Now a days cancer is one of the most important factor of death in the world so we decided to introduce people one of the easiest way of it’s prevention. However, the relation between green tea and cancer is not completely identified but the research shows that drinking green tea reduce the state of cancer. First we found some information about the green tea compounds then we investigated the cancer factors in different countries and stidied the experiments among 900 women showed that drinking tea reduce the state of ovary cancer. Green tea contains A, B, C, D vitamins & Fe, folic acid &also minerals such as Ca, K, Zn. This useful soft drink is a strong Anti?oxidant so prevent any kinds of cancer & blood clot. Therefore it reduce the state of heart attack. (Up to 31%) So it is not only prevention factor but also it can open a new way to cure different cancers.

Every year more soluble and insoluble substances are added to the oceans by runoff. This process slowly increases the salinity of the oceans. As the salinity of the oceans increase, what effect will this have on our climate? The purpose of this investigation is to determine how an increase in salt concentration affects the evaporation of sea water. Four ten liter aquaria were filled with six liters of distilled water in each aquarium. One aquarium contained only water. The other three aquaria had different amounts of Kosher salt added as follows: 120. grams, 240.grams and 480.grams. Measurements of the level of water in each tank were taken over a period of two months. The tank with the highest concentration of salt had the smallest rate of evaporation. In the feature with less evaporation of sea water the atmosphere will receive less moisture. This could result in fewer clouds and less rain fall for the planet.

Purpose High-jump athletes are not always aware of the exact height they are jumping. They know that they are clearing the height set by the bar, but not their specific height, which may in fact be a record without them even knowing it. The purpose of this project is thus to design and make a device that will enable high-jump athletes to know exactly how high they are jumping. Procedure Background research was conducted and it was confirmed that no similar products are currently available. Possible types of sensors and micro-controllers were then investigated and then both a prototype and model were built to test the concept. Appropriate changes and adjustments were then made to the design until all func-tions were working accordingly. With the assistance of an experienced software de-veloper, a program was designed to communicate the data collected from the sen-sors into a graphical user interface. Results Many variables, contributing to the accuracy of the obtained results, had to be tak-en into consideration. These variables include interference with the sensors, which resulted in less accurate readings, as well as weather conditions. The latter was found not to have as drastic an effect on the results. Conclusion A device that enables athletes to measure the true height they are clearing was suc-cessfully designed and created. This device will thus be able to help motivate athletes by measuring their true capa-bilities.

