This project aims to explore the potential of inexpensive in-situ deposition of niobium nitride nanowires to improve electrical conductivity. Transition metal nitrides are well known for attributes such as superconductivity, high melting point, simple structure as well as excellent electrical and thermal conductivities. In particular, niobium nitride possesses exceptional hardness and high reflectivity, as well as being a stable field emitter, making it well suited to applications as a cold cathode material. Niobium nitrides are formed by the uptake of nitrogen by niobium. This is achieved by the exothermic formation of an interstitial solid solution of nitrogen atoms in the bcc lattice of the niobium. Existing research has established the possibility of preparing niobium nitride by heating niobium in nitrogen or ammonia over a range of temperatures, by heating niobium pentaoxide and carbon in the presence of nitrogen as well as by chemical vapor deposition of other niobium compounds, nitrogen or hydrogen. For the purpose of this study, a two-step process was used for synthesis. The benefits of a two-step process over direct ammonolysis are apparent, from the greater degree of freedom pertaining to parameter determination. Additionally, characterization of niobium pentaoxide nanowires synthesize under similar conditions is also made possible by terminating the reaction earlier. NbN nanowires were synthesized by annealing niobium pentaoxide nanowires at 850 oC for 2 hours. Subsequent characterization was done using Raman Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The presence of NbN nanowires via the conversion of Nb2O5 was ascertained by the absence of sharp peaks at 1000 cm-1 for Raman Spectroscopy and XRD plots. Field emission (FE) properties and electrical properties of NbN nanowires were then measured. NbN nanowires were found to have a high turn-on voltage, stable and relatively good field emission characteristics, demonstrating its potential as a cold cathode material. No current saturation was observed for an applied electric field of 0 to 6.0 V/ μm (5). This suggests a low degree of contact resistance for nanowires produced by this method of annealing, since the passage of electrons is not obstructed. Hence there will only be a small voltage drop between the SiO2 substrate and NbN nanowires. Samples containing NbN nanowires were dislodged by ultrasound to form an aqueous suspension of nanowires. A drop of suspension was dripped onto gold-finger substrates, and current-voltage (I-V) measurements of resultant nanowire bridges were taken. NbN nanowire bridges display Ohmic properties, in comparison with Nb2O5 nanowires that are semiconducting. Nanowire bridges obtained by heat-drying were denser and had better electrical properties than those obtained by evaporation to dryness. NbN nanowire bridges display Ohmic properties, in comparison with Nb2O5 nanowires that are semiconducting. Further work would include varying the cooling processes to observe any changes or deformation. Additionally, niobium nitride nanowires can be hybridized with carbon nanotubes (CNTs). A more in-depth comparison between niobium oxide and niobium nitride nanowires is also proposed, along with exploration of the nitrification of other transition metals.

