本研究結合奈米合成技術與生物醫學， 利用表沒食子兒茶素沒食子酸酯 (Epigallocatechin gallate, EGCG) 作為載體 調控摻雜Cu2+/Cu3+與 Fe2+/Fe3+之含量 並以π-π交互作用力附載缺氧性抗癌藥物替拉扎明 (Tirapazamine, TPZ) 成功製備出多功能金屬多酚配位奈米顆粒簡稱為EFeCuTPZ。 材料經紫外-可見光譜 (UV-vis)，、動態光散射 (DLS) 及掃描式電子顯微鏡 (SEM) 確認其粒徑大小、形貌學與穩定性。利用808 nm和671 nm雷射分析其光熱轉換效率 評估光熱療法效果，。在腫瘤微酸性環境下， EFeCuTPZ可利用高濃度之H2O2行芬頓反應 (Fenton Reaction) 產生高活性之氫氧自由基 (•OH)， 展現化學動力療法 (Chemo dynamic-therapy, CDT)，。同時， 藉由材料中的Cu²⁺與腫瘤環境中的穀胱甘肽 (Glutathione, GSH)反應減少高活性物質 (Reactive oxygen species, ROS) 的消耗 增強CDT之療效。酸性條件下 TPZ顯著釋放 有助於腫瘤治療。 另外， 細胞實驗顯示EFeCuTPZ具有高生物相容性與治療效果， 成功開發出具CDT，、CT及PTT功能之奈米複合材料 為醫學新興藥物材料提供可能性。

Climate changes that include ocean acidification and global warming are serious problems in the ecosystem, affecting marine phytoplankton, including Nannochloropsis oceanica. In the effort to further explore the impact of rising temperature and carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations on oceanic ecosystems, the phytoplankton Nannochloropsis oceanica was used as a model organism. This study explored the effect of temperature change and CO₂ concentration on the growth of Nannochloropsis oceanica, achieving 243 samples that were tested with three different temperatures (24 degrees Celsius (°C), 28°C, 32°C) and CO₂ concentrations (0 milliliter (ml)/min, 0.4 ml/min, 0.6 ml/min), utilizing a hemocytometer counting method. Results indicate that the CO₂ concentration has a significant effect on the population of Nannochloropsis oceanica. But the temperature doesn't affect a lot. The Nannochloropsis oceanica in the lowest temperature and highest concentration of CO₂ in its environment had the highest population growth, and in the highest temperature and lowest concentration of CO₂, it had the lowest population growth. Results show the serious negative effect of climate change on the cosystem and the importance of environmental protection. Population blooms due to excess CO₂ taking up ocean resources causing dangerous ecological imbalances.

At the 61st National High School Science Fair of Taiwan, the first-rank paper "The Study of the Largest Area of Inscribed Triangle within the Intersection of two circles" was presented. The authors discussed several properties of maximum area of inscribed triangles within intersection regions of two congruent circles. They only claim their results but without providing a rigorous proof. However, we give a proof by showing the convergence of the iteration of finding the largest height. Subsequently, we offer new methods to approach the problems such as the trigonometric identities, Jensen's Inequality to prove the maximum area of triangles and quadrangles within the intersection region of two congruent circles. Finally, we determined the maximum area for the case of n-gons. We conducted further research and discussion on this issue. In the future, we hope to prove why the maximum area of n-gons within the intersection region of two congruent circles occurs when there are two points on the intersection points of the two circles. We aim similar problems in the three-dimensional space, namely the maximum volume of tetrahedron within the intersection of two unit spheres.

There are many active volcanoes in Kagoshima Prefecture, including Sakurajima Volcano. So, the volcanic disaster prevention is an urgent issue. Also, Hirabayashi of Tokyo Institute of Technology reported that the molar ratio of HCl/SO2 is large during periods of high HCl/SO2 and conversely small during periods of low HCl/SO2 , and that explosions increase one month after the molar ratio of HCl/SO2 increases during periods of no explosions. We decided to determine the composition ratio of volcanic gases (sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen fluoride) emitted from Sakurajima crater in order to understand and predict volcanic activities. Th us, we established a simple collection method for volcanic gases using alkaline filter paper and a quantitative method using a self m ade absorbance photometer so that even high school students could perform the measurement at many points, and we discussed the data from various perspectives. Furthermore, since last year, we have found a correlation between the variation of Cl-/SO2 ratio and the number of eruptions at Sakurajima volcano. Also, a model for the behavior of volcanic gases was developed based on a comparison of the amount of volcanic ash and the number of eruptions.

