1. Purpose of the research\r Nowadays, many encryption software are available to computer user. However, very few people use them which result in many cases of information and data leakage due mainly over the Internet. Most people use USB Flash Drive to store and carry confident files back home to work on. When the USB Drive is lost, the files stored are often leaked. To prevent this type of incident occurring, “CryptoDefender” is developed to enhance files protection and to change user’s habit in handling confidential information. \r 2. Procedures\r “CryptoDefender” is an add-in for common application software, e.g. Word, Excel, etc. It will appear as a new tab in the ribbon which provides the software an alternative for saving and opening a file. It protects the files in two ways: encryption and steganography. The data is first encrypted into cipher text as these encrypted data will be hidden in an image file to lower suspicion of readers. All of these procedures will be done by one click. For encrypt and decrypt, the user just needs to click the “Protect” and “Decrypt”. An extremely fast way to encrypt the file is “Quick Protect”. It will randomly choose an image from the image folder according to their file size. This function saves the time for choosing an image.\r 3. Data\r The method for steganography is using last two bit of R, last three bit of G and B to store the encrypted data. In 24-bit bitmap, RGB is represented the color of each pixel and each of them is 8-bit. The leftmost bit of each byte contains the highest value, and the right one contains the lowest value. Therefore, any change in the rightmost byte will only cause a minimal change in a byte value, and the color as well. 2-3-3 method is adopted to replace the pixels as encrypted data. It is used because it is in coordination with the program’s fluency. 2-3-3 is obtained so that 1 pixel will contain 1 byte of encrypted data. For R, the last two bit will be replaced by encrypted data. For G and B, the last 3 bit will be replaced by encrypted data. If the Bitmap size is larger than the encrypted data, random data will be replaced into the remaining pixels.\r 4. Conclusion \r “CryptoDefender” is user-friendly and efficient way to protect important and confidential digital files on most personal computers. This software will help to change the user’s habit in securing their information as to avoid data leakage even when they are accidentally lost.

20 世紀初，石油的量產造就了人類文明前所未有的繁榮，然而由於運送、廢棄處理等因素，使得油類污染成為環境保護的重大議題。本實驗中，我們的研究主題為在受油污染的土壤中純化並鑑定出可分解油類之土壤菌和綠膿桿菌對可分解油類之土壤菌與這群土壤菌彼此之間的交互關係，藉此了解它們間的互動對環境生物復育的影響。我們由受油類污染的行道樹土壤中分離了約12 種的土壤菌，其中我們得到3 種對油類分解效果效果極佳的非綠膿桿菌(暫時命名為P7A、P7C、P7D)。經過菌種鑑定發現P7A、P7C、P7D 均為格蘭氏陽性菌。為了解這群可分解油類之土壤菌間的互動關係，我們針對分解效果最佳的P7A、P7C、P7D 作為研究對象，將菌落接種至含有鹽類與機油的液體培養基中震盪培養，並每隔一定時間測量其O.D 值。結果發現P7A、P7C、P7D 間的互動會導致其在以機油為單一碳源的培養液中之生長速度的改變，因此在行環境生物復育時須注意土壤菌間交互關係對其分解污染物速率的影響。此外我們由受油類污染的行道樹土壤中亦分離出了一些綠膿桿菌，因文獻指出，綠膿桿菌所分泌的綠膿素降低受油污染土壤中土壤微生物相的多樣性；因此，我們將由行道樹土壤中純化出的綠膿桿菌T3 與可分解油類P7A、P7C、P7D 進行交互作用觀察，發現T3 會侵占P7A、P7C、P7D 的既有菌落區，而平板培養基亦可清楚看出和T3 交接的P7A、P7C、P7D 菌落區寬度有明顯降低，因此我們認為T3 可抑制或殺死P7A、P7C、P7D，可得知綠膿桿菌會對可分解油類之土壤菌產生抑制或競爭關係。In early 20th century, the exploitation of petroleum transformed human civilization into a tremendously prosper stage. Because of the transportation and disposition of petroleum, the oil pollution has become a important issue in environmental protection. Besides, Chloropseudomonas spp. which can survive in many different environments and decompose lots of organic compounds. In this study, we want to find the bacteria which can utilize oil from machine oil-contaminated soil, investigating the interaction relations between Chloropseudomonas spp. and these oil-degrading soil bacteria. First, we classified these oil-degrading bacteria by the book called“Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.”We find three species of oil-degrading bacteria (P7A、 P7C、P7D) which are all grams-positive bacillus, possibly belonged to Aureobactreium、Curtobacterium、Cellulomonas、Oerskovia、Brochothrix、 Caryophanon. Second, in the study of the relationship between Chloropseudomonas spp. and the oil degrading soil bacteria, we found that Chloropseudomonas spp can considerably inhabit the growth of oil-degrading bacteria. Besides, there are also a great variety of interaction between three species of the oil-degrading bacteria. According to the result , the interaction might considerably affect the efficiency of oil bioremediation. Due to our analysis, we suggest that it is necessary to pay more attention to the interaction between bacteria when undertaking oil bioremediation.

