The purpose of this study is to set up a quick, easy and economical way to evaluate the ability of different concentration of various antibiotics to penetrate biofilm and establish the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of various antibiotics. The susceptibility of five antibiotics upon sessile cultures of Bacillus subtlis ATCC 6633, Escherichia coli XL, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 and Sarcina lutea ATCC 9341 were measured ATCC 27853, and S. aureus ATCC 29213 proved to be very difficult to eradicate, with only Gentamicin proving to effective at achievable drug concentrations, but the S. lutea ATCC 9341 biofilm was the most susceptible to the Penicillin. The results demonstrated that for biofilms of the same organisms, several hundred to thousand times the concentration of a certain antibiotic were often required for the antibiotic to be effect, while other antibiotics were found to be effective at the MICs. The concentration of antibiotic to penetrate the biofilm is proportional to the thickness of biofilm. Indeed, our research have already indicated that the use of MIC values to indicate antibiotics effectiveness is misleading, because MIC values can not represent the actual effect of anticbiotics on microbiologicals that have developed biofilm. The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of antibiotics to various bacterial biofilm are different. The susceptibility of the mixed biofilm depends on the physical and biological change of biofilm. Our biofilm device offers a new technology for the rational evaluation of antibiotics effective against microbial biofilms and for the screening of new effective antibiotic drugs.此研究之目的是要建立一套操作簡便、快速且費用低廉之生物膜厚度產生方法，藉此探討不同生物膜厚度對抗生素抗菌之影響，進而完成抗生素對生物模之抗菌圖譜。本實驗將測試五種抗生素Bacillus subtilis ATCC6633，Escherichia coli XL，Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853，Staphylococcus aureus ATCC29213和Sarcina lutea ATCC9341之抗菌圖譜。試驗結果顯示Gentamicin對前四株試菌有較佳之穿透力，對S.lutea ATCC 9341則是Penicillin。實驗結果證明最小抑制濃度值確實無法實際有效地表達對已形成生物膜菌體之抗菌效果，要完全去除生物膜之抗生素濃度是為最小抑制濃度之數百倍到數千倍，而且抗生素用藥濃度隨著生物膜厚度增加而成比例增加。不同抗生素對不同菌株生物膜有不同之抗菌圖譜，混合菌株生物膜是否會促進或抑制抗生素之穿透力，端視其生物膜結構有無改變。本實驗方法可以做為一種快速檢定抗生素對細菌生物膜敏感性之新技術，同時亦可有效地篩選新的抗生素藥物對生物膜的抗菌效應。

在做雙氧水分解氧氣的實驗，當反應不再冒氣泡，但又需再收集氧氣，我很自然地再加入一些雙氧水到原先的反應瓶裡，反應瓶雖然立刻又冒出氣泡，但我發現速率比原先慢了許多。根據國中課程所學有關催化劑的作用原理，二氧化錳是不消耗的，只要反應的雙氧水濃度相同，反應速率應該相同，對於這種不正常的變慢現象，引發我對催化劑在化學反應中的行為及二氧化錳在反應中是否有變化的研究興趣。

