This research analyzes goldfish’ (Carassius auratus) environmental preference behavior by setting up different environmental color-models to spur goldfish’reactions. It is investigated that pre-conditioned preference of goldfish was stressed by electric shock or high osmotic pressure. We’re interested in how stress experience modulate goldfish’ exploring behavior and its environmental preference. Goldfish that prefers brown-colored environment (compared with white) is suitable for being an model animal to investigate fish’s environmental preference. Both electric shocks and high osmotic pressure, two different kinds of stress, can affect goldfish’ behavior. It shows that fish have the ability to learn and memorize the stress experience. Besides, different stress has different effects on fish’ environmental preference behavior. It proves that there are complicated interactions among environmental stimulus, memories of stress and behavior caused by different kinds of stress.本研究利用環境色彩特徵的差異，建立朱文錦(Carassius auratus)環境偏好行為之動物模式，探討不同逆境刺激經驗(施予電擊或高滲透壓環境)，與魚類環境偏好行為的交互作用，以研究魚類的逆境經驗，是否可形成記憶，並影響其行為。我們發現朱文錦偏好土色環境(相對於白色環境)，適合作為探討魚類對環境偏好的實驗動物。電擊與高滲透壓兩種不同性質的逆境經驗，皆可影響朱文錦的環境偏好，顯示魚類具有記憶逆境環境的學習能力。此外，不同性質的逆境經驗，對魚類的環境偏好行為具有不同的影響。證明「環境刺激—經驗(記憶)—行為表現」三者之間具複雜的交互作用。

二十四節氣是中國古代對氣象觀測的智慧結晶，由於近幾年來聖\r 嬰與反聖嬰現象的影響，在透過嘉義氣象觀測站的協助之下，利用\r Excel 進行簡易的雨量和氣溫統計，並配合中央氣象局發布的環流型\r 態和農業災害，來探討二十四節氣在嘉義地區的適用性。\r 以陽曆來區分節氣，每年會誤差6 小時，加上四年一閏，剛好彌\r 補差距，農曆則需19 年。至於聖嬰現象對嘉義地區則呈現涼夏和暖\r 冬，但在反聖嬰現象中則變為加強四季之特性，即是熱夏與寒冬。兩\r 者都造成雨量集中夏秋兩季，形成冬春乾旱。至於二十四節氣則是以\r 夏、秋的氣溫和雨量相關的諺語較適合嘉義地區。\r Abstract\r The 24 Solar Terms, is the achievement of weather observation from\r ancient China. Because of the effects from El Nina and La Nina these\r years, we proceed simple statistics of rainfall and temperature by using\r Excel and the assistance from Chia-yi Weather Station. We adopt the\r Circulation Type and the damage of agriculture from Central Weather\r Bureau, to discuss if the 24 Solar Terms for in Chia-yi area.\r To divide the 24 Solar Terms according to the solar calendar, there’ll\r be a six –hour gap every year. The gap could be made up every four years.\r But with the lunar calendar, it takes nineteen years to offset. The El Nina\r shows cool summer and warm winter in Chia-yi area, but the La Nina\r emphasizes the characteristics of the four seasons. It shows hot summer\r and cold winter. Both of them rain mostly in summer and fall, and cause\r the drought in winter and spring. The saying of the 24 Solar Terms is\r suitable for the temperature and the rainfall during summer and fall in\r Chia-yi area.

喬治.波利亞(George Polya)所善「數學研究法」( Mathematics and Plausible Reasoning)給我很多的啟示與靈感。書中引數學家高斯(Gauss)的話說：「數論中有料想不到的好運氣，藉歸納法挖掘到最優美的新真理。」