NO.60-06 2021 DEC | 科學研習期刊目錄 本期專題 STEAM策略下的AI與機器人教育 機器學習與學習機器學習 | 蘇文鈺 疫情下生活科技課遠端教學的實施經驗分享 | 汪殿杰 AI機器人發展與教育推動 | 社團法人臺灣玉山機器人協會 在國小校園遇見AI人工智慧 | 林育沖 教學現場 AI-STEAM教學實例 | 張玉山、翁子涵 線上方式推動科技教育 | 薛雅云 臺北市國中小學人工智慧(AI)教育的推動 | 曾振富 我的第一堂AI課 | 呂聖泰、蔡孟辰、翁子涵 搭建國小機器人課程的任意門 | 楊秀全 宅配教材之探究實作視訊教學的課程設計與實踐 | 謝甫宜、謝明澄 科學新知 岩心標本知多少？！ | 梁勝雄、范力仁 臆測生物學 | 謝甫宜、謝秉璋 特約專欄 我們只有一個地球——全球環境氣候議題教學資源介紹 | 劉淑雯、黃譯平 COVID-19創疫課程：因應線上課程的STEAM課程設計與實踐 | 周靜儀 森棚教官數學題——三歲的小畫家 | 游森棚 科普活動報導 科普旅遊實務——白冷圳 | 陳正治、蘇明俊、林芷伊 疫情下的物理探究實作競賽 | 張智淳、余進忠、蘇萬生 總召集人的話 有件事情需要我們想想，牛頓時代沒有細分的系所，大師輩出；現在領域、系、所，分了又分，許多學者論文動輒百篇，然大師依舊屈指可數。以前的醫師是把個脈可以像CSI做診斷；現在的醫師當然也是分科很細，採用許多尖端儀器協助診斷病因。是我們分工更細更多，也將有限的資源更為弱化，卻又某天驀然回首說我們要跨域，因為我們發現思路變窄，視野不廣，覺得需要有互相支持的專業；要跨域要先能夠溝通，要有共同的語言則要透過基礎科學。基礎科學是慢慢地磨，教育扎根的工作跟挖下水道一樣，看不到亮點，卻影響甚鉅；而應用科學有賴於扎實的基礎科學養成，才能有成長及開花結果的機會。大家看到光鮮亮麗的成就背後都有著長久的積累，而非像阿拉丁神燈摸一摸就可以馬上有成果有亮點的。拋開社會上的功利及收割，我們是要規劃長久的未來，偶爾解決當下的問題！ 本期專題的主題——STEAM策略下的AI與機器人教育，呼應最近的新聞——2021年有12校增設人工智慧系，以及半導體學院設立等等。值得思考的是這些新設系所學位學程算不算個領域？或是資工系、電機系、機械系裡的某個組？暑假到了，好多的AI營隊、機器人營隊等等，都打著STEAM的招牌，這好像在一個科展作品中用了雷切、3D列印、Arduino等當紅設施；我們要如何判斷這是AI？還是機械領域裡面的自動控制？我們每天一定會使用的沖水馬桶浮球自動止住出水就是自動控制。 一個機器加了感測器(感官)及致動器(肌肉)的設施，還是需要一個控制器(大腦)，控制器當然就需要透過程式來實現學習、決策、判斷及下達指令，這樣就是個閉迴路控制系統。學習使用Scratch寫程式，就會有運算思維嗎？寫了程式就必然會用到演算法嗎？如何透過工人智慧的精神去學習人工智慧？是不是應該有很細緻的規劃及引導才能竟其功。 若要問寫程式最多的系所，很多人都會回答是資工系。然而，大家看看超級電腦放在氣象局，就應該知道跟流體力學有關的科系如大氣、機械、航太、水利、造船等才是需要龐大計算資源的。 專題主題及教學現場文章中，蘇文鈺老師分享其機器學習歷程的演進，從早期AI的提出電腦跑不動到現在電腦速度夠快可以實現AI，到組織學會並開發PAIA平台，服務學生程式學習進行AI/ML的操作。汪殿杰老師透過自身實作經驗，分享如何透過Google協作平台於疫情期間的許多教學作為以及遠距授課的各種樣態、作法及解決方案，還有許多經驗數字值得讀者參考、值得讀者學習。 「市面上充斥著各式各樣的相關科普產品，大多處於AI體驗階段…」AI知識學習與STEAM有何關係？AI機器人有哪些競賽？是純粹機器人還是有人工智慧的機器人？有哪些值得反思的地方？在國小校園如何遇見AI？在國小階段就有機會體驗、操作、思考AI與生活的關係，這很值得探究及評量其成效，學習其作法；在運算思維及程式設計的基本能力建立上會遇到那些困難？林育沖校長分享其經驗。曾振富校長也為大家介紹台北市中小學AI教育的推動軌跡及教材開發。AI-STEAM教學實例一文就可以讓我們省思，S.T.E.A.M.與STEAM的差異，有AI跟無AI的STEAM有那些本質上的差異；當我們在學習過程中發現有模糊不清之處，要回歸到定義，理解基本定義，才能有足夠的判斷能力。 市面上許多的補習班及營隊透過STEAM、AI名稱招生，有必要仔細檢驗這裡面的課程內容，不然漸漸的、慢慢滴，定義好像就積非成是了。AI人工智慧的學習是需要完整的知識體系，現存許多跟自動控制有關、有智慧製造或是智慧決策等功能的組件，都可以跟人工智慧有關係，能不能以人工智慧稱呼考驗大家的智慧。因此許多市面上或是牽拖點關係的都是需要回歸定義，不然只是先導的幾個初階學習，如知識學習、名詞學習。許多自動控制的學習被誤解成是人工智慧。 教學現場以線上方式推動科技教育會面臨哪些問題？ 以學生為中心的課程設計，透過自發互動共好的理念，讓學生有主動參與學習的機會，如何讓Brainstorming 的教學方式，很有效率及有成效的進行？我的第一堂AI課剛好給大家檢視如何看懂感測元件的使用說明書以及結合程式來做判斷；如何透過演算法訓練好感測器都是需要學習的。國小機器人課程學習可以建立運算思維以及學習演算法嗎？機器人組件組裝及課程是如何連結到演算法、運算思維、以及STEAM的？想知道疫情期間如何突破線上課程的限制進行探究與實作的教學——「宅配教材X視訊教學」——謝甫宜老師團隊說給你聽。 科學新知有兩篇文章——您知道什麼是岩心標本嗎？您知道岩心標本如何解讀嗎？您知道全國最大典藏岩心標本的地方在哪裡嗎？岩心箱中的岩心排列是按照甚麼法則放置？ 中央地調所豐富的岩心收藏值得探究，且看岩心標本知多少一一道來。融合浪漫與理性、創意與邏輯、紊亂與秩序的臆測生物學，在介紹優雅的古生物意象及演化為師之餘，也介紹許多值得一讀的書籍及書中珍貴的插圖。 特約專欄中，極端氣候的出現，認識氣候變遷帶來的影響，災難防制已成顯學，劉淑雯老師為您介紹優質的教育資源。如何透過STEAM教育理念作為核心，配合創意思考及翻轉教育激發的學生思考能力，來達成有效能的學習模式，COVID-19 創疫課程讓你有感；建構符合防疫的線上課程，透過與STEAM的密切磨合耦合，吸引學生興趣，更是學生學習系統設計，開拓眼界的機會。三歲小畫家讓您對於期望值有更深入的理解，務必嘗試，必然有解。 疫情下的許多變通考驗大家的智慧，中華民國物理教育學會余進忠理事長團隊舉辦第四屆全國高中探究實作競賽，鉅細靡遺地解決繁雜問題，令人佩服，整個經驗也值得傳承學習。 總召編輯委員 - 李旺龍 關於本刊 出版單位：國立臺灣科學教育館 發行人：劉火欽 總召集人：李旺龍 編輯委員： 物理科吳仲卿/陳耀榮/李柏翰/盧玉玲 | 化學科古建國/許良榮/王伯昌/林如章/周金城 | 生物科王美芬/蕭世輝/陳建志/郭淑妙 | 地球科學許民陽/王郁軒/李文禮/謝隆欽 科技科張玉山/汪殿杰/林育沖/趙珩宇 | 數學科李源順/鄧家駿/溫世展/張宮明 | 跨領域學科李名揚/連信仲 | 特約專欄 游森棚/黃琴扉/陳正改/劉淑雯 策劃：曾聰邦 主編：吳中益 本月專題特約主編：張玉山 編輯：佟冠誼/林博雅 網頁設計編輯：施曉恬 投稿規範請來信詢問：article@mail.ntsec.gov.tw