原產於西非的「神秘果」，嘗了之後，30~200 分內，所有酸苦的東西嘗起來都是甜的。在深入蒐集相關資料後，我們發現神秘果有多種特殊效果，僅擷取以下幾種感興趣之方向來研究。〈1〉使酸苦的感覺變甜〈2〉解酒〈3〉消除蚊蟲叮咬之腫、癢〈4〉抗氧化能力極強。用食鹽水可萃取出miraculin 這種醣蛋白，經由生化實驗，推測使酸味變甜為其cover 舌尖甜味味蕾之結果，分子量約為40000 左右；但在檢測過程中，發現對咖啡、黃連和肉桂，都沒有太顯著的效果，只有酸味有顯著的改變，和以往所閱讀的研究報告有出入，因此懷 疑有氧化還原等其他化學效果，將再做深一層研究。消除蚊蟲叮咬之腫癢的成分確定為小分子所致。經由Prolox 當量測定法檢測神秘果抗氧化能力數值高達4974g/nmol，比一般中草藥及蔬菜多3000 左右。使酸變甜的原因若深入研究對糖尿病患者和減肥者都是一大福音，塗抹蚊蟲叮咬藥膏也可用天然物質製作，而抗氧化能力高更對人體健康有所幫助。當台灣已大量栽植，相對於日本及美國因地寒而無法培育成功，神秘果研究可成為另一項產業發展契機。 "Miracle fruit” is a fruit from West Africa. Though it's not sweet itself, if you eat anything that is sour or bitter after eating miracle fruit, the taste will turn sweet. After researching further material, we discovered that there are many amazing functions in miracle fruit, and decided to pick up some of which to study. (1) Turning the sour and bitter tastes into sweetness (2) Relieving alcohol (3) Relieving the hurt from mosquitoes and bugs (4) An excellent antioxidant. We can extract the miraculin that changes the taste from NaCl (aq), and through the biological experiment, we guess that's because miraculin covers the sweet sensor. The molecular weight of miraculin is about 40000.According to the experiment, we found out that miraculin doesn't have a great effect on the taste other than sourness, such as the bitterness of black coffee, Coptis chinensis, and cinnamon. . It is much more different from the former report we read. So we doubt that there are some other reactions. The thing, which relieves the hurt from mosquitoes and bugs, are sure to be a simple molecule, not a protein. By the Prolox equivalent weight experiment, we found that the ability of antioxidation got to 4974g/nmol, which is much higher than the normal vegetables and fruits. The effect of taste changing is really good news for diabetics and weight reducers. And the medicine can also be made by natural material. The excellent antioxidation is helpful for our health, too. Since Japan and America cannot grow the miracle fruit because of the cold weather, developing the functions of miracle fruit seems to be another chance for Taiwan to stand out in the world.

無疣蝎虎（Hemidactylus bowringii）與蝎虎（Hemidactylus freuatus）分類上屬蜥蜴目守宮科蝎虎屬，為本島住家附近常見且生態地位相近的壁虎，近年來因人為因素使原本有地理區隔的兩種壁虎在北部地區產生共域現象。本研究利用問卷來調查兩種壁虎分佈狀況，並用「體型大小」、「食物競爭能力」兩種指標，設計實驗評估種間競爭程度，來探討兩種居家壁虎種間競爭程度。問卷調查及物種採集結果顯示，在台北市各行政區確實存在共域現象，且分佈數量互有消長。體型大小比較上，蝎虎體型較無疣蝎虎稍大，但在統計上無顯著差異。食物競爭能力強弱比較上，以斷尾後尾巴增長量為指標，結果兩者大致相等，無顯著差異。綜合以上研究結果，顯示兩者共域後會出現種間競爭現象，程度大致相等，有互相消長現象。Hemidactylus bowringii and Hemidactylus freuatus are commonly seen in Taiwan, and their habitats are very near the area people live. Recently, two species have inhabited the same or overlapped geographical areas in northern Taiwan. This sympatric phenomenon resulted from the geographical isolation being broken by people. This research investigated their distributions in Taipei city by using questionnaire, and evaluated the degree of interspecific competitions by using indexes of the body size comparison and the food competition to design our experiments.According to results of questionnaire and animal sampling, two geckos did inhabit closely in some areas in Taipei city, and their population distributions were changing with time. According to the result of the body size comparison, Hemidactylus freuatus is bigger than Hemidactylus bowringii. But there is not a statistically significant difference between two species. The degree of food competition of two species was all square. In summary, it was occurred the interspecific competition between Hemidactylus bowringii and Hemidactylus freuatus, and the degree of competitions was almost equal.