為了瞭解黃斑黑蟋蟀叫聲和溫度之間的關係，我應用物理熱平衡原理，自製水浴槽控制環境溫度，以電腦錄音程式分別錄製15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃、35℃時的蟋蟀叫聲，利用Sound Forge軟體分析並比較不同溫度下的各種特性。結果發現所分析的chirp、chirp period、syllable period、pause均和溫度呈負相關，而單位時間內的叫聲次數則與溫度成正相關，並推導出15~35℃範圍內蟋蟀叫聲次數與溫度成正相關的公式。最佳直線為：﹙15秒內叫聲次數＋19.385﹚÷2.483=當時溫度﹙℃﹚，呈高度正相關﹙相關係數：0.9398﹚。本實驗也比較母蟋蟀對不同溫度下雄蟋蟀叫聲的偏好程度，發現母蟋蟀較偏愛25℃時的雄蟋蟀叫聲，此結果可能與雄蟋蟀在25℃時叫聲的波形最為穩定有關。為探測蟋蟀觸角上的溫度感受器位置，我們曾將不同部位的觸角加以剪除，結果顯示觸角剪除面積越大的雄蟋蟀越不傾向鳴叫，但無法證實是否為溫度偵測異常所導致。本實驗除供學術研究外，因黃斑黑蟋蟀在世界各地均有分布，所以希望能藉由分析溫度與蟋蟀叫聲的相關性實驗，未來嘗試能探討其在不同環境的適應行為亦或種化的可能性。另外，全球暖化問題日益嚴重，也希望能藉由相關實驗探討暖化對蟋蟀生態上的影響。最後，我們的實驗證明了蟋蟀叫聲和環境溫度確實有極大的關聯性，未來或許能參考蟋蟀感覺溫度的機制，製作出一個天然零污染的溫度計。 To find out the relationship of cricket’s calling and temperature, we use a hand-made water-bath tank to control the temperature and record the callings with microphone and software, Sound Forge. After analyzing the collected data, we’ve found that cricket’s chirp, chirp period, syllable period, and pause are indeed affected by temperature (15 degrees - 35 degrees C). Moreover, we also compare female cricket’s preference to the callings, and the result indicates that female cricket’s preference is changing with temperature. In the last, we tried to find out where the thermoreceptors are by cutting out the antennae. After cutting, crickets tend to not to make any calls at all, so we conclude the antennae might play an important role in sensing and calling. The experiment proves that this communication system is temperature coupled. Because the cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus, is a worldwide species, we may learn the accommodation or the possibility of performing a new species by researching the relationship of temperature and cricket’s callings. By the way, the Green House Effect is getting more and more serious, so we want to search for the influences on crickets that are caused by Green House Effect. The last but not the least, according to the report, maybe we can investigate the mechanism of sensing temperature and then make a natural thermometer that is no pollution in the future.

現今日常生活充斥著有機污染物，然而處理含有有機污染物的廢水需要極高的成本，有鑑於此，我們參考Fenton Reaction，從成本、毒性、活化能、操作方便性、二次污染及經濟效益的多方考量下，選擇以分子篩來固定鐵、鈷、鎳、錳、鋅之金屬離子，並決定以鐵分子篩為研究主軸，並探討其催化過氧化氫對有機物的分解。鑒於粉末狀的分子篩容易流失，我們以陶土固定分子篩，製作成反應杯槽，發現了分子篩與陶土的結合性。接著藉由二氧化碳感測器及光譜儀來感測有機物的分解速率，在控制溫度，濃度等條件下，探討分解有機物的反應及其反應時的特性。由實驗結果得知，分子篩能有效分解簡單醇類、氯仿、四氯化碳及indigo。使用0.35克陶土鐵分子篩，1M 以下的雙氧水50ml，其分解異丙醇所生成二氧化碳的速率可達0.34-0.55ppm/sec 之間（3.1-4.9×10-9mol/sec），此外有機氯化物分解後生成無毒性的氯離子；indigo染料分解後褪色。本實驗證實，陶土鐵分子篩：一、可以重複使用；二、可在較低濃度環境下運作；三、在酸性較弱環境下運作；四、可在低溫環境下運作(10℃)；五、不須對大量鐵離子做沉澱回收的工作（此五點優於Fenton Reaction）。相較於TAML 等人工合成的催化劑雖有避免污染的優點，但卻有無法重複使用的缺點，綜合以上幾點看來，陶土鐵分子篩在操作方便性及經濟與環境保護上具有相當的潛力及價值。With organic pollutants everywhere and the high cost to dispose of them, this study, a two-stage experiment, aimed first to evaluate the efficiency of zeolite with different metal ions and then to compare their rates in reacting to the decomposition of organic matter with hydrogen peroxide as the catalyst. Since zeolite powder can be easily washed away, we tested zeolite with clay to hold such metal ions as Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, and Zn and finally used the Argillaceous Fe-zeolite for its superiority on the basis of cost, toxin, activation energy, easy operation, and contamination. A carbon dioxide sensor and a spectrometer for visible light were used to measure the decomposition rate of organic matter under controlled temperature and resolution concentrations. The results of the experiments showed that zeolite achieved excellent effects in decomposing organic chlorides such as lower alcohols, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride. When 0.35g of zeolite and less than 1M of hydrogen peroxide resolution were used the rate of carbon dioxide production reached 0.34-0.35 ppm/sec (3.1-4.9x10-9 mol/sec). The decomposition of organic chloride produced nontoxic Cl and the indigo dye faded after it was decomposed. Our experiments proved that Argillaceous Fe-zeolite has the following five advantages over Fenton Reaction. First, it can be reused. Second, it performed well at lower concentrations. Third, it worked well under weak acid conditions. Fourth, it worked at a lower temperature (20℃). And finally, there was no need to recycle a large amount of Fe ions. Argillaceous Fe-zeolite was also found to be superior to TAML, which has the advantage of avoiding contamination but is not reusable. The above observation and discussion demonstrate that Argillaceous Fe-zeolite possesses very significant value in terms of easy application, economy, and environmental protection.