Theseparation, purification, and recovery of precious organic solvents is a huge challenge for many industriesincludingpetroleumandpharmaceuticalcompanies,sincethesecompaniesusehugequantities of organic solvents [1-2]. Natural dissolvable nanofiltration(ON)has atremendous potential for supplantingafewenergy-concentratedcrudepurgingtechniques,similartorefiningandextraction[3-4- 5]. The importance of OSN is obvious from the fact that one cubic meter of methanol requires 1750 MJ of energy for distillation since the process of distillation is comprised of heating, evaporation, and condensation while OSN can purify the same volume of methanol by consuming 3 MJ of energy [6-7]. Additionally, OSN is a useful technology since it is simpler to use than conventional purification and separationmethods.Themembrane'sporestructure,whichinfluencesbothitsselectivityandpermeance, hasasignificantimpactonhowwellthemembranesperform[8-9].Ingeneral,thetrade-offbetweenflux andselectivityaffectsthemembrane'sperformance.Asaresult,themembranes'fluxandpermeabilityare affectedbythetailoringandtuningoftheirporestructure.Therefore,designinganefficientnanofiltration membranes with ideal porosity is highly desirable. Interfacial polymerization (IP) is highly versatile as it provides a freedom of selection of various monomersfortargetingaspecificapplicationsuchasnanofiltrationandreverseosmosisThepotentialfor organicsolventnanofiltration(ON)toreplacevariousenergy-intensivetraditionalpurificationtechniques, suchasdistillationandextraction,isenormous.[8-9].Despitethefactthatmanydifferentmonomershave been successfully used by utilizing IP to create thin film composite nanofiltration TFC-NF membranes, one of the main limitations of such membranes continues to be the poor selection of closely related comparable nanometer sized solutes. Many efforts are still being made to develop potential monomers with the perfect properties for creating membranes that operate excellently [10-11]. Another strategy is also getting more popular in which different porous additives are added to the TFC membrane either at thesupportleveloractivelayerlevel.Theseadditivesincludecarbonorganicframeworks(COFs),metal organic frameworks (MOFs), hyper-cross-linked porous polymers (HCPs), and natural polymers such as chitosan[12-13-14-15]. However,maintainingthecrystallinity ofsuch additives,particularlyMOFsthat lead to crystalline membranes, is extremely difficult while other additions suffer from aggregation and agglomeration that results in membrane flaws that impair the performance of the membranes [16]. Therefore,changingthechemistryofthereacting monomerduringIPcansignificantlyalterthestructure of the resultant active layers of the membranes. The current study was carried out by using linear aliphatic amines 4A-3P and 4A on a crosslinked PAN support. The study was carried out through interfacial polymerization between either 4A-3P and TPC or 4A and TPC on crosslinked PAN. In comparison to the previous studies where cyclic amines such as piperazine or aromatic amines such as meta-phenylenediamine (MPD) are used, we have used linear aliphatic amines 4A and 4A-3P crosslinked with organic phase containing terephthaloyl chloride (TPC) asacross-linker.TheIPreactionwascarriedoutbetweenamineandTPConacrosslinkedPANsupport. The fabricated membrane was extensively characterized by using scanning electron microscope (SEM), ATR-FTIR, water contact angle (WCA), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and elemental mapping . The fabricated membrane was used for OSN applications by using dead-end filtration setup.

