The purpose of this project is to determine if it is possible to use Ascorbic Acid Sodium- Dependent Vitamin C Transporter Type II, SVCT2, as an effective and safe protein to attach to certain brain tumor treatments to bypass the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB). Stemming from this problem, a procedure was created to use in vitro engineering with the aid of a professor at the University of Calgary to combine SVCT2 and three specific tumor treatments; Imatinib Mesylate (STI-571), Temsirolimus (CCI-779), and Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid (SAHA). Following this, a metabolic barrier had to be created to simulate the BBB. To do this, the use of three enzymes were mixed and held together using specific bonds. Finally, a special bio-tracer was placed within the barrier to detect any toxic effects that may be produced. Then two trials were made with each treatment on the barrier at 34°C, 37°C, and 39°C. Once this was done observations could be made. When the newly isolated SVCT2 attaches to the three cancer treatments, they would all be able to connect and form bonds with each other. Once the incubation period is over for the first trial at 34°C, 37°C and 39°C, several things would be observed within the data. When counting the number of cells that were able to get into the engineered metabolic barrier, it could be seen that there was a dramatic increase in the number of cells in the 37°C range. SVCT2 can be a powerful tool in combating cancer. Because of its specificity, it may prove to be more advantageous over the currently used drugs which may have unwanted toxic side effects on the CNS. In the near future, SVCT2 could have the potential to be adopted as a promising therapy against cancer and certain tumors. Furthermore, SVCT2 has the potential to be applied to many situations and can be modified to fit a number of situations that deal with getting past the Blood Brain Barrier. Initially, SVCT2 was only modified with three forms of treatment for Glioblastoma Multiforme, STI-571, CCI-779, and SAHA, however there are countless other treatments that have been developed, but that are not in use due to the BBB. This project was successful in determining an appropriate temperature of 37°C for the procedure to be used. The limitations of this experiment include the fact that this experiment was performed in vitro and so complexity among individuals cannot be analyzed. However, this is an early step for the future of SVCT2 as a treatment, and clinical trials to test SVCT2 in vivo may not be too far off.

Introduction The discovery of titania (TiO2) nanotubes suggests vast improvements over extant titania properties. Titania nanotubes are aligned in highly-ordered arrays with a large geometric surface area, making them the ideal material for many applications. However, the mechanism responsible for the growth rates of highly-ordered nanotubes with optimal adhesive properties is not fully explained or understood. Purpose of Research The aims of this project were threefold: to explore the effects of different anodizing parameters on the fabrication of titania nanotubes; to study the photocatalytic activity of the nanotubes; and to deposit gold nanoparticles into the nanotubes. Methodology Nanotube Fabrication: Titanium foil was subjected to potentiostatic anodization with the use of various fluorinebased electrolytes, anodization voltage and duration to compare the effects of different parameters. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the nanotube diameter and length of the anodized samples. Photo-electrochemica1 Water-splitting: A PEC cell was assembled using the nanotubes as the photoanode and the samples were anodically polarized in a 1M KOH electrolyte. A potentiostat was employed to control the applied bias and to measure the photocurrent response under light irradiation. Overall photoconversion efficiency (ηc) of the samples was then calculated. Catalyst Support: A gold precursor solution was prepared with HAuC14‧3H2O. Using a novel depositionprecipitation (DP) protocol, gold nanoparticles were deposited on the nanotubes. SEM was used to scan for traces of gold and their locations. Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy was used to confirm the identity of the gold nanoparticles. Data and Discussion Nanotube Fabrication: Preliminary studies found the glycerol/water and glycerol/formamide combinations to be the most promising. In glycerol/water-based electrolytes, higher water content corresponded to a decrease in nanotube length while higher anodization voltage resulted in a significant increase in tube diameter and length. In glycerol/formamide-based electrolytes, higher water content corresponded to a decrease in nanotube diameter while higher fluorine concentration resulted in an increase in inter-tubular spacing. The effects of various fabrication parameters were better understood, contributing to greater control over array dimensions. Photo-electrochemical Water-splitting: A higher anodizaion voltage resulted in a significant improvement in photoconversion efficiency. However, this trend was reversed in chlorine-doped samples, where a longer anodization duration corresponded with better photoconversion efficiency. Doping was found to enhance the photoresponse of the samples, with 6.32 % photoconversion efficiency obtained, suggesting new strategies for light harvesting and a step closer towards commercially-viable solar energy. Catalyst Support: Gold nanoparticles (5-10 nm) were successfully deposited onto the titania nanotube samples. Based on current literature, this was the first successful attempt at depositing gold nanoparticles into titania nanotubes. An EDX spectrum confirmed the identity of the gold nanoparticles. Compared to current catalytic converters, the gold/titania nanotube structure offered a larger catalytic surface area for reactants and the ability to function at low temperatures. Conclusion: By understanding the effects of various parameters on titania nanotube fabrication, the anodization process can be optimized to enable more precise control over array dimensions. High photocatalytic efficiency has also been achieved. In addition, doping is found to improve the photoresponse of titania nanotubes. Gold nanoparticles have been deposited, to our knowledge for the first time, onto the surface and inner walls of titania nanotubes.