In this project, we mainly employ the self-made “positioning system for celestial objects” (PSFCO) to investigate the relations among Sun, Moon, and Earth. Based on the observational data, we then construct a three-dimensional (3D) model to further understand the hidden mystery. We first use the PSFCO, which was developed through four generations (see figure 1), to measure the change for a whole year in the North Polar Distance (NPD) of Sun and Moon individually. From the data analysis, we find that: 1. This change in NPD is very close to a sinusoidal function. 2. The date when the NPD of Moon is the largest in a month shifts earlier by 2.26 days every month on average. 3. The angle between the equatorial axis (EA) and the lunar orbital plane (LOP) is about 63.5 degrees, while the angle between the EA and the ecliptic plane (EP) is about 66.5 degrees. 4. The angle between the LOP and the EP is about 5 degrees. This is exactly why the solar eclipse and the lunar eclipse do not happen every month. 5. Time for a celestial object to be above the horizon = 1080 minutes – 4 (minute/degree) x NPD of the object. We geographically prove this empirical formula. With this formula and the PSFCO, we can accurately predict the times when an object rises and sets. We finally make a 3D model for Sun, Moon, and Earth. In this process, we confronted and then solved several difficult questions in mathematics and astronomy. This research dramatically enhances our understanding in our local planetary system. 主要利用自製的“天體定位儀”來詳細探討月亮、太陽及地球之間的位置及軌道關 係，並藉由三度空間模型的製作來進一步了解其中的奧妙。 首先利用天體定位儀 (共研發出四代，見圖1) 來量測月亮及太陽各自與北極的夾角 在1 年內的變化，經數據分析發現： 一、這個變化很像sin 函數。 二、月亮與北極的夾角發生極大值的農曆日數，每月平均提早約2.26 日。 三、白道面與赤道軸的夾角約為63.5 度，黃道面與赤道軸的夾角約為66.5 度。 四、白道面與黃道面之間的夾角約為5 度。這正是日蝕及月蝕不常發生的主要原因。 五、天體在地平線上的時間(分) = 1080 分－４(分/度) x 天體與北極夾角(度)。我們用幾 何定理證明了這個觀測到的關係式，且配合天體定位儀可準確預測任何可見天體 升上及落下地平線的時間。 最後製作月亮、太陽及地球的3D 軌道模型。過程中遭遇並解決了各種數學及天文 難題，使我們對這個行星系統有了更深一層的認識。