我們得知從高雄糖廠及堆肥中篩出的嗜高溫好氧菌Geobacillus thermoleovorans T4，是本種細菌首先被報導具有纖維素分解能力的菌株，但目前僅止於學術研究階段，尚未實際應用於廢棄纖維素的分解上。本研究以廢棄農作物纖維素取代學術研究所用的羧甲基纖維素(Carboxymethyl Cellulose，CMC) ，將T4菌株置於稻稈與米糠培養基內，進行分解效能比較，再利用酵母菌的發酵作用進一步將葡萄糖轉化為酒精。本研究發現，在60℃的環境中，活化的T4 菌株可在CMC、稻稈及米糠培養基中生長繁殖且發揮其分解纖維素為葡萄糖的能力，尤其在米糠培養基中的分解效果最快也最好。此外，將生產的葡萄糖加入酵母菌之後，初步發現也能成功地進行發酵作用產生酒精，生質酒精的產出指日可待！;The Research on Using Geobacillus thermoleovorans T4 to Turn the Deserted Cellulose in Agriculture into glucose in Order to Produce Bio-Renewable Energy It has been found that Geobacillus thermoleovorans T4, a thermophilic aerobic bacterial strain isolated from a sugar refinery wastewater （55-60℃）in Kaohsing, Taiwan, can secrete thermostable endocellulase and hydrolyze carboxymethylcellulose （CMC）in some academic research, but it is stillunknown whether T4 hydrolyzes deserted cellulose in Agriculture. The aim of this study is to investigate the best conditions of T4 cellulase activity after mixing with deserted cellulose (such as rice bran and rice straw) by measuring the glucose concentration and bacteria number, and to produce the ethanol by activated yeast. T4 was added rice bran and rice straw medium, and cultured in 60℃ for 10 hours. The number of T4 and the concentration of glucose were measured every two hours. The best conditions were examined by comparing the hydrolyzation efficiency of T4 in different cellulose medium. We observed that T4 grew efficiently in different cellulose medium and hydrolyzed cellulose into glucose, especially in rice bran medium. The yeast also converted glucose into ethanol. Our research may shed light to the development of bio-renewable energy!

The purpose of this paper is to study the roles of formic acid and formaldehyde playing in the Direct Methanol Fuel Cells(DMFCs).The assumption is now widely accepted that the Oxidation-reduction intermediate of cell like formic acid and formaldehyde will hinder the reaction of DMFCs. At first, we recorded data which measured the efficiency of DMFCs working under the different temperature of fuel, then we recorded data which measured the efficiency of DMFCs working under the different consistency. In the end, we compared the data we recorded before and chose the best reaction environment as standard environment for the future experiment. Then we discover intermediate has positive effect on DMFCs. we separately put formic acid and formaldehyde into fuel, and we discover the efficiency is better than\r before. For example, the volt stability and volt intensity of DMFCs are better. The above conclusion is mainly based on open current volt, equally volt and electric current density which is the standard of evaluation.本實驗主要探討甲酸、甲醛等雜質在直接甲醇燃料電池中扮演的角色，一般認為甲酸等是甲醇在電池中反應的中間產物，大多數人認為這些中間產物會阻礙燃料電池的反應。而我們先針對了甲醇在各種溫度下電池的效能先做出了圖表，並使用不同濃度的甲醇燃料來測量電池的效能並與之前溫度的圖表做比較，選出最合適的直接甲醇燃料電池反應環境作為添加雜質實驗的標準環境。接下來我們在研究過程中發現，其實中間產物可能對電池有正面的效果，我們發現甲酸、甲醛等對直接甲醇燃料電池的電源輸出有正面的影響，例如電壓穩定性與電壓強度的增強。在研究中，我們將甲酸等加入燃料電池的燃料(甲醇)內，模擬甲醇因不當保存而產生的雜質，針對添加物的濃度做些調整，以電池的開路電壓(OCV)、平均輸出電壓、以及單位面積的電流密度作為評比電池效能的標準，並找出甲酸等對燃料電池效能的影響，並進一步找出最適合的電池燃料配置。