An actuator [7,22,28,29] is a motion control mechanism. Depending on the type of actuator, it can convert one type of energy (e.g. chemical, electromagnetic, thermal) into mechanical energy. The field that laid the foundations for the realization of actuators is the field of electromechanics, whose evolution was common with that of actuators. Thus, a periodization of the electromechanics paradigm includes 3 major stages [7,6,25,28,29]: I.1830-1950 Old electromechanics. It is the period when the development of electric cars is significant, which imposed the appearance of classical or primary electromechanical drives. It was a generous nineteenth century, dominated by the scientific results of the triumvirate: Michel Faraday (initiator of fundamental empirical experiments in the history of electricity; the law of induction, of the principle of electric motor, of the magnetic circuit, initiator of electro-chemistry), James Clerk Maxwell, (the genius theorist who put into mathematical form the equations of electric and magnetic fields, as well as the connection between them), and Werner Siemens (engineer and capitalist genius manager who managed to exploit and validate the relationship research-technology-economic development), triumvirate that can be disputed in the sense that other scientists also made outstanding contributions to the history of electricity: Edison, Ampere, Ohm (to name but a few who do not exhaust a significant list). Industrial production of electric machines also appeared and the first signs that will announce the emergence of electromechanical actuators as a basis for military applications. II.1950-1970, Traditional electromechanics, in which electrical power drives appear, a theoretical and experimental development on the emergence of new material and electromechanical principles. Much military research (such as missile control or ship and torpedo control) influences and produces the transfer of applications in ordinary life, including the actuator subfield. III. 1970-2020, Avant-garde electromechanics, representing according to Thomas Kuhn's theory, a paradigm forcing [30]. It is worth noting the contributions of the new scientific revolution. - Specific technologies of miniaturization, by material deposition. - Elastomeric polymeric materials with the help of which it was possible to make electrostrictive actuators, - Very special means of investigation, mainly the development of microscopy, - Gradient of applications in the field of medical engineering, with outstanding contributions both in investigation and microsurgery, applications of actuators in biological micropumps, etc. [25,27,28,29].

覓食對動物來說是至關重要的行為，而最佳覓食理論可解釋單獨覓食策略，其模型可計算獵物的獲益能力。前人研究蜈蚣捕食行為概分三部分:蜈蚣捕食行為順序、毒液作用效率、獵物密度對其捕食方式的影響。然而皆無討論蜈蚣依靠何種感官捕食、攻擊不同部位之優劣、獵物型質對蜈蚣捕食時間的影響，本研究以少棘蜈蚣、杜比亞和紅蟑為實驗物種，透過型質測量和捕食紀錄探討以上三點。結果顯示蜈蚣捕食獵物主要依靠觸覺且攻擊獵物腹面較優勢；紅蟑型質改變使蜈蚣搜索及處理時間有顯著不同，杜比亞差異卻不明顯；用最佳飲食模型算出杜比亞的獲益能力顯著高於紅蟑，故蜈蚣捕食杜比亞這類獵物能獲得更多好處。本研究可為蜈蚣的行為生態提供進一步的參考資料。

Burns are a major global health concern especially in developing countries like 印尼, where southeast asian women experience the highest burn incidents globally. Burns can cause severe physical and psychological impacts, with treatments that are critical to reduce complications. This study focuses on the development of organic, cost-effective burn gels using flavonoid compounds which are Quercetin and Myrecetin which are taken from pilea melastomoides leaves, a wild 印尼n plant and carrot (Daucus Carota). These skin extracts aim to accelerate wound healing, minimize pain and prevent infection. The gel formation involves extracting active compounds using 96% ethanol as it has been effectively used for extracting a wide range of bioactive compounds to preserve their quality by preventing microbial contamination, and ensures a high yield of active ingredients suitable for topical applications. Then it goes through a process of Phytochemical screening to confirm the presence of flavonoids by using the Shinoda test. The formulation process included dissolving the HPC-m (Hydroxypropyl Cellulose) as a gelling agent, then adding plant extracts (pilea melastomoides leaves and carrot), as well as combining other ingredients such as propylene glycol, sodium benzoate, sodium metabisulfite, and disodium EDTA. The gel was stirred thoroughly to ensure uniformity and left at room temperature for 48 hours to attain the required consistency. The gel that was formatted went under various quality assessments, first being organoleptic testing. This test is used to evaluate its physical characteristics which includes color aroma, and consistency which confirms a stable dark green appearance and a natural strong scent from the plant extracts. The homogeneity test is used to verify the uniformity distribution of active compounds across the gel, to ensure a consistent efficacy. The pH test showed the gel’s acidity level which remained the safe range for skin application. Additionally, the spreading ability test demonstrated the gel’s excellent application properties, with consistent results across trials. Subsequently, the in silico analysis was conducted to predict the behaviour of specific flavonoid compounds used which is the myricetin and quercetin, highlighting their potential anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. Further bacterial contamination tests confirmed the gel’s antimicrobial efficacy, reducing the risk of infection in wounds. This study demonstrates that the gel, formulated with pilea melastomoides leaves and carrot skin extracts, effectively utilizes flavonoids and other phytochemicals to reduce inflammation, promote tissue regeneration and retain moisture, which fosters an optimal condition for wound healing. This organic and sustainable burn treatment utilizes locally sourced ingredients, providing a natural solution that speeds up recovery, reduces pain and prevents infections. The results highlight its significant potential for wider healthcare use, especially in resource-limited environments.