重金屬對人體傷害的無遠弗屆-人人皆知，根據流行病學的研究指出，長期處\r 在重金屬含量過高之地區，易造成生理病變。比方說，長期生活在砷含量高的環境\r 中，易導致肝臟、周邊血管及神經系的損害，各種癌症的發生機率也大為提高；長\r 期處在含量過高的鎘環境中，易引起不正常的鈣代謝﹐產生骨質疏鬆症、軟骨症、\r 糖尿、胺基尿酸、尿蛋白、貧血、和肝功能異常的症狀；而目前坊間所看到各類茶\r 品中含有的兒茶素則被發現具有抗氧化、抗突變及清除自由基等功能。故本實驗以\r 人類胃癌細胞(SC-M1)為材料，以微核(micronuclei)偵測技術觀察細胞長期處理兒茶\r 素((-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, EGCG)後，對於亞砷酸鈉(sodium arsenite, NaAsO?)\r 及氯化鎘(cadmium chloride, CdCl?)所造成的細胞遺傳毒性有何影響。另一方面則利\r 用SRB 分析法測量細胞存活率，探討長期處理兒茶素後，亞砷酸鈉及氯化鎘對於細\r 胞的毒殺情況是否改變。實驗結果顯示細胞長期處理兒茶素不會造成微核的增加，\r 但是卻會增加細胞的存活率；單獨處理亞砷酸鈉和氯化鎘則都會使細胞中微核明顯\r 的增加，且會降低細胞的存活率；而長期處理兒茶素的細胞對亞砷酸鈉所誘發的微\r 核有抑制作用且會增加細胞對於亞砷酸鈉的耐受度，長期處理兒茶素無法抑制氯化\r 鎘所誘發的微核與細胞毒性。\r \r \r It is well documented that exposure to heavy metals could cause seriously adverse\r effects to humans. Epidemiological evidence has shown that illness is frequently\r observed in residents living long-term in heavy metal contaminated area. For example,\r long-term exposure of arsenic was associated with increased incidences of liver diseases,\r peripheral vascular and neurological diseases, as well as cancers. And long-term exposed\r to cadmium may lead to abnormal metabolism of calcium, osteoporosis, osteomalacia,\r glucouria, aminoaciduria, proteinuria, anemia and abnormal liver function. Recently,\r numerous reports have shown that (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major\r polyphenol from green tea, have ability to anti-oxidative stress and anti-mutagenesis. In\r this report, we investigated the effects of EGCG long-term exposure in sodium arsenite\r and cadmium chloride induces chromosomal damages and cytotoxicity in a gastric cancer\r cell line, SC-M1. Our present results demonstrated cells long-term exposure to EGCG did\r not induce micronuclei (MN) formation but induce the growth rate. Sodium arsenite or\r cadmium chloride alone significantly induced MN formation and cytotoxicity in cells\r without long-term EGCG exposure. However, long-term treatment of SC-M1 cells with\r EGCG significantly reduced MN formation and protects the cells from cytotoxicity\r induced by arsenite. Long-term exposure of EGCG had no effect on MN induction and\r cell survival in cadmium-treated SC-M1 cells.

秀麗隱桿線蟲(Caenorhabditis elegans)為在科學界備受矚目的模式生物，對於其生殖及發育過程已有諸多研究，然而對於其覓食及攝食行為的相關研究卻仍闕如；每一種生物都有其獨特的行為模式，而為了解線蟲發展出何種覓食與攝食的行為以適應自然的環境，因此著手進行研究。本研究歸納出線蟲的七種一般行為：前進、探頭、偏移、擺頭、後退、轉向及拐彎行為，並探討其意義。其中，前進及探頭行為為恆常出現。偏移與轉向行為與攝食有關，在有菌環境中出現，可避免其遠離食物來源，而連續的後退及轉向行為也構成特殊行為之樹枝狀行為，推測應為幫助線蟲的消化所出現的行為。擺頭與拐彎行為與覓食有關，在無菌環境中出現。後退行為雖在有無菌環境中皆出現，但由後退後行為的不同可以了解後退行為在兩種環境下具有不同意義。在有菌環境中，後退後通常伴隨轉向行為；在無菌環境中，後退後通常伴隨拐彎行為，為逃離不適環境且藉以覓食的行為。經過研究，發現線蟲的覓食機制為嗅覺，且對嗅覺有依賴性及專一性，在其他氣味存在的環境下會大大降低覓食的效率，但最後仍然能正確地找到食物來源。線蟲於覓食的過程中所出現的特殊行為之混亂行為，由實驗結果發現為是E. coli 所釋放至培養基的化學物質所造成，化學物質濃度越濃，線蟲所表現出的混亂行為就越明顯。推測此種現象發生的原因，應為E. coli 釋放化學物質以干擾線蟲，以避免本身受到捕食，然而，線蟲也演化出適應的能力，因此在發生混亂行為後仍然能抵達菌落，此種特殊的交互作用表現出線蟲與E. coli 間的共演化現象。