中文摘要 重金屬對人體傷害的無遠弗屆-人人皆知，根據流行病學的研究指出，長期處在 重金屬含量過高之地區，易造成生理病變。比方說，長期生活在砷含量高的環境中， 易導致肝臟、周邊血管及神經系的損害，各種癌症的發生機率也大為提高。 本實驗以中國倉鼠卵巢細胞（CHO-K1）為材料，利用微核偵測技術(Michronuclei, MN)及姐妹染色分體互換(Sister chromatid exchanges, SCE)之誘引來探討亞硒酸鈉 (Sodium selenite, NaSeO2) 及亞砷酸鈉(Sodium arsenite, NaAsO2) 的交互作用 (interaction)。實驗結果顯示亞硒酸鈉本身不會造成MN 的增加，但讓SCE 頻率增加； 亞砷酸鈉會誘引增加MN 和SCE。亞硒酸鈉前處理不會減少亞砷酸鈉誘引之SCE 和 MN，但可微微降低亞砷酸鈉抑制雙核細胞(Bunucleated cells, BN)的形成，但是不明 顯。本實驗結果未能看出亞硒酸鈉前處理與亞砷酸鈉有明顯的交互作用，但發現亞 硒酸鈉會增加SCE 頻率，因此亞硒酸鈉做為保健食品值得進一步的關切及探討。 英文摘要 It is well-documented that exposure to heavy metals could cause seriously adverse effects to humans. Epidemiological evidence has shown that illness is frequently observed in residents living long-term in heavy metal contaminated area. For example, arsenic exposure was associated with increased incidences of liver diseases, peripheral vascular and neurological diseases, as well as cancers. In this report we investigated the interaction of selenite and arsenite on micronuclei (MN) and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) induction in Chinese hamster ovary-K1 (CHO-K1) cells. The present results demonstrated that sodium selenite by itself did not induce MN, but it did cause the increase of SCE frequency. Sodium arsenite significantly induced MN and SCE in CHO-K1 cells. Pretreatment of CHO-K1 cells with selenite could not reduce MN and SCE frequency induced by arsenite, but slightly prevent the cells from arsenite-induced inhibition of binucleated cell formation. In the present study, no significant interaction between sodium selenite pretreatment and sodium arsenite was observed. However, sodium selenite was unexpectedly found to enhance SCE frequency in CHO-K1 cells. The application of selenite as health protection agent warrants our concerns and further investigation.

The special life cycle of the Nymphoides indica: The veins and petioles of the pleustonic leaves can asexually reproduce adventitious buds. Pleustonic adventitious buds will change the density of the plants and sink into water. When the root of submersible plants attaches to the bottom of the pool, they will extend stems to the water surface and resume the life cycle. Reticulate sigmons and astral sclerenchyma appears in the process of transformation. Astral sclerenchyma merely appear in the species of which its leaves float above the water surface, and Nymphoides sp. are the most obvious. The cell wall thickness of astral sclerenchyma is even. The cells are hollow and full of water, and they will utilize water to change turgor between axes and spines. This is also proved in imitating experiments. The reticulate sigmons are frequently seen among aguatic plants, and the horizontal structures prevent air space from collapsing. These two structures make the thin stems of Nymphoides indica sustain the leaves instead of being crushed by the floating water. 印度莕菜 ( Nymphoides indica )獨特的生長週期：浮水型葉的葉脈和葉柄可以無性繁殖不定芽，浮水型的不定芽會改變植株的密度而沉入水中，當沉水型植株的根系在池底固著後，便會以莖延伸出水面，再次展開浮水型葉的成長週期。轉變過程中會出現網狀的橫膈和星狀厚壁細胞。星狀厚壁細胞僅出現於葉片需由水中浮出水面生長的植物種類，而莕菜屬植物更明顯。星狀厚壁細胞其細胞壁厚度均勻，細胞中空且充滿水分，會利用水分在中軸與突起的棘間移動來改變膨壓變化，在模擬的實驗中也得到證實。網狀的橫膈在水生植物中是較常見到的構造，水平方向的支撐可以讓氣室不會塌陷，兩種構造的作用下使得印度莕菜細長的莖能夠支撐葉片，不會被流水沖斷。