本研究旨在開發高效且符合綠色化學原則的Breitfussin B合成策略。Breitfussin B是一種極為稀少的天然產物，可自海洋苔蘚動物Thuiaria breitfussi中分離，分子結構包含吲哚(Indole)、噁唑(Oxazole)與吡咯(Pyrrole)骨架。儘管已有科學家完成其全合成，但現有方法步驟繁瑣，且涉及重金屬試劑，價格昂貴且難以回收利用。因此，本研究致力於開發更高效且環保的合成策略。 目前，我們透過一系列取代與還原反應和Sonogashira偶聯反應成功合成吲哚衍生物6-Bromo-4-methoxyindole，此產物可作為後續關鍵合成步驟的起始材料。此外，在疊氮酮(Azidoketone)至酮醯胺(Ketoamide)的轉化中，我們系統性研究了不同反應條件對產率及區位選擇性的影響。 本研究的成果不僅為Breitfussin B的合成提供關鍵技術支持，也對吲哚類化合物的全合成 具有重要的應用價值。

硫磺菇（Laetiporus sulphureus）和桑黃菇（Sanghuangporus sanghuang）是東亞，特別是台灣森林中的兩種真菌。這些真菌的次級代謝物，特別是多醣，具有抗炎和抗癌的生物效應；其地面子實體長期被當地人作為傳統藥物使用。然而，這些藥用特性及其機制尚未充分研究。本研究旨在分析和量化這些真菌多醣的抗炎效果。從硫磺菇中提取硫酸化多醣，從桑黃菇中提取非硫酸化多醣，並使用水和乙醇進行多步純化。隨後，將純化後的產品餵給巨噬細胞進行體外測試以檢查其抗炎性。硫酸化多醣的最佳濃度為150 ppm，能夠最大程度地降低自由基濃度21.6%，且不影響細胞活力。相比之下，桑黃菇的所有多醣濃度均顯示出增強的細胞炎症，顯示其作為藥物無效，因為沒有去除真菌毒素。相比之下，硫磺菇的硫酸化多醣顯示出其藥用潛力，對生物醫學和生物探索領域具有新啟示。

AI (Artificial Intelligence) technology has developed very rapidly in recent years, to the point where it can make fake videos or photos called "deepfake''. According to Sumsub Identity Fraud Report 2023 just in the past year, in the APAC region the number of deepfakes has grown 1530%, in the philippines an astounding 4500% and in 馬來西亞 a 1000% increase, these numbers will continue to rise without a proper defense against them, With this rapidly developing technology, there are several threats from misuse deepfake, namely making fraud via video calls, fake videos to blame innocent people, and so on. Therefore, in this research project, an algorithm architecture will be created, namely a system and method used to detect "deepfake" images. The architecture of this algorithm involves convolution functions, neural networks, convolutional neural networks, data normalization functions, namely ReLu and SoftMax, and pooling. This architecture will then be trained over and over with 140,000 scrambled images, which then will make the architecture ready to be used. By researching and combining this algorithm architecture, a system is produced without a cost and with a final result of up to 90% accuracy and detection of 32 images faster than a human can blink.

To develop a mobile application that complements the Waka Kotahi Road to Zero campaign.Itaimstoincentivisesafedrivingbyidentifyingbehavioursandsituations that increase the risk of crashes and providing audio interventions.