Cenorhabditis elegans has long been a model organism used for developmental biology studies. However, researches about its foraging and feeding behaviors are still limited. Every organism has its unique behaviors, and this research was conducted in order to understand more on what kind of foraging and feeding behaviors were developed by C. elegans and how they helped C. elegans to adapt to the environment in which it lives. The research concluded with seven general behaviors of C. elegans : advancing, probing, slanting, swaying, backing, turning and bending, and the meanings of it. The advancing and probing behaviors are constant. The slanting and turning behaviors, which appear in presence of food, are feeding-associated behaviors, which help C. elegans avoid leaving the food source. Continuous backing and turning behaviors also make up the branching behavior, one of the special behaviors, which help C. elegans’ digestion. Swaying and bending behaviors, which appear in absence of food, are foraging-associated behaviors. Although backing behavior appear both in presence and absence of food, the difference in post-backing behaviors show that there are distinct meanings of backing behavior in each environment. In presence of food, turning after backing is usually observed; in absence of food, bending after backing is usually observed, which indicates the act of escaping from unsuitable environment and searching for food. Studies show that the foraging mechanism of C. elegans is by olfaction, and C. elegans is highly olfaction-dependent and specific: efficiency of foraging decreases significantly under environment with scents other than that of E. coli, but C. elegans is still able to locate the food. According the experiments, the chaos behavior, one of the special behaviors, appears during the foraging process of C. elegans, and is caused by chemicals released to the medium by E. coli. The density of the chemicals and the extent of chaos behavior is in direct proportion. The theory is E. coli secrets chemicals to disturb the worm to avoid being preyed upon. C. elegans, however, also evolved the ability to adapt to the chemical so that it can still reaches the food source even after chaos behavior appeared. This unique interaction is a manifestation of co-evolution between C. elegans and E. coli.

Marsilea quadrifolia, an aquatic perennial rhizomatous fern, is widespread on wetlands in Taiwan. A normal fern frond has the clusters of spore capsules on the back, yet Marsilea quadrifolia reproduces clusters at petiole base from sporocarps which are axillary, pedicellate, ovate and hairy; both microsporangia and megasporangia can be found in sporocarps. It is highly polymorphic. The sterile fronds are erect when growing in mud, and floating in water, and they produce leaflets in the shape of four-leaf clovers. Mature leaves are divided into water leaves and terrestrial leaves according to living environments. Water leaves are divided into submerged leaves, floating leaves, and emergent leaves. These four kinds of leaves have obvious differences in stoma density. The submerged leaves have the least starch which means they have the minimum photosynthetic efficiency. The flexible leafstalks allow the plants to adapt to small changes in water level, while keeping their leaves on the water surface to access light and carbon dioxide. Thus, heterophylly may be seen as an adaptive mechanism which is sensitive to some environmental parameters and that responds accordingly to maximize the capability for survival. The terrestrial leaves have periodic sleep movement according to the alternate changes of day and night. The biggest opening angle is related to a definite leaf closing time cycle. Light interference during the dark period, continuous lighting, or the reversing of day and night all interfere the opening time and speed of them.