Marsilea quadrifolia, an aquatic perennial rhizomatous fern, is widespread on wetlands in Taiwan. A normal fern frond has the clusters of spore capsules on the back, yet Marsilea quadrifolia reproduces clusters at petiole base from sporocarps which are axillary, pedicellate, ovate and hairy; both microsporangia and megasporangia can be found in sporocarps. It is highly polymorphic. The sterile fronds are erect when growing in mud, and floating in water, and they produce leaflets in the shape of four-leaf clovers. Mature leaves are divided into water leaves and terrestrial leaves according to living environments. Water leaves are divided into submerged leaves, floating leaves, and emergent leaves. These four kinds of leaves have obvious differences in stoma density. The submerged leaves have the least starch which means they have the minimum photosynthetic efficiency. The flexible leafstalks allow the plants to adapt to small changes in water level, while keeping their leaves on the water surface to access light and carbon dioxide. Thus, heterophylly may be seen as an adaptive mechanism which is sensitive to some environmental parameters and that responds accordingly to maximize the capability for survival. The terrestrial leaves have periodic sleep movement according to the alternate changes of day and night. The biggest opening angle is related to a definite leaf closing time cycle. Light interference during the dark period, continuous lighting, or the reversing of day and night all interfere the opening time and speed of them.南國田字草是一種浮葉性、多年生水生蕨類，匍匐莖細長橫臥在水中泥土或濕地裡，葉四枚對生於葉柄頂端，依生長環境不同，可分為水生葉及陸生葉，水生葉又分沉水葉、浮水葉及挺水葉三種。孢子囊群聚集特化成堅硬的孢子囊果，長於葉柄基部，孢子有大、小孢子兩型。四種異型葉在內部構造、氣孔分布密度上皆有相當的差異，以適應環境的變化，葉片澱粉含量以沉水葉最少。南國田字草陸生葉隨著晝夜交替，具有週期性的睡眠運動，每天葉片開啟的最大角度和閉合時間有一定的時間範圍。黑暗期受光照干擾或連續照光、日夜顛倒，皆影響葉片的開閉時間與速率。