NO.58-06 2019 DEC | 科學研習期刊目錄 本期專題 數學素養 益智遊戲易位棋中的數學思維 | 李源順 「理財素養」生活中的數學素養 | 溫世展 如何從小培養數學創造力 | 溫世展 統計與資料科學中的數學 | 王啟樺 買房裡的數—貸款的數學 | 鄧家駿 教學現場 有數學感的教與學—以周長和面積為例 | 李源順 數學奠基活動「矩形拼板」在國中數學課堂的實施與回饋 | 鄧家駿 有數學感的教與學：以雞兔同籠為例 | 李源順 隱含微積分概念的國小「圓面積」教學 | 陳玉珊 高中數學科展經驗談 —數學探究的樂趣 | 張宮明 科學新知 我們對「颱風假」應有的認知和省思 | 陳正改 臺灣地震測報的發展 | 蕭乃祺 特約專欄 全等 | 游森棚 日本月刊科學繪本初探：走讀福音館『かがくのとも』50週年紀念展 | 劉淑雯 黃明宏 STEAM課程的發展架構與教學活動設計 | 唐偉成 科普活動報導 一個『再發現』的探究歷程：2019自然科學探究式網路競賽得獎作品科學探究經驗分享 | 黃嘉郁 科學家的秘密基地 | 高瑩珊 科教館GO好玩 遊戲化核能知識卡牌桌遊推廣 | 顏慈瑤 李柏翰 蘇萬生 總召集人的話 中小學的數學教育被高度期望培養學生在日常生活中進行數字和空間思考的能力與信心，使能明辨和解決相關問題。本期特別以「數學素養」為專題。 「本期專題」單元共有五篇文章，〈益智遊戲易位棋中的數學思維〉一文介紹如何利用易位棋教學培養學生的數學解題思維。〈「理財素養」生活中的數學素養〉一文介紹數學與理財素養內涵以及理財情境下的數學素養。〈如何從小培養數學創造力〉一文介紹數學創造力的相關理論與研究、教材與教學策略以及教學實踐。〈統計與資料科學中的數學〉一文從數學角度介紹統計與資料科學背後追隨的人工智慧之夢。〈買房裡的數—貸款的數學〉一文討論向銀行「借錢」買房子後，如何「還錢」最划算。 「教學現場」單元刊登五篇文章，〈有數學感的教與學—以周長和面積為例〉一文利用小四學生學習長方形和正方形的周長與面積單元，解說該如何讓學生學得完整的周長與面積概念。〈數學奠基活動「矩形拼板」在國中數學課堂的實施與回饋〉一文介紹數學奠基活動國中組中的「矩形拼板」桌遊活動。〈有數學感的教與學：以雞兔同籠為例〉一文利用類似雞兔同籠問題，說明嘗試錯誤、有規律嘗試錯誤、邏輯推理、代數解法之間的關聯及重要性。〈隱含微積分概念的國小「圓面積」教學〉一文解說如何藉由小五「多邊形」的學習，引導小六連結「逼近」概念以及先備學習經驗，讓圓面積的學習更有脈絡性。〈高中數學科展經驗談—數學探究的樂趣〉一文分享作者多年來帶領高中生從事專題研究，進而形成科展作品的過程。 「科學新知」單元刊登兩篇文章。〈我們對「颱風假」應有的認知和省思〉一文帶領讀者面對「颱風假」課題，省思應如何看待及抱持何種態度才不致失焦。〈臺灣地震測報的發展〉一文則介紹臺灣在集集地震後在地震測報工作的進展。 「特約專欄」單元刊登三篇文章，〈森棚教官的數學題〉一文拋出有關兩個三角形全等條件的問題。〈日本月刊科學繪本初探：走讀福音館《かがくのとも》50週年紀念展〉一文分享走讀日本福音館《かがくのとも》(科學之友)月刊50周年展後對月刊科學繪本的介紹與推薦。〈STEAM課程的發展架構與教學活動設計〉一文則提出對PBL-STEAM課程發展與教學活動設計的見解。 「科普活動報導」刊登兩篇報導：〈一個「再發現」的探究歷程：2019自然科學探究式網路競賽得獎作品科學探究經驗分享〉透過2019年指導學生參與自然科學探究式網路競賽得獎作品實例，說明進行探究活動的歷程；〈科學家的秘密基地—科學好好玩，一起動手做〉報導國研院善用其強項和方式讓孩童愛上科學的展覽活動。 本期「科教館GO好玩」單元刊登〈遊戲化核能知識卡牌桌遊推廣〉一文，則介紹如何透過有趣的卡牌桌遊，讓民眾甚至年齡更小的學童曉得核災的知識。 總召編輯委員 - 李隆盛 關於本刊 出版單位：國立臺灣科學教育館 發行人：陳雪玉 總召集人：李隆盛 編輯委員： 物理科吳仲卿/陳耀榮/李柏翰/盧玉玲 | 化學科古建國/許良榮/王伯昌/林如章/周金城 | 生物科王美芬/蕭世輝/陳建志/郭淑妙 | 地球科學許民陽/王郁軒/李文禮 科技科張玉山/汪殿杰/林育沖/趙珩宇 | 數學科李源順/鄧家駿/溫世展/張宮明 | 跨領域學科李名揚/連信仲 | 特約專欄 游森棚/黃琴扉/劉淑雯 策劃：曾聰邦 主編：錢康偉 本月專題特約主編：李源順 編輯：吳郡怡 網頁設計編輯：蔡婉懿/曾怡/施曉恬 投稿規範請來信詢問：article@mail.ntsec.gov.tw

On account of the rapid development of human activities, much more fossil fuel is burnt and thus a greater amount of greenhouse gases are emitted to the atmosphere including carbon dioxide (CO2). CO2, is considered as the major cause of the exacerbating global warming. “Geo-engineering”, literally, means the options that would involve large-scale engineering of our environment in order to combat or counteract the effects of changes in our atmosphere. As a carbon neutral CO2 scrubber is proposed to be a large-scale scheme to