南國田字草是一種浮葉性、多年生水生蕨類，匍匐莖細長橫臥在水中泥土或濕地裡，葉四枚對生於葉柄頂端，依生長環境不同，可分為水生葉及陸生葉，水生葉又分沉水葉、浮水葉及挺水葉三種。孢子囊群聚集特化成堅硬的孢子囊果，長於葉柄基部，孢子有大、小孢子兩型。四種異型葉在內部構造、氣孔分布密度上皆有相當的差異，以適應環境的變化，葉片澱粉含量以沉水葉最少。南國田字草陸生葉隨著晝夜交替，具有週期性的睡眠運動，每天葉片開啟的最大角度和閉合時間有一定的時間範圍。黑暗期受光照干擾或連續照光、日夜顛倒，皆影響葉片的開閉時間與速率。

這個研究起源於一個平分圓的問題：平面上有2n+1個點，任三點不共線、任四點不共圓(這個情況下的點稱為正常位置上的點)，任取三點可決定一圓，若圓內外都各有n-1個點，則此圓為一個平分圓。在[1]論文The Number of Halving Circles中，Federico Ardila教授證明了平分圓的個數為一定值n2。以此為基礎，我們探討了平分圓分割平面的區塊數、交點數、圓弧段數，發現雖然在正常位置的條件下這些個數會不定，但只要再多一項限制──若任三個平分圓共點，其所共的點必為原來2n+1個點中的一個(我們稱滿足這樣條件的點在「絕對正常位置」上)，這些個數均為定值。以下為本研究的結果：一、平面上任意2n+1個絕對正常位置上的點構成的平分圓，所分割的區塊數(N[2n+1])、交點數(N﹛2n+1﹜)、圓弧段數(N(2n+1))均為定值

目前正逢能源危機之際，能源再生成為全球關注的課題。有鑒於此，本研究應用高導磁環形鐵粉芯，在表面纏繞多圈漆包線，形成環形管(Toroid)。環形管外圍再繞上交流電源線，電源線內電流產生的磁場，被高導磁環形鐵粉芯所引導，產生較強而均勻的磁場，傳遞至內圈的單心漆包線環形管，依法拉第定律產生電動勢，達到能源再生的目的。藉由六項實驗，驗明我們研究雙環形管理論，推演所得的電動勢公式 ε＝(μN1N2/2 r) a2ωIo cosωt 是正確的。再生的電動勢能驅動高亮度的發光二極體提供照明、電器產品充電；還能提供電流過載警示，防止電路過載起火的危險；串、並聯使用則可產出較大功率，深具應用與研究的價值。During mankind are urgent developing of new energy, recycle energy are also one of the global topics; we are using single-heart-Turn around how the high permeability enameled wire ring formation of iron powder core ring solenoid, from the external power supply line also used around - Ring solenoid (Toroid), due to changes current power supply lines of magnetic field generated by the high-permeability core Ring guided iron powder, and can produce more uniform magnetic field so that the inner ring of single-heart enameled wire Ring solenoid, according to Faraday's Law electromotive force can be generated to achieve purpose of recycle energy, we will be divided into six experimental studies to confirm this theory deductions obtained by electromotive forceε＝(μN1N2/2 r) a2ωIo cosωt is correct, this electromotive force will enable to supply high brightness LED Optical lighting, can also be used for current overload warning system , if use on series-parallel connection that will produce larger power output, it has great application potential, so the subject is worth to research and development.

在拋物線上置掛正三角形看似簡單，其實不然。本篇文章研究在二次函數的各種不同情況下，可做正三角形的分佈以及其個數。 1. 在一條拋物線上時，最多只能作正三角形。 4. 在三條對稱軸相等的拋物線和共頂點開口大小不同之拋物線上，本篇文章證明一定能找出正三角形落在它們之上。但由於最多有四個分界點，要解四次方乘組過於繁複，於是本篇文章對分界點作了一些估計，找出了分界點的極限值。 5. 本篇文章證明了對於給定的正n 邊形，存在一1 元n-1 次方程式可以通過它所有頂點。 Building a regular triangle on a parabolic curve looks easy . In fact , it doesn’t . This Article researches regular triangles distributions and its numbers in different conditions. 1. On one parabolic curve can only build regular triangles , squares and other regular polygons can’t be built. 4. For three parabolic curves which has same symmetrical axis or three concurrent parabolic curves, we prove that it can build at least one regular triangle on them .But because it can have at most 4 boundary points, to solve quartic equation is to complicated. So we do some estimation of boundary points, and find out some limits. 5. This Article prove that for given regular polygons , there exists a one dimension n-1 orders equation can pass all its apexes.