In Swakopmund we have a problem with seaweed deposits on our beaches. Tons of seaweed are throwni away yearly. The reason I did this project was to see if the seaweed on the Namibian coast can he used instead of just being thrown away.Seaweed is a rich source of natural minerals and vitamins such as calcium, potassium iodine and also Vitamin A, BI and K. The seaweed on our coastline cannot he eaten as the salt content is too high. Seaweed is a marine algae that works like a sponge absorbing nutrients and minerals from the water.I extracted agar (a jelly) from red seaweed called(GracilariaVerrucosa). I dried the agar and seaweed, and I also grew mushroom spawns and bacteria on the agar plates. Secondly, I researched the possibility of using kelp (Laminaria Pallida), as fertilizer and livestock supplements. The unemployment rate in Namibia is very high. With adequate financial resources and proper marketing, seaweed can he used to increase the economy. We can market the agar to pharmaceutical and cosmetic companies, and also supply it to the university for students in Biology to grow bacteria and other micro organisms. The ferti lizer can be used to boost agriculture in Namibia. It is cheap and the farmers will he able to p1 ant vegetables with better nutritional value.All this was done to promote of biggest natural resource to create more work and to find a way for the less fortunate to create a better life for themselves.

Mirabilis Jalapa is a wild flower, which is often seen in countryside of Taiwan. This plant blossom regularly every day around PM 3:00-6:00. Since its regular behavior, it has the potential to become a model plant for research on circadian ryhtem. According to the on spot observation, a Mirabilis Jalapa will bloom consistently, whereas a minority of flower will bloom earlier or later. First, we observe how Mirabilis Jalapa response to disparate environmental conditions. Under a short period of light(8h) and an average period of light(12), Mirabilis Jalapa acts as normal. But under a long period of light, it flowers approximately 1h ahead of time. When under a continuous light, Mirabilis Jalapa shows a regular flowering in the first four day, and after that, circadian rythem of flowering terminate. The ripe flower buds mentain unbloom for 10 days or more, finally end up withered. Meanwhile, floral meristems are also suppressed. Temperature alter seems affct the flowering slightly. Second, we use SDS-page to detect protein divergence 6h interval.But as many of the earlier attempt, the floral stimuli is not sensible for average protein qualitative analysis. So we decide to take more direct approch by genetic experiment. From supplemental material of article” Orchestrated Transcription of Key Pathways in Arabidopsis by the Circadian” we obtain a group of genes regulared by bioclock in Arabidopsis.With Bio Informatics we choose 41 single gene, and compare with sequences in other species, designing promotors to isolate similar genes in Mirabilis Jalapa. Use rt-PCR to detect the level of certain gene expression,and compare characters of those genes in Mirabilis Jalapa with those genes in Arabidopsis. We also blast those 453 genes to the database of animal, trying to recognize some genes that is widely separated between disparat species. And test these genes in Mirabilis Jalapa to confirm this result.本實驗先針對紫茉莉開花生物時鐘的特性進行觀察，並以不同的變因測試對紫茉莉開花時鐘的影響，紫茉莉個別花朵開花生物時鐘並不一致，長日照會對植株造成開花時間提早（約1 小時）的影響，全日照則會對花芽分生及開花行為造成抑制，溫度對於開花影響不明顯。而後利用蛋白質電泳對不同時間點的樣本進行分析，由於開花激素存量極微，故並電泳結果無明顯差異。再來以阿拉伯芥已知與生物時鐘有關的基因中經過生物資訊（Bio Informatics）預測在紫茉莉中存在與開花及光週期有關之基因（CAA75629 CAB56039 AAB60305 AAC49807 AAA82068），針對該基因進行表現量的測定，驗證該基因與開花生物時鐘的關聯性。針對動物界與植物界中已知與生物時鐘相關的基因進行交叉比對，希望找出跨界廣泛存在的生物時鐘基因，接著測試紫茉莉中該基因的存在與否及表現狀況與其他物種的差異，驗證該基因分布的廣泛性。