fix carbon globally through reducing the CO2 emitted to the atmosphere and our ultimate goal is to implement the CO2 scrubber scheme to the whole globe, that is, a large-scale scheme to our environment, it is a project of geo-engineering. The procedures of the project are as the following: (a)Investigating on the absorption of CO2 produced by calcium carbonate (CaCO3), using different basic substances at different temperatures (b)Investigating the absorption of CO2 in car exhaust produced by combustion of petrol in car engine using basic solid (c)Feasibility of using a prototype of CO2 scrubber in exhaust pipe of car (d)Feasibility of fixing carbon by turning CO2 into dry ice and stored in deep water (e)Feasibility of growing plant in used basic solution Results: 1.The CO2 scrubber prototype had an average CO2 removal ability over 50%, which was considered to be efficient. The concentration of CO2 (561ppm) was even lower than that in the ambient air (CO2 612ppm). During the experiment, the prototype was closely attached to the exhaust pipe and did not fall down. Thus, a CO2 scrubber was feasible to be used in the vehicles. Besides, our prototype was more energy efficient than LM2500 PE simple cycle gas turbine (consumed 21MW electricity) though our prototype had a lower CO2 removal efficiency. The cost of our prototype would be much lower than membrane technology as the production cost of the membrane was high. 2.Unlike existing CO2 scrubber prototype installed in open area (with electric fan installed), our CO2 scrubbers installed in the chimneys of power stations and exhaust pipes of cars are carbon neutral as exhaust gas has high kinetic energy and would pass into the scrubber. 3.dry ice would not evolve carbon dioxide gas at high water pressure such as at the bottom of the ocean. 4.Plants grew well in alkaline environment, it was feasible to grow plants in basic solution. Conclusion: CO2 scrubber is a suitable choice in combating the climate change through absorbing the excess carbon dioxide, with the utilization of the carbonates produced in the reaction, it is hoped that the climate change can be relieved using an environmentally-friendly device.