溶液和溶劑置於同一容器中，當溶質向上擴散時，會形成濃度梯度及\r 折射率梯度dn/dy，且dn/dy 對高度y 的關係圖會呈現隨著高度改變的現\r 象。\r 半徑r 的Ｄ形容器，下方置溶液，上方置溶劑，以雷射光照射容器的\r 平面部份時，雷射光沿著法線出射，受折射率梯度的作用而向下偏Ζ距\r 離，a 為容器至屏的距離，得到dn/dy=Z/ar 的關係式；改變雷射光的高\r 度y 可得dn/dy 圖。\r 以硫代硫酸那作實驗，其dn/dy-y 圖為以原始界面為對稱軸，因其擴\r 散係數不隨濃度改變；甘游水溶液的dn/dy-y 圖呈現不對稱，圖形的極\r 大值往甘油方偏，主要係因為甘油的擴散係數隨濃度的增大而減少。\r 我們成功第把不同時間對同一溶液的實驗結果予以模型化，得到的\r dn/dy-y 曲線隨時間改變，並發現該曲線所涵蓋的面積為定值。\r \r The mixing in a vertical column between a pure liquid and a solution produced a concentration gradient, which in turn produced the refractive index gradient. As the solute particles diffused upward into the pure liquid, the gradient was generated by the varying solute concentration. The plot of the refractive index gradient versus vertical position y (dn/dy vs y) is found to be varied with time. A D-shape container of radius r is partly filled with denser solution, and partly filled with solvent which is on the top of solution. When laser beam enters perpendicularly to the flat surface of the container, the outgoing beam strikes the container at normal incidence, and deflected down a vertical distance Z by the refractive index gradient. We can get dn/dy=Z/ar, where a is the distance between the container and the screen,. By changing the vertical position (y) of laser beam, we can get the plot of dn/dy vs y. For a sodium thiosulfate-water solution, the trace of dn/dy vs y is symmetric with respect to the position of original boundary. Since the diffusion coefficient of sodium thiosulfate is independent of concentration. For the trace of dn/dy vs y of a glycerol-water solution, it will no longer be symmetric. A skewed curve which reaches its maximum position is displaced to the glycerol side, because the diffusion coefficient of glycerol is decreased with concentration. We have successfully modeled the time-dependent experimental gradient curves on the same solution. The trace of dn/dy vs. y at different time is found to keep the area constant.

光學滑鼠會以很高的速度不斷地對著接觸面拍照，藉由比對每幅影像間的變化來偵測滑鼠移動的速度與方向，本研究利用此特點而設計一個簡易的光學量測系統，其中包括透鏡、光源與接觸面材質的選擇，以及利用Raw Input 模式讀取個別滑鼠移動訊息而發展出來的量測程式，使得此系統可以在無接觸與無摩擦的情況下來測量外界物體的移動速度與距離，經由實驗證明，在光學感測器還可以感應與追蹤的範圍內，量測的數據還蠻精準的。接觸面到光學感測器透鏡的距離越遠，能夠測得移動物體的極速也越高，但是會造成感測器的解析度下降，如此限制了接觸面的材質種類，無法量測表面較為光滑的物體，但是在設計得宜的情況下，仍有蠻多方面的用途，日後若能採用較高效能的光學感測器並加上測距儀的輔助，相信此系統的應用層面會更為廣泛。Optical mouse can take continuous snapshots very quickly of the contact surface and compare the images sequentially to detect the direction and amount of movement. This study uses this feature to design a simple optical measurement system, including lens, illumination and contact surface choice, as well as the measurement program using raw input model to accept the movement information from the mouse. This system can measure the distance and speed of the motion object under the non-friction condition. From the experiment test result, this optical measurement system is workable and satisfactory. Contact surface to optical sensor distance farther, can measure the higher speed of the motion object, but will cause the lower resolution of the optical sensor. This will limit the variety of the contact surface; superficial smoother object is unable to measure. In the future if we can use the high performance optical sensor and assist with rangefinder, believed this system can have more widespread applications.