本研究主要分析氣象因子對於灰面鵟鷹春季過境八卦山區之影響。分析1994年至2004年灰面鵟鷹遷徙資料發現彰化八卦山區之微氣象與灰面鵟鷹族群遷徙波動性具有顯著的相關性，其中以日平均氣壓、日平均相對濕度、日平均風速及日平均風向等氣象因子分別對起鷹、落鷹之族群數影響最為明顯。而其遷徙週期之動態變化，明顯地集中於約16日內完成主要族群之遷移。不論是同一年度內之高峰期變化，或是高峰期與日期契合之相關性，顯示氣象因子為其遷徙影響的重要因子。然而，從各年度間的遷徙高峰期間的相關性分析結果得知，目前11年過境調查紀錄，應該無明顯的規律性動態變化模式，考量其他對於遷徙過程可能具有影響的因子，應有其他的環境或生物因素影響遷徙期間族群的波動性及週期性。對於建立其遷徙模式而言，可能需要更多且更詳盡的遷徙紀錄，以及配合遷徙過程的各過境點的氣象或其他因素合併分析，方能獲得更為明確的結果。The main purpose of this study is to find the effects of the meteorological factors on the dynamics of the migrating population observed at the Pakuashan area in spring for the gray faced buzzard. The migrating population dynamics observed at the Pakuashan area correlated significantly with the local meteorological factors noted from 1994 to 2004. The daily average atmospheric pressure, average relative humidity, average wind speed and wind direction had significant impact on the soaring and landing populations of the gray faced buzzard. Obviously the annual migrating dynamics observed at the study site was accomplished within 16 days. In addition, the similar variation pattern of the peak migrating populations in the same year as well as the consistency of the date of the peak population observed annually supports the hypothesis that the local meteorological factors have a great impact on the migrating behavior of the populations. However, the correlation analysis of the peak migrating populations among years indicated that little cyclic migrating pattern was found in the past 11 years’ observation records. Other biotic or abiotic factors might have influence on the periodicity and fluctuation of the migrating populations. In order to establish a precise population model to describe the migrating behavior of the gray faced buzzard, detailed records of the migration process and the analyses of the relationships among the meteorological data as well as other factors and the bird populations observed should be gathered and performed.