Azotobacteraceae 為一單棲固氮菌科，包含Azotobacter 與Azomonas 兩菌屬，在農業上可用來改善缺氮的貧瘠土壤。在分離土壤中的Azotobacteraceae 時，發現非單棲固氮菌與單棲固氮菌間可能具有共生的情形。我們利用優勢培養(缺氮)的方法篩選土壤中的Azotobacteraceae，將優勢培養後所生成的菌落稀釋104~106倍後，能有效分離Azotobacter 與Azomonas，然而低於此稀釋倍率則會形成混合菌落，其中可同時發現單棲固氮菌與非單棲固氮菌存在，推測某些非固氮菌在優勢培養過程中可能可從單棲固氮菌獲得氮源，與之共生。此外亦從菌種形態的差異並配合顯微螢光雜合技術(fluorescence in situ hybridization, FISH)、分子遺傳標記(16S-rDNA)等方式，分析土壤中的Azotobacteraceae，探討單棲固氮菌及其他非單棲固氮菌在培養基上的生長情形、比例及親緣關係。The family Azotobacteraceace is group of free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria that is found in soil. Two genera are within this family: Azotobacter and Azomonas. Agriculturally, it is often used to improve fertility for nitrogen deficient barren lands. We analyze the Azotobacteraceace according to molecular biology and traditional taxonomy. We used an enrichment procedure to culture the bacteria, and diluted it repeatedly. We found it most suitable to dilute it 104~106 times to best separate Azotobacter from Azomonas. If the concentration were to be higher than this, mixed flora containing many different bacteria species would be found. Moreover, we noticed that non nitrogen-fixing bacteria, symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria would form a single colony on a nitrogen-deprived medium. This implies that a symbiotic relationship may exist between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and non nitrogen-fixing bacteria. We also discuss the growing situation, the group proportion, and the relationships between free-living nixtron fixing bacteria and other bacteria by morphology, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and molecular biology.

A cylinder rolling on an inclined plane and a sphere on grooved tracks are discussed in details.Using elementary mechanics, the formulas are derived for the time interval (t) and the final speed (vas a function of release height (h). (1) A cylinder is rolling down an inclined plane. The speed and time of the center of mass ofthe cylinder which changed with position (x) are recorded by a motion sensor. We can get theplots of v vs. √x and t vs. √ x, and find that the acceleration of the center of mass of thecylinder is constant, whether the cylinder is in rolling or a combination of rolling and slipping. (2) A sphere is rolling down an inclined grooved track. The final speed at the bottom of thetrack can be calculated from the physics of projection motion after the sphere leaves the track to thefloor. The time t for the sphere starting from rest to the bottom can be recorded by using photogate detectors. From the v-√h and t-1/√h graphs, μs between the sphere and track can be obtained. (3) When a sphere is released from the vertical height h of a cycloidal slide, the time tof pure rolling is the same independent of release position. But, when the sphere moves at a combination of rolling and slipping, the time t' will be different from t. We measure t and t' with photogate detectors and get the plot of t vs. h. The value ofμs can be calculated from the t - h graph. 圓柱或鋼珠從斜面或有槽曲面形成的軌道上滾下時，利用基本力學，可推導出時間 (t) 、速率 (v) 隨高度改變的函數關係。 (1) 利用運動感應器記錄圓柱由斜面上滾下時，圓柱質量中心的速度及運動時間隨位置 (x) 的變化，可繪出 v 對√ x 及 t 對 √x關係圖，由v－√x 及 t－√ x圖可知不論圓柱純滾動或滾動兼滑動，其質心均等加速度運動。 (2) 鋼珠由有槽斜板滾下時，到達底端的速率可由從底端至地面的拋體運動算出，而其時間t則可利用光電計時器直接記錄，利用 v－√h 圖及 t－1/√ h 圖可求出鋼珠和軌道的靜摩擦係數 μs。 (3) 鋼珠從旋輪線上方純滾動至底端時，所經歷的時間 (t) 和釋放高度無關，但是當鋼珠滾動兼滑動時，所經歷時間 t' 會改變，利用光電計時器量出 t 及 t'並作圖，利用 t－h 圖可出 μs。

在這篇研究報告中,我用了三種觀點來推廣幾何中的反演變換,首先,把反演變換視為是一種圓內與圓外的一種1-1且onto的映射,第一種推廣,是將變換中心移到視圓心以外的圓內的地方,馬上我們得到一個結論「反演半徑會隨著動點而改變」,接著,我們實驗了一下反演變換用有的一些性質,保角性,保圓性,…等在這個變換視中是否依然存在;接著我們用第二種方法來推廣反演變換,我們將邊界的形狀由圓視改成別的形狀(如三角形,四邊形…等等),然後也試試看在這種變換之下是否還擁視有反演變換的一些性質;第三種推廣,則是在研究的過程中,我發現了一種新的幾視變換,承接第一種推廣,我們將原先為定點的變換中心改為動點,將原先的動點改為定點,做出來的一種新變換。In the study, a new geometric Inversive transformation through three points is discovered. Here is the main result：（1）The first, onto cycle of inside and outside can be proved under invasive transformation. It is changed moving the center from center of cycle, we can get a new ” Inversive radius can be changed by moving drop. (2) We hope to find the answer to this problem by experiment, it is exist with the inversive properties. (3) A new geometric transformation is discovered, a fixed drop can be changed moving drop, then the first moving drop shifted the fixed drop. This leads to a new construction if the new transformation.