Starting from the problem in AMC competition of Australia, we try to find out the locus and its length when a point in a regular polygon rolls in a circle. The result is that the locus has a wonderful and regular cycle.Next, we discuss the regularity of the cycle when a regular polygon（n sides） rolls in another regular polygon. Furthermore,we discuss the the equation of the locus by changing the radius and the angle of rolling. we find out the argument function of the locus of a point inside when a a regular polygon（n sides）rolls in another regular polygon （m sides）： ， Aj is the summits of the regular polygon（m sides）, Bjcorresponds Aj when a point inside the regular polygon (n sides) rolls, ) And then, we do some moving simulation with some computer math software, such as Cabri Geometry、Mupad, etc. We discuss the regularity of the locus and its equation of a point inside when some special cycloids, like asteroids, cardioids, etc, roll in a certain condition. Moreover, with the result of research 2, we create the “plate＂ and apply for a patent on it. We hope to study math by playing games. 從澳洲AMC 競賽題出發，嘗試探討一正n 邊形中的一點在單位圓內滾動軌跡及其軌跡長度，發現該軌跡均會產生奇妙的循環規律。 接下來，推廣探討正n 邊形在其他正多邊形中滾動時循環的規律，並利用旋轉半徑及角度之間的變化深入探討其滾動軌跡方程式，發現正n 邊形繞正m 邊形滾動時其內部一點軌跡參數式為，其中， Aj 為 正m 邊形之各頂點、Bj 為正n 邊形中內部一點旋轉時對應 Aj 之點，。 進一步想嘗試使用數學電腦軟體如：Cabri Geometry、Mupad 等對以上研究去做一些動態模擬，並再探討一些特殊擺線如：星狀線、心臟線…等，在條件下相切滾動時，圖中某一點的軌跡規律性及其方程式。另外，應用研究二中的結果，創造出寓數學於遊戲的「圖形板」，並申請了新型專利。

奈米的科學與技術將是21 世紀所要探討的方向。在了解奈米粒子的表面效應、小尺寸效應、量子尺寸效應、宏觀量子隧道效應後，發現其應用甚廣，諸如再生物、醫學、環境、國防、工業產品等方面，都將佔有很重要的地位。我們主要是利用溶膠-凝膠法來製造二氧化鈦奈米粒子，並了解二氧化鈦奈米粒子可吸收紫外線及光催化反應，將廣泛應用電子、紡織、塑膠、橡膠，空氣淨化及廢水處理方面。本實驗將利用二氧化鈦的吸收紫外線特性，來研究其應用在化妝品上面。The science and technology of nanomater will be the direction we will explore in the 21st century. After understanding surface area effect of nanometer particle, Small size effect, Quantum effect, and Macroscopic quantum tunnel effect, we can diswver the application is very far-fluing. For example:biochemistry, medical