令a,b,c，表 △ABC三邊的長，△表△ABC 之面積，若 a , b , c ． △ 皆為整數”則 △ ABC 稱為整數三角形，此 a , b , c 三數稱為Heronic triples · 當( a , b , c )=l 時，稱為 Primitive Heronic triPles ，如 3 , 4 , 5 （ △ ＝ 6 ) , 5 , 5 , 6 （ △ ＝ 12 ）皆是，大家所熟知的畢氏三數賞為 Heronic trlPles 的特例。由畢氏三數所形成之畢氏三角形即是有一角為直角的整數三角形（參考資料 l ,Vol.8 No.3 ( 1975 / 76 ) ）。般近 Mathenatlcal spectrum 發表了幾篇文章．皆是討論 Heronian triangles 最近發表的 John strange， ( Volumn 10,No.l ( 1977 / 78 ))曾提出一個待解決的問題 :「Given a natural numbern determine every Heroulan triangle whose area is n」筆者利用 I . B . M 計算機計算出 729 組整數三角形的數據（參考附表一） · 發覺每一個整數三角形的面積皆為 6 的倍數。

We operated the misexpression screen between the EP lines and the pattern lines with the genotypes of eq1>dll, eq1>abdA, eq1>Ubx, eq1-GAL4, ey-GAL4 or dpp-GAL4. After the screening, we found that five of these 1,800 strains of filial generation had special phenotypes. It had shorter antennae and defects in the anterior equatorial region of eyes. We used plasmid rescue and IPCR to sequence the certain target gene, and found that it was escargot, abbreviated as esg. To identify when, where and how the overexpression of escargot induces such phenotype, we operated the staining of eye-antenna disc in third-instar larval period of wild type, eq> esg×UAS-GFP and eq>GFP with anti-dll, anti-caspase3 and anti-esg. The result shows that escargot cannot be detected before puparium formation. But the expression of dll, a gene controls the eye development, was reduced in the eye disc. We except the overexpression cause the defect of distal antennae and the anterior equatorial region of eyes mainly in the 3-day-long pupal life.我們用異位表現法篩選出和eq1>dll、eq1>abdA、eq1>Ubx、eq1-GAL4、ey-GAL4或dpp-GAL4 這些pattern lines有交互作用的EP lines。在這1800種的果蠅子代品系中，有五種具有特殊的性 狀。它們具有觸角短化以及複眼前緣中央區有缺刻的現象(形成心型眼)。我們使用質體救援 法以及IPCR的方法來定序這段未知基因序列，發現這是一個叫做escargot的基因(簡稱esg)。 為了了解過分表現此基因會造成何種分子影響，以至於產生此種性狀，因此我們使用 anti-dll 、anti-caspase3 和anti-esg 進行野生型、eq>esg×UAS-GFP 和eq>GFP 三齡幼蟲的 eye-antenna disc的螢光免疫染色。結果在幼蟲成蛹前都沒有偵測到esg的表現現象；不過在eye disc中，控制眼睛發育的基因dll的表現有被抑制的現象。因此我們推測過分表現esg的過程因 該是發生在為其短短三天的蛹期。也就是說，這種表型應該是在化蛹後形成。

An orbital angular momentum (OAM) sorter concept was designed for high-speed data transfer. The OAM of a light beam known as an optical vortex can exist in one of an infinite number of states and may be used to carry information. The augmented alphabet of states carries the potential to increase date transfer speeds over conventional binary (0 and 1) methods. A vortex generator, or OAM encoder , was constructed from a slit cover slip functioning as an adjustable spiral phase plate, and a vortex analyzer, or OAM measurer, was created using a transparent print of a computer-generated hologram. The two components were then incorporated in an OAM sorter concept that that employs a novel combinatoric method for sorting data. The vortex generator and analyzer created were inexpensive simpli-fications of previous devices and have the potential to increase the alphabet of transmission states several thousand times over binary methods if implemented in the OAM sorter concept.