有鑑於SARS 期間活性碳口罩因原料均從國外進口，而造成活性碳急需用時的短缺，於是我們的研究是以國內最常見的木材自製成活性碳，並探討活性碳對生活週遭常見物質的吸附能力。我們利用六種不同的木材配合兩種活性化方法來製成不同的十二種活性碳，觀察活性碳對有色溶液的吸附效果，發現不同的活性碳對不同的物質有不同的吸附效果。在定量實驗中，我們採用不同大小、不同性質的物質依次為氯離子、氨分子、葡萄糖分子及三氧化二砷等，用十二種不同的活性碳作吸附效果的比較，發現每種物質都有對其具有最佳吸附能力的活性碳。再利用電子顯微鏡觀察並測出活性碳孔洞的大小，將結果與活性碳對各種物質的吸附能力相對應而得知，【1】活性碳的孔洞大小與物質質點相容性大即得最好的吸附效果【2】雖然木材本身並不帶電，但其中所含的礦物質可能會具有電性，所以在必要情況下亦可將電性列入考慮。同時，在現代化的生活環境中，人們與電磁波的接觸已無可避免；而電磁波因頻率的差異而有不同的特性，因此對於人們的影響也不相同，新聞報導中常出現宣稱竹炭具有遮蔽電磁波的效果。於是我們深入地去探討竹炭對電磁波的影響原因。 在我們實際測量過程中發現，基地台、高壓電塔、行動電話和家庭電器所釋放之電磁波總和均在安全範圍之內。竹炭的燒製溫度須達550℃以上才可在內部形成具有導電性的石墨結構才進一步具有屏蔽效果。 ;During the ravage of SARS, a great amount of activated carbon was imported to Taiwan, leading to the shortage of actived carbon for emergent use in our country. In view of this phenomenon, we investigated six kinds of wood that are most commonon the market and processed them into twleve kinds of actived carbon. We found that different actived carbon has distinct adsorptive power on different substances by observing theadsorption in the colored solutions. In quantitative experiments, we applied substances of different sizes and properties (chlorine ions, ammonium ions, glucose molecules, arsenic(Ⅲ) oxide) to compare the adsorption of these twelve kinds of actived carbon. We found that each substance is adsorbed the most by a certain kind of actived carbon. Then we observed the apertures of actived carbon under stereoelectric microscope and contrast the result with adsorption. We had two following findings: Actived carbon has better adsorption if its apertures fit the adsorbate molecule well in size. Wood itself doesn’t have electric charge. But sometimes the minerals contained would enable it to have electric charge. We have to take the electric charge into consideration in the experiment if necessary. At the same time, in a modern life, the contact between us and electronic waves are not avoidable. Electronic waves with different frequency have varied characteristic and therefore cause dissimilar influences on humans. The news reports keep on showing the charcoal can shield us from electronic waves. Therefore, we want to find the causes why the charcoal affects the electronic waves. During the process of the research, we find that the total of all electronic waves released by electricity tower, mobile phones, household electronics are within the secure spec. The charcoal has to be burned higher than 550℃ and then it can generate the electric conduction graphite structure inside and then it can have the shielding function.