science,eneironment,national defense and industrial products,will devine a very important position.We mainly use sol-gel method to produce U-TiO?,and understand the absorption of UV and photocatalysis,plastics,mbber,purging air,and dealing with effluents.This experiment will use characteristic of absorbing UV of U-TiO? for researching the application of cosmstics.

NO.60-04 2021 AUG | 科學研習期刊目錄 本期專題 地球的微觀世界 微觀世界構成的地景—沙丘 | 許民陽 古今山海傳奇的呼喚—有孔蟲 | 張詠斌 孢粉時光機 | 汪良奇 2021重磅天象談星事 | 林琦峯 臺灣火山的活動等級與預警機制 | 蕭乃祺 微觀世界構成的地質公園—桃園市草漯沙丘地質公園 | 許民陽 教學現場 石化石說玩化石 | 李弘善 「停課不停學」的地球科學教育 | 謝隆欽 探究與實作課程線上教學實例-探討觀察物體解析力的最佳距離 | 李文禮、廖宇新 停課不停學，地科線上學 | 陳俐陵 科學新知 新興外來「鬍子異形」現蹤臺灣 | 張瑞宗、廖竣、林威任、陳若尹、曾晴賢 大氣中最爆裂的份子-龍捲風 | 劉清煌 運用 STEAM思維執行學校空間規劃與營造之敘事分享 | 林育婕 特約專欄 促進「聯合國2030永續發展目標（SDGs）--氣候行動」公民意識與責任的繪本閱讀 | 劉淑雯、黃明宏 智能無人機STEAM教學課程 | 陳宛瑜、莊宇韜、黃琴扉 森棚教官數學題—撿礦石 | 游森棚 科普活動報導 海鮮裡的塑膠危機-探究式海洋教育 | 陳彥嘉、陳麗淑 藝數FUN手玩- 跨域、跨界、跨思維的數學美感實作課程 | 李佳玲、呂玉環、彭良禎、蘇萬生 總召集人的話 地球科學是研究涵蓋地球時空的科學，從微觀到巨觀、從以前到現在，如地質學、海洋學、氣象學和天文學等領域。能夠歌頌地球科學的非神曲莫屬，但丁生動想像從地域、煉獄到天堂的飛行旅程，也在不知不覺中捕捉了運動的物理定律；透過非凡的想像力，早了伽利略三百多年準確無誤地描述了飛行的感覺 [Ricci, L. Dante's insight into galilean invariance. Nature 434, 717 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1038/434717a ]。Nature的這篇報導讓我去買了神曲一書來閱讀，這篇文章成功的吸引科學讀者去發掘經典中的科學。當我們在專業領域有了深厚的基礎，我們就寫得出動人有味道的科普文章吸引其他領域的人們，探個頭、開始有了互動、彼此有了理解，跨域合作就不是問題。當大家努力在講課綱、探究實作、STEAM、跨域…這些內容時，以日常生活的問題為出發點，讓學習者有感，在扎實的基礎課程支持下才有跨域及探究與實作。我們該注意到中小學之外的大學階段學習務必要有深厚的專業基礎，才有跨域的本錢；沒深厚基礎的跨域最後只剩嘴巴說說建立平台、只能如掮客般依賴著別人的專業生存。成大的CollegeX非常有成效，我個人對X的認知是一隻竹蜻蜓的俯視圖，交叉點的竹棍子是很深的專業基礎，X是跨域的表徵。 對沙的印象是：小時候沒地方去只能空地玩著泥沙、第一次到海邊看著滿滿的沙、乾沙上面跑步費力、吃著鄰居用一包沙炒出來的花生；長大以後看到影片中的沙漠、流沙、在沙漠上跑不快的沙蜥在沙子下卻是用游泳的模式高速前進；一群沙子的熱傳導以及流體性質跟一顆沙子的固體性質是顯著不同的。從一粒沙看世界，風化碎裂的礦物成不同外型的砂粒狀留在地表；高黏度流體的金屬表面拋光(Abrasive Flow Machining, AFM)、硬碟片以及晶圓表面的化學機械拋光研磨(CMP)都需要沙或砂；沙的外型很多種類，也會影響到摩擦切割時的效能。地球的微觀世界您可以解密沙丘如何形成?組成為何?各地海岸灘沙組成的多樣化可以訴說當地在不同時節的地質狀況、生態環境、外力作用等時間軸的故事。沙粒的組成與風的搬運沉積物及環境造成沙丘，沙丘的型態與層理之美、地景是非常的有特色，桃園市草漯沙丘地質公園就是個不錯的例子。有孔蟲化石是灘沙的重要組成，也是地質判釋或是地質年代解讀的實用微體化石，更是海水酸化的指標；在顯微鏡下豐富多樣、形貌有序，許多山海傳奇等著您來閱讀及發掘。