blind but are very expensive, they have a cost of approximately $900.00 US dollars, which is a high price to pay for some people. My project has a cost of $70.00 US dollars thus making it easy for a person who has a computer to be able to buy this keyboard. This project is being use in the “Blind Persons Training Center” of Tijuana city. They helped us to develop it, giving some ideas to improve it.

本研究由下述問題開始：將n1 個黑色棋子和n2 個白色棋子排成一列，規定第一個棋子必為黑棋；對於每一種排列方法中，同色棋相鄰處記為1，異色棋相鄰處記為-1，所有1 和-1 的總和記為 t (n1,n2 )。對所有可能的排列方法所算出來的t( n1,n2 ) 值求其平均值，記為a (n1,n2 ) 。我們先由觀察各種n1 和n2 值，得到這平均值的可能公式，隨後並嚴格證明其正確性，證明方法也經過多次精鍊到十分簡潔的方式。以此為基礎，我們並做了各方向的推廣，研究涉及下列各點：(一) 利用組合數探討原來的問題。(二) 在第一個棋子不限定為黑棋的假設下，求平均值a( n1,n2 ) 。(三) 將棋子由兩種增加到多種。(四) 改變棋子排列以及相鄰的方式。經由研究，我們發現，每一次愈將問題推廣時，愈能找出清晰的概念涵蓋並印證先前的想法。Our study starts with the following problem. Suppose n1 black chesses and n2 white chesses are arranged in a line under the condition that the first chess is black. For any arrangement of these chesses, an adjacent pair of chesses having the same (respectively, different) colors is associated with a value of 1 (respectively, -1). Let t(n1,n2 ) denote the sum of these values. The purpose of this problem is to calculate the average value a (n1,n2 ) of these t (n1,n2 )which runs over all possible arrangements of the chesses described above. We begin from observing various values of n1 and n2 and find a possible formula for the solution. We then give a rigorous proof for the formula. After some refinements, simple proofs are also established. Based on this, we also make some generalizations. In summary, the research includes the following: 1. Study the problem by using binomial coefficients. 2. Calculate a(n1,n2 ) when t( n1,n2 ) runs over all possible arrangements in which the first chess can be black or white. 3. Increase the types of chesses from two to many. 4. Variant the arrangement method of the chesses from a line to other configurations. During the study, we find that whenever we extend the problem to a more general case, we make the ideas for the original problem clearer.

本實驗係以台灣常見之數種植物(甘蔗、橡膠、破布子、苦苓)乾餾所成之多孔性碳棒鍍上銅和拷上Chitin 為電極兼電容，而以NaOH(aq)為電解液，製成化學電池。希望能研究出一低污染、低成本、能在常溫下經濟運作、並具有教學演示功能之電池。This research is based on the poromeric carbons which are made of several Taiwanese common plants (including: sugarcane, babul, Sabastan Plum Cordia [Cordia dichotoma Forst] , and Chinaberry tree [Melia azedadach L.]) by means of destructive distillation. The copperplating poromeric carbons later covered with Chitin functions as an electrode ac well as capacitance. Along with NaOH(aq) eletrolyte, a accumulator is then produced. The chief objective of this research is to produce a accumulator with low class of pollution and low cost, which is able to function economically under the normal atmospheric temperature. Also,this accumulator can serve as a teaching demonstration.

Water pollution is a severe problem for human beings. Sewage and hot water\r coming from homes and factories have changed the environment for aquatic\r animals. To manage a polluted environment, an accurately designed monitoring\r system is needed that will detect signs of toxic material or increase in temperature as\r fast as possible. A new and more accurate bio-monitoring system, which involves\r actual creatures, needs to be developed to save the aquatic environment from\r pollution.\r This experiment focused on discovering a new way to monitor aquatic\r creatures by observing the behavioral patterns of the medaka and observing how\r they changed when exposed to external stress, especially an increase in temperature\r or exposure to insecticide. The behavioral patterns of the medaka were observed and\r measured by a tracking program called the Movement Viewer. In the transition\r period, that is, when the temperature was raised from 25°C to 35°C, the total moving\r distance of the medaka suddenly increased compared to that in 25°C. When the\r medaka was in a temperature of 35°C, it slowly adapted to the new environment and\r the total moving distance showed a similar value to that in 25°C. For section\r dominance, the medaka showed a sudden increase in the dominance of the top part\r of the tank, meaning that the medaka tended to swim on the surface of the\r experimental aquarium. Again, it slowly adapted when the temperature had\r completely changed to 35°C.