Abstract (一)、 In our study, we discuss a m×n chess and any beginning square p finding a directed path of chessman from p moving to an end square in which the chessman moves to adjacent squares including only three directions which are right move, up move and diagonal left down move. A m×n chess is ruled into m columns and n rows creating the number of (m×n) squares (二)、 A chess directed path moves from any beginning square to end square in a m×n chess and every other square is visited just once. In the view of the beginning squares, the chess paths are solvable paths in a mxn chess and the corresponding squares are solutions. (三)、 First, we find out that some beginning squares are located in a special area with no any solvable directed paths. We define the special area be no-solution area. (四)、 According the 3-color theorem, we determine more than two thirds of no-solution area. (五)、 Then, we derive properties of reversibility and symmetry in solvable paths. i.e. A solvable path exist another solvable path by reversibility and symmetry respectively. (六)、 Utilizing the generalization of no-solution area which is extended from the concept of no-solution area provides judgment for the next moves effectively. The judgment is defined as effective move principle. (七)、 Furthermore, using the other theorem called rules of shift Hamiltonian path gets augment solutions. (八)、 According to the effective move principle finding a number of solvable directed paths, use the reversibility and rules of shift Hamiltonian paths to get augment solutions. Finally, utilize symmetry to find out all solvable paths in the m×n chess. (一)、研究規則：在m×n 的格子中，任取一格A 當作「起點格」，在起點格上放一顆棋子，只能往「上」、往「右」、往「左下」的方向移動。(二)、定義：若棋子從「起點格」，按照上述規則能不重複的通過所有m×n 格子到達某一「終點格」，則對於「起點格」而言，此移動路徑稱為m×n 的「有解路徑」，其任4一「終點格」稱為「起點格」的「路徑解」。(三)、我們先研究出「基本無解區」。(四)、根據遊戲規則我們利用三種顏色將n × n 方格塗滿，並判斷出大部分的「無解起點格」。(五)、利用遊戲規則得到兩重要性質：(1)[可逆性性質] (2) [對稱性性質](六)、利用「廣義基本無解區」，當作我們[有效移動]的判斷，讓「有解路徑」快速的找出。(七)、利用本研究所稱的「平移哈式鏈」，得到[擴充解]。(八)、根據[有效移動]求出部分「路徑解」，再利用[可逆性性質]、 [擴充解] ，最後利用[對稱性性質]完成所有「路徑解」的尋找。

在我們週遭環境中常可見到許多種類的植物，然而可以叫出名字的卻少之又少，或許我們可以查閱植物百之類的書籍，但是這類書籍通常多不在手邊，就算有了植物百科，也不易翻到顯示該種植物的正確章節。假如我們可以將想要認識的植物葉片影像取得後，透過網路將該影像傳送至植物葉片資料庫查詢，經過電腦的自動分析辨識後，再將結果傳送回來，這樣不是比查閱植物百科方便多了嗎？本研究提出一種利用輸入葉片的影像來進行植物資料庫辨識查詢的方法，藉著兩階段處理的策略及最佳權重組合式的特徵值來調校系統，以達到較佳的整體辨識效能，從實驗測試的結果得知，我們的策略與方法確實有效，有82%的查詢葉片可以被精確的辨識出來，而每次查詢的平均反應時間只要17.22 秒。In our living environment, there are many kinds of plants, but we can only name a few. We may consult an encyclopedia about plants, we always can’t find any encyclopedia with us. Besides, even if we have one, it won’t be easy to find out the proper section or the exact page immediately. How should we solve this problem? One significant improvement can be expected if the plant recognition can be carried out by a computer. First, we take a picture of the unknown plant’s leaf. Then, we transmit this image into a leaf database to recognize. After the recognition we will get the answer easily. By using a computer-aided leaf recognition system, non-professionals can also identify many plant species. Isn’t it much more convenient than checking the encyclopedia? In this study, we present an efficient method for leaf database retrieval by inputting leaf images. We use a two-stage approach and combined features with optimized weight to adjust the system to get the best system performance. The result of the experiment shows that our approach is workable and efficient. 82% leaves of the query images can be recognized accurately. And in general, the average response time only takes 17.22 sec per query.

三年級上學期上自然科學第十單元，色輪的實驗時，老師要我們用牙籤和卡紙製作彩色紙陀螺，來實驗使彩色紙陀螺看成一色的實驗，我發現我做的紙陀蠟旋轉的情形比別的同學的陀螺差，我不知道是什麼原因使旋轉的情形不一樣。因此，我便找了幾個好朋友，在老師的指導下，一起來研究「怎樣才能做出轉得更穩，更久的陀螺」。