植物不若動物可以移動，也因此演化出許多繁衍傳宗接代的方法，孢粉時光機會讓您驚奇的知道孢粉為何一次產生那麼大的數量?無法達成交配任務的孢粉在墜落凡塵後又是如何變成化石?孢粉的採集以及顯微鏡下的立體視角描述都是建立對話的標準；孢粉的變化紀錄著植群的變化以及刻印著重大災難事件，是名符其實的時光機器。天有異相吸引人們注意，從古老的災難傳說到現在的大眾科學觀測、紀錄，今年有哪些重要的日食、月食或流星雨?了解科學意涵在觀測紀錄上會更有感覺，2021重磅天象談星事說給你知。有了地表、天空之旅，當然也要往地底前進；台灣火山的活動等機與預警機制讓我們知道判斷活火山、休眠的活火山的許多準則，地底的活動不好觀測，但是長時間的史料及監控紀錄可以作為依據。 疫情的許多限制，大家透過科技手段以遠距課程、線上會議解決許多會造成群聚的問題。停課不停學：地球科學的許多線上資源、如何利用數位教學工具疫情期間順暢的教學在教學現場都有文章介紹。化石教學與學習最令人羨慕的是能親自探索大自然，且一步一步接近真相，如何理解台灣豐富的化石分布、化石材料性質，參與者各式回饋如繪圖、寫作等都值得期待。建中線上探究與實作教學的經驗分享，如何結合場域設計線上作業?如何線上評量?同樣馬賽克磁磚牆的題目，各組產出不同的實驗設計，學生展現那些能力? 交通便利及商業行為需求，物種的遷徙不再是透過自然力，病毒細菌的傳播也更為迅速，Cov19的傳播之速，大家絕對有感。台灣已經有許多外來種的入侵，科學新知特別介紹鬍子異形新興物種的繁殖行為、入侵以及研究其擴散路徑，如何防堵移除避免其雜交成對環境有害的物種，都是大家的共同責任。看過災難電影的一定會同意大氣中最爆裂的份子非龍捲風莫屬，龍捲風有哪些特徵? 如何形成? 如何加速? 如何分級? 移動路徑以及曾在台灣造成的災難?摩擦跟渦漩是兩個很重要的形成因子，如果有人看了此文想學流體力學，那更能理解許多大氣現象以及蜂鳥的盤旋、水黽的水上滑行都跟渦漩有關。有天去拜訪一家沖壓廠，發現老闆本身對於機械加工非常熟捻，順口問問他的專業，老闆回說會計；這呈現的事實是他的家族事業及生存問題逼得他要熟悉所有的工程問題；成功的科學節目主播也有可能是非理工背景，成功的源頭可能是有興趣可能是環境所逼；許多科普書籍的作者是學傳播的；也就是說我們的教育過程不管人文社會科學或是自然科學只要環境、方法論對了，解決任何問題的過程都有STEM的因素。源自於史丹佛機械系的設計思考(Design Thinking)在台灣是在機械之外的許多領域大放光芒。國中小的主管多是文科背景的教師兼任，以個案行政主管處理校舍改建過程的成長及背後團隊的強大支持也有文章分享。 特約專欄中，劉淑雯老師從SDGs:13氣候行動的角度，整理、簡單導讀及推薦各國的繪本閱讀與學習，繪本讓小孩有更多想像，也可以開發他們的眼界，從更廣的角度思考世界的問題。無人機使用的場合越來越多，從噴灑農藥、影片拍攝到現在的大量無人機表演科技等等都需要透過程式的撰寫才能實現，無人機操作證照是現在當紅的考試之一；黃琴扉老師分享團隊的智能無人機STEAM教學課程，對應其間的S.T.E.A.M.。每期期待的動腦時間，森彭教官這次以撿礦石為主題，測試大家的邏輯及數字敏感度。 科普活動報導中，海科館推出海鮮裡的塑膠危機-探究式海洋教育，帶領八所高中，33個同學，經歷一整年完整的科學探究歷程，完成亮麗的成就，要看文章才會知道裡面還有更多連結。給孩子一堂有感覺的數學課是數學老師們努力的目標，藝數放手玩介紹對學生、老師的數學美感實作課程規劃的思路以及實施的過程，好玩才有感覺，歡迎進來體驗。 後記：動手操作的科學活動受到疫情很大的影響，許多中小學生在每天六至八小時的線上課程之後，眼睛需要休息；如何讓學生在用眼過度的條件下，還有機會動手玩科學? 這是線上科普所需要的省思。有多少小朋友期待解封，可以真實有溫度的動手玩科學?偏鄉真實的情形又是如何?家長有空陪小孩去達到線上課程的目標嗎?我們是不是坐在冷氣房下決策?相信第一線的老師都有因時制宜的做法及對策。 總召編輯委員 - 李旺龍 關於本刊 出版單位：國立臺灣科學教育館 發行人：劉火欽 總召集人：李旺龍 編輯委員： 物理科吳仲卿/陳耀榮/李柏翰/盧玉玲 | 化學科古建國/許良榮/王伯昌/林如章/周金城 | 生物科王美芬/蕭世輝/陳建志/郭淑妙 | 地球科學許民陽/王郁軒/李文禮/謝隆欽 科技科張玉山/汪殿杰/林育沖/趙珩宇 | 數學科李源順/鄧家駿/溫世展/張宮明 | 跨領域學科李名揚/連信仲 | 特約專欄 游森棚/黃琴扉/陳正改/劉淑雯 策劃：曾聰邦 主編：吳中益 本月專題特約主編：許民陽 編輯：佟冠誼/林博雅 網頁設計編輯：施曉恬 投稿規範請來信詢問：article@mail.ntsec.gov.tw