利用范式起電器將靜電導入蒸餾水、甘油、苯、環己烷、乙醇、正丙醇、正戊醇，以及HCl(aq)、NaCl(aq)、CuSO4(aq)……等不同溶液中，我們發現：非電解質溶液可以藉由極性分子的媒合作用"貯存”電子，而其中H2O效果最好，即水合電子是可以穩定存在的！但在水中若添加HCl、NaCl等電解質會提高容易導電性，以致於無貯存電子的效果。我們也發現苯雖不是極性分子，但因具有π共振系統，也能有效貯存電子。另外，從引入密度泛函數理論結合類導體可極化連續模型加以計算的結果，也能發現極性分子容易的溶劑電子親核能比非極性分子容易來的大，與實驗結果吻合。By using a Van de Graff Generator to put electrons into various solutions or solvents (such as water, alcohol, benzene, propyl alcohol, solutions of sodium chloride, etc.), we find out that nonelectrolytes can "store" electrons through hydration of polar molecules. And water has the best ability of keeping electrons among others. In other words, hydrated electrons can exist stably. However, if we add electrolyte into solvent, the solution won't store electrons because of its increasing electric conductivity. The experiment also shows that benzene can keep electrons though it is a nonpolar molecules. We infer that it is the " π resonance system " which contributes to its high ability of electron storage. In addition, by introducing the calculations of CPCM (Conductor-Like Polarizable Continuum Model), we find out that the electron affinity of polar solutions are stronger than those of nonpolar solutions. The computed results are in agreement with our experiment.

(一)反射投影機( ovorhead projector 簡稱 OHP)在中學是很普 及的設備，但平常使用率並不高；一方面由於使用法的書籍太少 ，主要缺乏互相研習觀摩的機會，因此常使此視聽教學媒體束之鐵櫃中，十分可惜。在國內除了彰化教育學院於四年前大力推行透明片的製作；及作者於民國六十七年出版的第一期 "中華民國物理教育期刊"發表六件配合OHP的實驗器材外，在所有的科教刊物均未見提過。鄱閱國內二十年來的科學展覽專輯，除了十七、十八、二十屆由作者發表八件有關OHP 的作品而獲獎外（均第一名），也沒有其他得獎記錄”在美日的科教期刊上，從1959 年" American Journal of Phyoics "開始發表迄今仍有四種科教期刊不斷地發表新創作，日本的"科學の實驗"則作類似的翻譯工作。在書籍方面除了 1962 年Walter Eppenstein 出版"The Overhead projector in the physics Iecture 。”一一配合OHP 的實驗器材25件外，其他書籍都著重於透明片的製作及使用法；此書在美國已絕版，幸賴同學從 Washington Univorsity Physics Librory 影印回來。(二)作者於民國六十六年初參加彰化教育學院一個透明片製作講習會後，開始對OHP 的使用發生興趣，在平常教學活動中，充份地使用 OHP，且不斷地自行研製能配合OHP 演示的教具，並且從圖書館的期刊蒐集有關資料，再從期刊上的參考文獻上蒐集更多的參考文獻，至今已有五年，有關文獻已有五年；前年參加全國科展，陳館長對科學資料的蒐集整理參加科展非常鼓勵，因此花了近兩年的時間將之整理成冊。

金屬離子在磁場中的流動速率會略有改變，尤其是在強磁場中時，其影響更是顯著，即 【MHD 磁流動效應】，造成整體電解液中離子的流動，此流動比擴散速率佔優勢。再利用「磁 矩」具有向量性質，探討不同金屬離子（Na+、K+、Fe3+、Al3+、Mg2+）及MnO4 -在磁場角度 相同但強度不同的情況下；及磁場角度不同但強度相同的情況下，對電解速率的影響。 經實驗發現有以下結論： 一、由法拉第電解第一定律出發，加以實驗數據分析，可推導出一關係式： 電解速率Rρ= k ×∫〈∣H 向量∣×∣cosθ∣〉×∣E 向量∣ （k 單位：g / C˙weber˙s） 二、電解效率隨價數增高而增快。 三、較強的電解質，其對磁場的感應也越大，如果就同一族而言，往 下其活性越強，對磁場的感應也越強。 The flowing rate of Metal ion changes slightly in magnetic field. This influence is especially remarkable while the magnetic force is very strong, that’s【MHD (magneto Hydrodynamic Effect ), which gives rise to ionic flowing all over the electrolyte. This flowing rate is superior to expanding rate. Further, basing on the magnetic torque ’s vector trait, this research studies how electrolysis velocity affects different metal ions (Na+、K+、Fe3+、Al3+、Mg2+) and MnO4 － under following situations: Some results are found through the experiment. 1. Begin with Farad Electrolysis First Law, and take the experimental analysis into account, then a relative formula comes out as bellow. Electrolysis Rate Rρ= k ×∫〈∣H∣×∣cosθ∣〉×∣E∣ （k：g / C˙weber˙s） 2. Electrolysis efficiency accelerates by the increasing price amount. 3. Active electrolytes get strong response to the magnetic field. For the same group, the more active the electrolytes are, the stronger it responds to magnetic filed.