a. PURPOSE: Do babies between 0 – 3 months have certain sound reflexes that can be interpreted as a language? Can parents be helped to understand their newborn babies better? Are parents aware of infantile speech patterns and language acquisition in babies? b. PROCEDURES: 70 Babies of different cultures were tested to determine if the 5 crying-sounds can be an indication of the baby's need. Questionnaires and information were given out at hospitals and clinics. Doctors, paediatricians, sisters and parents were involved in my project. DVD's were made to show and explain the different sounds. c. DATA: I obtained my data from the questionnaires, interviews with parents, doctors, paediatricians and the staff working in the labour-wards. 70 Babies were tested (68 responded) and I listened to every cryingsound to make sure that there are only 5 different sounds. I made a DVD from all the sounds of the babies that I've tested. Data were also gathered from science. d. CONCLUSIONS: According to all the research and sources, I can positively say that a person can identify the reason why babies (0-3 months) are crying. Babies of any culture, have universal sounds that indicate their needs. The different sounds are: EH – upper gas, EAIRH – lower gas, HEH – discomfort, OWH –tired, NEH – hungry.

Nicholas’s project is a transforming robot, who he has named Reggie. He's about a foot tall and can transform from a biped into a vehicle and vice versa?\r Reggie has been Nick’s project for just under a year now, mainly working on him in technology classes. He operates without physical connection to anything else, so everything he needs from micro controllers to power is stored somewhere on Reggie’s body?\r Reggie is controlled through a programmable Arduino board (programmed in C++) that is connected up to a motor driver, for controlling the two driving motors and an SSC-32 servo controller for controlling the 14 servos via serial port. The Arduino uses the SSC-32 to coordinate the servos movements using pre-programmed sets of movements stored in procedures in order to complete all actions.\r All the parts were produced on a 3D CAD system to begin with, as well as the robot as a whole, although the design did change drastically over the course of its construction and now is considerably different from the original design as there were many problems and complications ranging from space to torque issues that called for a change in design.\r Most of the parts were from the servo erector set from lynx motion, although some of them were used in the way they were intended to and most of them were modified slightly. Some parts Nick manufactured himself either on a rapid prototyping machine, a lathe or milling machine and sometimes a combination of them or even high temperature soldiering?\r Currently Reggie is capable of driving and standing up and is currently radio controlled. He will eventually be capable of walking and modifications to allow him to (such as stronger leg servos) have been made to facilitate that, but it is possible more may have to be made.

The purpose of this project is to control the Aphis craccivora Koch. on the cow pea Vigna unguiculata (L.) by using two predators, the earwigs (black) beetle, Proeus simulans Stallan and the ladybird beetle, Micraspis discolor (F.). The experiments were carried out in the closed system in the laboratory and in the opened field with various ages of Proeus simulans Stallan and Micraspis discolor (F.) from the 1st - 4th stage of embryo to the adult form. Prior to the study in the field, the capability of the predators, Proeus simulans Stallan and Micraspis discolor (F.), that can eat the Aphis craccivora Koch. within a period of time was set up in the laboratory. The result showed that the 1st-4th stage of embryo of Micraspis discolor (F.) can eat 8.46+1.25 – 12.50+0.60, at 95% confidence, Aphis craccivora Koch. per day, while its adult can eat at the average number of 43.66 + 0.78, at 95% confidence, per day. The 1st–3rd stage of Proeus simulans Stallan embryo and the adult form can eat Aphis craccivora Koch. at the average number of 2.37+0.33 – 3.74+0.29 and 9.84+0.36, at 95% confidence, per day, respectively. This data showed that Micraspis discolor (F.) was more efficiency as predator than Proeus simulans Stallan. The insecticide activity of these two predators in the closed field (8 m x 9 m) was then determined. The number of Aphis craccivora Koch. on the plant was randomly counted everyweek for 10 weeks. It was found that the number of Aphis on the experimented and control groups were 16.20+4.30 and 2,582.00+102.40, at 95% confidence, per plant, respectively. The result support the efficiency of the two predators in controlling the pest. When the experiment was set up at the two opened field (6 m x 30 m, each field), 27.51+2.74 and 52.11+5.21, at 95% confidence, of Aphis craccivora Koch. were found on the plant of experimented and control groups, respectively, at the 10th week. The lower number of Aphis on the control plant might possilbly due to the interference from natural predators. From this study, the biological control of Aphis craccivora Koch. on the cow pea Vigna unguiculata (L.) could be achieved by using Proeus simulans Stallan and Micraspis discolor (F.). To avoid the use of chemical insecticides, biological control should be trained to farmers to help reduce the environmental problem.