(一)反射投影機( ovorhead projector 簡稱 OHP)在中學是很普 及的設備，但平常使用率並不高；一方面由於使用法的書籍太少 ，主要缺乏互相研習觀摩的機會，因此常使此視聽教學媒體束之鐵櫃中，十分可惜。在國內除了彰化教育學院於四年前大力推行透明片的製作；及作者於民國六十七年出版的第一期 "中華民國物理教育期刊"發表六件配合OHP的實驗器材外，在所有的科教刊物均未見提過。鄱閱國內二十年來的科學展覽專輯，除了十七、十八、二十屆由作者發表八件有關OHP 的作品而獲獎外（均第一名），也沒有其他得獎記錄”在美日的科教期刊上，從1959 年" American Journal of Phyoics "開始發表迄今仍有四種科教期刊不斷地發表新創作，日本的"科學の實驗"則作類似的翻譯工作。在書籍方面除了 1962 年Walter Eppenstein 出版"The Overhead projector in the physics Iecture 。”一一配合OHP 的實驗器材25件外，其他書籍都著重於透明片的製作及使用法；此書在美國已絕版，幸賴同學從 Washington Univorsity Physics Librory 影印回來。(二)作者於民國六十六年初參加彰化教育學院一個透明片製作講習會後，開始對OHP 的使用發生興趣，在平常教學活動中，充份地使用 OHP，且不斷地自行研製能配合OHP 演示的教具，並且從圖書館的期刊蒐集有關資料，再從期刊上的參考文獻上蒐集更多的參考文獻，至今已有五年，有關文獻已有五年；前年參加全國科展，陳館長對科學資料的蒐集整理參加科展非常鼓勵，因此花了近兩年的時間將之整理成冊。

This project aims to explore the potential of inexpensive in-situ deposition of niobium nitride nanowires to improve electrical conductivity. Transition metal nitrides are well known for attributes such as superconductivity, high melting point, simple structure as well as excellent electrical and thermal conductivities. In particular, niobium nitride possesses exceptional hardness and high reflectivity, as well as being a stable field emitter, making it well suited to applications as a cold cathode material. Niobium nitrides are formed by the uptake of nitrogen by niobium. This is achieved by the exothermic formation of an interstitial solid solution of nitrogen atoms in the bcc lattice of the niobium. Existing research has established the possibility of preparing niobium nitride by heating niobium in nitrogen or ammonia over a range of temperatures, by heating niobium pentaoxide and carbon in the presence of nitrogen as well as by chemical vapor deposition of other niobium compounds, nitrogen or hydrogen. For the purpose of this study, a two-step process was used for synthesis. The benefits of a two-step process over direct ammonolysis are apparent, from the greater degree of freedom pertaining to parameter determination. Additionally, characterization of niobium pentaoxide nanowires synthesize under similar conditions is also made possible by terminating the reaction earlier. NbN nanowires were synthesized by annealing niobium pentaoxide nanowires at 850 oC for 2 hours. Subsequent characterization was done using Raman Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The presence of NbN nanowires via the conversion of Nb2O5 was ascertained by the absence of sharp peaks at 1000 cm-1 for Raman Spectroscopy and XRD plots. Field emission (FE) properties and electrical properties of NbN nanowires were then measured. NbN nanowires were found to have a high turn-on voltage, stable and relatively good field emission characteristics, demonstrating its potential as a cold cathode material. No current saturation was observed for an applied electric field of 0 to 6.0 V/ μm (5). This suggests a low degree of contact resistance for nanowires produced by this method of annealing, since the passage of electrons is not obstructed. Hence there will only be a small voltage drop between the SiO2 substrate and NbN nanowires. Samples containing NbN nanowires were dislodged by ultrasound to form an aqueous suspension of nanowires. A drop of suspension was dripped onto gold-finger substrates, and current-voltage (I-V) measurements of resultant nanowire bridges were taken. NbN nanowire bridges display Ohmic properties, in comparison with Nb2O5 nanowires that are semiconducting. Nanowire bridges obtained by heat-drying were denser and had better electrical properties than those obtained by evaporation to dryness. NbN nanowire bridges display Ohmic properties, in comparison with Nb2O5 nanowires that are semiconducting. Further work would include varying the cooling processes to observe any changes or deformation. Additionally, niobium nitride nanowires can be hybridized with carbon nanotubes (CNTs). A more in-depth comparison between niobium oxide and niobium nitride nanowires is also proposed, along with exploration of the nitrification of other transition metals.

The purpose: is to protect the building against the fires\r The main idea: is an Automatic emergency exit.\r When fires happen, the smoking detector works, giving sound and light.(signals)\r Then the emergency Exist opens automatically.