本研究主要探討蝌蚪之游泳運動特性，及游泳速度(V)與尾鰭長度(SL)、尾鰭高度(SH)、身體質量(M)、尾鰭擺動頻率(TBF)、擺動幅度(AMP)之關係，並分析蝌蚪游泳之體軸變化及流場變化。祈能了解蝌蚪之游泳運動特性，進而探討其適應環境之機制。研究結果顯示：黑眶蟾蜍蝌蚪體重(M)愈重，則鰭長、鰭高亦隨之生長，並呈現高度相關性(R2=0.9381、R2=0.9809)。另外，尾鰭生長時之長度增加較多。蝌蚪體重(M)與鰭長(SL)、鰭高(SH)之迴歸方程式(M=0.027SL＋0.342SH－0.078，R2＝0.9832)。黑眶蟾蜍蝌蚪之游泳速度，會隨著尾鰭擺動頻率之增加而提高。尾鰭長度愈短之蝌蚪，增加游泳速度時尾鰭擺動頻率增加較多。蝌蚪游泳速度(V)與鰭長(SL)、擺動頻率(TBF)之迴歸方程式(V=0.480TBF＋4.804SL－4.381，R2＝0.9110)。不同尾鰭長度蝌蚪之擺幅對體長之比率並無明顯變化，其擺動幅度(AMP)的範圍介於0.45(BL)至0.56(BL)之間。蝌蚪游泳時各部分體軸之擺動幅度自吻端開始(P=0)至P 為0.24 時逐漸遞減，且在P 為0.24 時呈現最小擺幅，但P 超過0.24 之後直至尾鰭部分卻又大幅遞增，其最大值出現在尾鰭末端(P=1)。蝌蚪游泳是以尾鰭快速向中心軸擺動，產生較大的前進動力，過了軸線則慢速擺動，以減少阻力。This investigation is to explore the swimming habits of tadpoles- the relationship between their swimming velocity, length and height of their tails, mass, the frequency at which their tails movement, and the amplitude of the tail’s movement, as well as analysis their body axes, and the flow distribution of the water, in order to understand how the swimming patterns of the tadpoles are affected by the changes in their environment. The results of this investigation have shown that as the mass of the tadpoles increases, both the length and the height of their tails also increase according to the R values of the tail increases according to the R values of 0.9381 and 0.9809. However, it is observed the length of the tail increases at a faster rate than its height during the tadpoles’s growth. The formula which models the regression relationship between the tadpole’s mass, tail length, and tail height are found to be (M=0.027SL+0.342SH-0.078,R=0.9832). It’s also noted that as the length of the tadpole’s tail decreases, the velocity and the frequency of the tail would increases (the length of the tail is inversely proportional to the tadpole’s velocity and tail frequency). The formula which models the regression relationship between the tadpole’s velocity, tail length and tail frequency is (V=0.480TBF+4.804SL-4.381,R=0.9110) The different frequency model by tails of different lengths do not appear to have an apparent relationship with the tail length, given that the amplitude is between 0.45(BL) and 0.56(BL). As the tadpole swims, the angle between its oscillating body axes decrease as the P values increases from 0 to 0.24, their force the angle is at a minimum whom the P is at 0.24.Yet when P exceeds 0.24 the angle would increase dramatically. The maximum value is observed when P=1.The tadpole’s swimming motion mainly relays on the rapid oscillations of the tail about the centre of mass (body axis)-producing a stronger driving force, and slowing down towards the end of each oscillation to minimise the friction forces acting on the tadpole, which in furn, decrease its velocity.

本文所探討的議題為電解質溶滿通以電流後所產生的效應與機制。本實驗所採用的方法為電解與電鍍，運用這兩種方法，來比較電解液在不同狀況下所產生的結果；經過多次的實驗，累積了許多實驗結果，使我們可以得到更精確的數據 · 在此次實驗中，我們發現電解液在相同的電壓下，通以電流後的穩定性與金屬的活性有關，活性越大越不穩定；反之，活性越小越穩定。另一個發現為，只有單一極性離子移動的情形，可通過的電流，比陰陽離 r 同時移動時為大；但因通過的電流大使電解液反應劇烈，產物時時覆蓋電極使電流下降。所以就穩定性來說，是以陰陽離子同時移動為佳 · 在展望方面，希望可以發展到液態磁屏避的設備，可減少設備過重之問題 ·This is a study of how electric current effects the electrolyte solution. The experiment was conducted through two methods: electrolysis and electroplating, the results of which were compared. The experiment of the same designs hi been conducted repeatedly and, as a result, accurate data were collected and accumulated.One of the two major findings from the experiments was that, when under the same voltage, stability of the electric current varied with the change of activity of the metals; the greater the activity of the metals, the less stability of the current, and vice versa. The other major finding was that, with the movement of dipole-ion, a greater amount of current would go through the solution than that which would go through with the movement of cathode and anode; however, the greater amount of current would cause intense reaction of electrolyte solution, hence merging the electrode and reducing the current. So as long as stability is concerned, the movement of cathode and anode is preferable.It is hoped that more sophisticated experiments designed on the basis of the similar principles will eventually lead to the construction of equipment of liquid-magnetic shielding of smaller weight and size.

The project is a simple traffic light which operate two by two type. The new ideas in this project are :1- Digital counter for car signal.2- Digital counter for side walkers. 3- Auto traffic detector.4- Red light crosser detector. Digital counters. The signals counting the whole period the the junction do in each cycle. The counter starting counting from 16 sec. down to zero and each side walk counter is vise versa with it is main counter. The time is changeable between 1-99 seconds. Also there are four square lights fitted with the main counter to illuminate the colors. Auto Traffic detector. There are three sets of switches in front of each traffic light to detect if the road is clear for the cars to enter the next road. Red light crosser detector. After the signal become red this system will operate to detect any car try to cross the red light by the car cutting the switch two times.