間歇泉是一種十分奇特的地質景觀，地下水受到火成岩入侵所帶來的穩定熱源加熱，產生水蒸氣，利用水蒸氣形成的空氣柱壓力推動水由地底噴發出地表，也因為熱源穩定使得噴發時間差接近一定值，形成所謂的「週期性」。而根據實驗結果發現，管壁較薄的管子，在噴發之後，會使管中殘餘的水稍作降溫，加上補充的冷水使系統降溫；管長愈長時，蓄水槽中的水量較多，提高溫度所需的時間也較長，而延長了噴發的週期，最後歸納出間歇泉形成及存在的三個主要條件：(1)穩定的熱源;(2)細長的孔道;(3)豐沛的地下水。 The geyser is a very amazing sort of geologic scenery. Its principle is that the heat source of invasive volcanic rock heats the underground water to produce steam that results an air-columnar with a large pressure to erupt through the underground on the surface. Because of the steady supply of heat source, the period between eruptions is closed to a constant called “periodicity.” According to the result of the experiments, the tube that have thin wall can lower the remaining water’s temperature a little and the cold water’s supply can also lower the plumbing system’s temperature after eruption. Besides, the water in the longer tube needs more time to higher its temperature to protract the period because it have more water in its reservoir. Eventually, there are 3 essential conditions of the geysers’ existence concluded: (1) steady supply of heat; (2) a thin and long standpipe; (3) abundant underground water.

創意發想：在學習三角函數的三角測量應用時，由於立體感並非十分容易在平面中呈現，使得解題過程並相當困難。我們希望能透過程式，實際模擬出所看到的樣子，將有利於解決這方面的問題。學習美術者也需要了解一點透視的立體概念，皆可以透過程式來模擬。作品特色：我們的精神主要在於以高中的數學及物理為基礎，來研究其中的方法。除了研究3D 繪圖之基本原理，並著重於如何以程式實作，以達到高繪圖效能。預期效果：1. 讓電腦繪出有立體感(近大遠小)的圖形。2. 可以由不同位置及角度觀察物體。3. 讓立體影像具有光及影的效果。“想像您坐了一部直升機從1 樓向上到達頂端，觀看101 大樓有何不同的景象?!”Motive ：In learning the technique of triangulation, it is hard to show 3D coordinates on 2D graphics so that this kind of math problems is difficult to solve. We hope that we can simulate the 3D surroundings by programming to provide references in dealing the problems. In addition, painting learners also need the simulation to realize the concept of one-point perspective. Feature ：1. We do all the research based on mathematics and physics techniques learned in high school. 2. We not only figure out the method to draw 3D pictures but put some emphasis on how to use programming to run the method. Objective： 1. Let the computer draw 3D pictures, that is, the object looks big when near and small when far. 2. Making it possible to observe the object from different positions and angles. 3. Making the 3D pictures with lighting and shading effect. “Imagine how the sight would change while you are taking a ride on a helicopter from the ground to the top of Taipei 101.”\r