我們是受到一部影片的啟發，以做實驗方式找出「極速鋼珠」原理。 首先軌道坡度40度時效果最佳。其次加入2個強力磁鐵，用較重的磁性物質─大鋼珠來撞擊，效果最佳。因撞擊力道除了珠本身重力外，還多了與強力磁鐵間吸引的磁力。 再者，強力磁鐵後端鋼珠為4顆時，效果較佳，且放置愈多組強力磁鐵組，效果愈好。我們利用改良式撞擊力道測量器，可比較出末端鋼珠所產生的力道大小。末端珠必須是磁性物質、且與磁鐵間的磁力愈弱、重量愈重、大小和小鋼珠愈接近、離受撞器愈近，則所產生的力道會愈大。 我們由一連串的實驗結果推論，末端鋼珠一開始並非是先滾動的。後來利用高速攝影相機證實了末端珠的運動方式，是先滑動一段距離，然後再做滾動的。

國中物理課程，需要用真空抽氣機的實驗較多，但是電動真空抽氣機，價格高昂，大部分的學校因財力困難，到日前還沒有配置。有配置的學校，由於班級多，實驗室不敷使用時，也難於搬到教室作示範實驗。加上使用電動真空抽氣機，全是機械操作，學生不能親身體臉抽氣，減壓的變化情況。故不易得到教學的預期目標。茲介紹的簡易真空抽氣器，係利用塑膠注射管，配合三塊壓克力板組成的活門製成，雖不能與電動真空抽氣機的低壓性能相比，但不妨礙教學上的各觀實驗，又不易破損、易製作、價廉可大量供給學生分組實驗。

「益立絆！益立絆！消除腰酸背痛，促進血液循環，請貼具有磁性的益立絆」。電視上一連串的廣告，確實令人目不接暇。 暑假過後，學期又開始了。在自然課的第一天，老師指導我們觀察「種子的構造」和培養「種子發芽及生長」的情況；我們利用控制變因的科學方法，給予不同的外在因素，觀察記錄其不同的結果，並加以比較。忽然，腦海中浮現出電視上「益立絆」的廣告，使我想到如在其上加了磁鐵，是否能促進植物的生長呢？約同本小組幾位同學，並在老師的指導下，參考一至年級的自然課本，於是，著手做了下列的實驗。

因為綠花菜的小花朵間空隙細小這樣可以使髒水跑出來，乾淨的水重新進入，反覆甩水可獲得較佳的清洗結果。

伏打電池中，若兩極的電極種類及溶液種類均相同，僅是兩極的溶液濃度或溶液溫度不同，兩極間就有電位差，稱為濃差電池及溫差電池。典型的濃差電池中 ( 電極為電解液正離子的金屬片 )，濃度大的一端電位較高，電池電壓與兩杯溶液濃度比值的對數值成正比，且在相同濃度比值時，硝酸銀濃差電池的電壓最大，其次為硝酸銅、硫酸銅，硫酸鋅濃差電池的電壓最小。硫酸銅溫差電池，若電極為銅片，則電池電壓與兩杯溶液溫度差成正比，且溫度高的一端電位較高。 我們將硫酸銅溫差電池製成太陽能電池，在太陽下曝曬3 小時，電壓可達 13.6mV， 電流可達0.76mA，因此只要串聯數個電池以提高電壓，再對鉛蓄電池充電，就可以達到方便、實用與重複使用的目的。 In a voltaic cell, if the kinds of both electrodes and electrolytes are the same, but the molality or the temperature of the solutions are different, there will be potential difference between the two electrodes. We can them molality-difference cells and temperature-difference cells. In a typical molality-difference cells－its electrode is a piece of metal which is the same kind of metal with the cation electrolyte.－the electrode with the higher molality has the higher potential, and the potential and the log of the fraction of the molality of the two glasses of solution are directly proportional, and when the fraction is the same, AgNO3 has the highest potential and then Cu(NO3)2 and CuSO4, and ZnSO4 has the lowest potential. In a CuSO4 temperature-difference cell, if its electrode is a piece of cuprum, then the potential and the temperature- difference of the two glasses of electarolytes are directly proportional, and the electrode with the higher temperature has higher potential. We use CuSO4 temperature cell to make a solar cell, and put it under the sun for 3 hours, the potential can be 13.6 m V, and the current can be 0.76m A. Therefore we can make several of them series to get higher potential and charge a lead storage battery. By this way, we can make a convenient, practical and recycled battery.