目前正逢能源危機之際，能源再生成為全球關注的課題。有鑒於此，本研究應用高導磁環形鐵粉芯，在表面纏繞多圈漆包線，形成環形管(Toroid)。環形管外圍再繞上交流電源線，電源線內電流產生的磁場，被高導磁環形鐵粉芯所引導，產生較強而均勻的磁場，傳遞至內圈的單心漆包線環形管，依法拉第定律產生電動勢，達到能源再生的目的。藉由六項實驗，驗明我們研究雙環形管理論，推演所得的電動勢公式 ε＝(μN1N2/2 r) a2ωIo cosωt 是正確的。再生的電動勢能驅動高亮度的發光二極體提供照明、電器產品充電；還能提供電流過載警示，防止電路過載起火的危險；串、並聯使用則可產出較大功率，深具應用與研究的價值。During mankind are urgent developing of new energy, recycle energy are also one of the global topics; we are using single-heart-Turn around how the high permeability enameled wire ring formation of iron powder core ring solenoid, from the external power supply line also used around - Ring solenoid (Toroid), due to changes current power supply lines of magnetic field generated by the high-permeability core Ring guided iron powder, and can produce more uniform magnetic field so that the inner ring of single-heart enameled wire Ring solenoid, according to Faraday's Law electromotive force can be generated to achieve purpose of recycle energy, we will be divided into six experimental studies to confirm this theory deductions obtained by electromotive forceε＝(μN1N2/2 r) a2ωIo cosωt is correct, this electromotive force will enable to supply high brightness LED Optical lighting, can also be used for current overload warning system , if use on series-parallel connection that will produce larger power output, it has great application potential, so the subject is worth to research and development.

喬治.波利亞(George Polya)所善「數學研究法」( Mathematics and Plausible Reasoning)給我很多的啟示與靈感。書中引數學家高斯(Gauss)的話說：「數論中有料想不到的好運氣，藉歸納法挖掘到最優美的新真理。」

思考公車車門開關時在地面上掃過的區域形狀與面積時，發現其中變動的直線為過定點與座標軸圍成三角形面積最小的直線，我們很好奇，這類圍成最小面積的直線更進一步的包絡現象，所以就動手去嘗試做研究。\r \r The research is done out of the curiosity we had when we pondered over the area and the shape a bus door sweeps on the floor when it opens or closes, and thus to discover the graph of the varying line which forms the smallest area so that we attempt to do research on such envelopment phenomena.

The focus of this investigation is on how one might be able to reduce the number of accidents and the risk of accidents on our country’s roads by using more reflective products on or in the roads. The reflective products that were used in experimental processes for this investigation were: glass (both brown and clear in colour); oyster shells; reflective paint containing glass beads; glass beads on their own; armour plated glass and a road reflector. These reflective products were compared to a normal tar road and a concrete road

重金屬對人體傷害的無遠弗屆-人人皆知，根據流行病學的研究指出，長期處\r 在重金屬含量過高之地區，易造成生理病變。比方說，長期生活在砷含量高的環境\r 中，易導致肝臟、周邊血管及神經系的損害，各種癌症的發生機率也大為提高；長\r 期處在含量過高的鎘環境中，易引起不正常的鈣代謝﹐產生骨質疏鬆症、軟骨症、\r 糖尿、胺基尿酸、尿蛋白、貧血、和肝功能異常的症狀；而目前坊間所看到各類茶\r 品中含有的兒茶素則被發現具有抗氧化、抗突變及清除自由基等功能。故本實驗以\r 人類胃癌細胞(SC-M1)為材料，以微核(micronuclei)偵測技術觀察細胞長期處理兒茶\r 素((-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, EGCG)後，對於亞砷酸鈉(sodium arsenite, NaAsO?)\r 及氯化鎘(cadmium chloride, CdCl?)所造成的細胞遺傳毒性有何影響。另一方面則利\r 用SRB 分析法測量細胞存活率，探討長期處理兒茶素後，亞砷酸鈉及氯化鎘對於細\r 胞的毒殺情況是否改變。實驗結果顯示細胞長期處理兒茶素不會造成微核的增加，\r 但是卻會增加細胞的存活率；單獨處理亞砷酸鈉和氯化鎘則都會使細胞中微核明顯\r 的增加，且會降低細胞的存活率；而長期處理兒茶素的細胞對亞砷酸鈉所誘發的微\r 核有抑制作用且會增加細胞對於亞砷酸鈉的耐受度，長期處理兒茶素無法抑制氯化\r 鎘所誘發的微核與細胞毒性。\r \r \r It is well documented that exposure to heavy metals could cause seriously adverse\r effects to humans. Epidemiological evidence has shown that illness is frequently\r observed in residents living long-term in heavy metal contaminated area. For example,\r long-term exposure of arsenic was associated with increased incidences of liver diseases,\r peripheral vascular and neurological diseases, as well as cancers. And long-term exposed\r to cadmium may lead to abnormal metabolism of calcium, osteoporosis, osteomalacia,\r glucouria, aminoaciduria, proteinuria, anemia and abnormal liver function. Recently,\r numerous reports have shown that (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major\r polyphenol from green tea, have ability to anti-oxidative stress and anti-mutagenesis. In\r this report, we investigated the effects of EGCG long-term exposure in sodium arsenite\r and cadmium chloride induces chromosomal damages and cytotoxicity in a gastric cancer\r cell line, SC-M1. Our present results demonstrated cells long-term exposure to EGCG did\r not induce micronuclei (MN) formation but induce the growth rate. Sodium arsenite or\r cadmium chloride alone significantly induced MN formation and cytotoxicity in cells\r without long-term EGCG exposure. However, long-term treatment of SC-M1 cells with\r EGCG significantly reduced MN formation and protects the cells from cytotoxicity\r induced by arsenite. Long-term exposure of EGCG had no effect on MN induction and\r cell survival in cadmium-treated SC-M1 cells.

流行病的傳染如同一個無尺度網路，但有一些特殊特性在發展一套新傳播模式時，是需要被詳加考慮的。我採用時間位移(t 與ti 分別以t?(ti?1)與ti?(ti?1)來取代)至無尺度網路模式中，再引入一個非連續強力函數H(t; ti?1, L+ti?1)來描述流行病傳播的特定時段與強度，並重新定義機率p 為無效傳染率。之後，我建立了新模式「無尺度流行病模式」－SFE-1與SFE-2。模擬六種病原的傳染途徑，結果證實SFE-1與SFE-2模式是正確與確切可用。案例研究結果，顯示傳染強度H可為固定值或為變數；p可以是一固定值、雙固定值或為新增病例的函數。更進一步解析美國AIDS病例在不同族群與行為上的差異，獲知亞裔/太平洋裔與印第安人/阿拉斯加人的H值低於其他族群，其原因可能是由於小的族群具有較高的接觸所致。異性性接觸的H值低於其他，顯示性交易是傳播HIV的主要途徑。SFE-1與SFE-2模式也可被用在流行病的預測上，因為SFE-2使用已知值而非估算值，所以SFE-2模擬結果較佳；但是SFE-1更可以明確提供一個流行病在失控或控制下的預測結果。無尺度流行病模式可以協助所需警戒的程度與政策決定的計畫結果。因此在幫助政府評估社會經濟成本與健康憂慮上是一個有用的工具。所以我提出一個確切可行的對抗無尺度流行病傳染新方法，並詳細說明運作流程。The course of epidemics resembles a scale-free network, but some specific elements should be considered in developing a new model. I introduced a time shifting (replacing t and ti by t?(ti?1) and ti?(ti?1)) and a discontinuous forcing function H(t; ti?1, L+ti?1) into the scale-free network model to fit the specific period and intensity of the infection, and redefined the probability p as an invalid infection rate. Then I proposed the new Scale-Free Epidemic Models, SFE-1 and SFE-2. The simulation results of six types of epidemic transmission showed that the SFE models were accurate and useful. In the case studies, the results showed that H were constant or variable, and p were a fixed constant, a dual constant, or a function of new addition cases in the epidemic periods. The further studies for comparisons of the difference races/ethnics and the difference transmission category of AIDS cases in USA were analyzed. The H value for Asian/Pacific and Indian/Alaska Native race were lower than others, it may be due to small clusters with constant high contact rates. The H value for heterosexual contact was lower than the others, indicating that whoredom was the main transmission for HIV. Both SFE models can be used to predict epidemics, SFE-2 is better than SFE-1 due to SFE-2 using given indices and not conjectured values, but SFE-1 can more clearly suggest results of epidemics when under control or not. SFE models can help the government to determine the level of caution needed and the projected results of policy decisions. They are useful tools in assisting to balance socio-economic and health concerns. I hereby propose a new method to fight against epidemics with detailed procedures of using the SFE models.