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(一)由於國際市場競爭益趨激烈,而我國能源供應完全依賴進口,為求我國經濟持續成長,開發替代能源及有效節約能源,實為當務之急。(二)在替代能源(太陽能、地熱、風能)尚未能有效取代傳統能源的今日,節約能源是贏取國際市場競爭的最佳利器,因此每一個國民皆應確立節約能源人人有責的觀念。(三)冷凍或空調過程中,龐大的冷凝熱常被廢棄於大氣之中,這些熱值得我們回收,善加利用。(四)從理論上分析,及世界各地發展的實例,熱泵系統值得在台灣推展,並且應該能作得較其它區更好。(五)在節約能源人人有責的聲浪中,著手進行本專題研究,深盼能有所收穫,以貢獻社會大眾,並滿足自己好勝、好奇之心。(六)希望專家學者及同好,能不吝加以評估指正。
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掠象視覺差異的發現及其檢驗儀器的設計
從事棒球教學十年來,深覺教導選手「擊球」技術遠比教導「守備」技術困難,原來擊球技術深受先天眼力的影響,因此選拔選手尤須重視銳力的眼力,我們知道各個球員,各有不同的打擊率,這個正是動態目標,視覺的差異,目前眼科除了色盲檢驗,遠近視檢驗,或散光檢驗,斜視檢驗之外,似乎還沒有動態目標,瞄準力的檢驗,於是產生了研究「動態目標視力檢驗器」以為選拔精英。
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本次科展以探究自製水鳥笛的發聲機制為主題,主要因為地區有許多特有鳥類,希望這個實驗可以做為未來模擬鳥類發聲水鳥笛研究的參考,也可以作為地區發展體驗觀光的參考。本研究分別以無水與有水時的發聲情形做探討。在無水時分別觀察吹管與內吸管粗細、長短與頻率的關係。有水時則探究何時發生多頻音,而在產生多頻音的情況下,影響的發聲的因素有哪些。結果發現無水時水鳥笛發出單一頻率之聲音,且內吸管越長頻率越低,與內吸管粗細、外吸管長短、外吸管粗細無關。在有水的情況下若水位不及內吸管底部,則發出的聲音與無水時相同;若水位高於內吸管底部,則產生多頻聲音,且水位越高多頻變化越快。
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My parking space ,, My Right !!
An Automatic Fine system for the handy-caps parking spaces We human beings Are developing creatures, And we believe that the Importance of scientific innovations depends on how much can they contribute in humanities services. Me and my friend worked so hard to present an Invention or a system that is going to make people lives better. In this point of view that we humans believe in. We work hard and we present Inventions, science fears, and new Ideas by a purpose and an intention that those thoughts, Inventions, Ideas, researches …etc. Will make us better people And will help in building a brighter future for mankind. Invention identity Name of the invention: My parking space,, My Right !! Components: Ultrasonic sensor, color sensor, RFID sensor and reader, buzzer, lights, NXT robot, conductive means (wires) How does the invention work? Operating Process The first point we want to make it clear to you that we have two stages: now (present) and later in real life. For the moment : We are using an educational robot (NXT mindstorm) with a programme from our design , using the Ultrasonic sensor to know if there is a car parking or not then using a color sensor to determine if the car is allowed to park or not And if not then write a ticket and a fine but before that it gives an alarm to notice the driver. The main objective of the invention We want to help maintaining the lost rights for the handy-cap people in their parking spots. Because we gave them less than what the numbers say we should of give them so we didn't give them what they deserve and we came at the same time and steeled it from them. this invention is used: usage fields This invention will be used in the handy-caps parking spaces as well as they will help of the economic. It can be employed and used instead of a lot of security persons or traffic Police department. The future vision of the invention It can be combined in a one small unit and with touch panels to know if there is a car parking or not, RFID to determine if the car is allowed or not to park in this space and a camera to know the exact car or maybe by reading the electronic chip in the cars plate .
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去年冬天,全球許多地方降下大風雪,新聞報導積雪太深時可以用鹽巴灑在冰上讓冰溶化。而我們常用的冷劑-冰加鹽可以降溫至零下22℃。對這些現象,一般的解釋有兩種-解釋一:鹽溶於水是吸熱而冰溶化也是吸熱,所以會大幅降溫。解釋二:拉午耳定律-溶液蒸氣壓下降造成凝固點下降,導致冰溶化。研究結果顯示,溶解熱並非影響冷劑降溫之最主要因素,而是鹽類在低溫時之溶解度。拉午耳定律中提及溶液蒸氣壓下降導致凝固點下降,也不是冷劑降溫之原因。不過,我們認為由鹽類在低溫時之溶解度,配合與拉午耳定律可以預測冷劑可達的最低溫。
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當人體缺乏乳糖?時,未被分解的乳糖在小腸中產生吸水作用,於是發生水瀉的情形;到了大腸更會被細菌分解、發酵,產生大量的乳酸、二氧化碳及氫氣,使人腹脹、放屁,還會使腸道蠕動過快,誘發痙攣腹痛以及腹鳴,稱之為「乳糖不耐症」。乳糖?會將乳糖分解為葡萄糖和半乳糖。我們利用尿糖試紙測量葡萄糖的含量,以進一步瞭解乳糖?分解不同乳品中乳糖之情況以及模擬消化系統中不同酸鹼質環境,觀察乳糖?的作用是否受到影響。結果發現不同乳品在添加乳糖?後,葡萄糖含量隨時間而增加,而乳糖?在模擬胃中酸鹼值為2 之牛乳中完全失去活性,無法分解乳糖。
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民俗技藝中有一項童玩─「竹製的響螺」,經由在自然科學研習社的活動過程,我們發覺以底片盒所製成的的響螺,也具有相同的效果。進一步在實驗中了解到其頻率與多項因素有關,因此想藉由自行設計的工作平台進行頻譜數據量取,而從所得數據分析發現:一、響螺在垂直地面旋轉時並無法發出聲音,但當與地面不垂直時反而會發出聲音;由此可知,響螺是在不垂直地面的情況下與空氣有較劇烈摩擦進而在筒內產生共鳴。二、當響螺傾斜時,它的特徵頻率會隨著傾斜角增大而有先降低而後升高的現象發生,此與空氣摩擦程度有關。三、響螺之轉速愈快,特徵頻率會愈大,但增加到某一程度時其特徵頻率會回到較低之頻率。四、響螺的缺口如果加長或加寬皆會提高其特徵頻率。五、缺口厚度較薄會使特徵頻率降低,但會使響度加大。六、缺口受風邊如果是凸出則特徵頻率較低,反之凹陷時會較高七、響螺之材料與管子直徑皆不影響其特徵頻率。八、響螺管子愈長,其特徵頻率會愈低,反之則較高,但太短的共鳴管所產生之特徵頻率需修正為八分之一波長的共振。
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「膠」流電-黏度及外加電壓對電解質溶液離子暫穩態通道之影響
在本次實驗中,我發現膠狀電解質溶液中的帶電離子,會因為離子團的熱運動,和電偶極的庫倫吸引力 (electric dipole) 的交互作用下,使溶液的I-V curve (電流-電壓曲線),具有類似磁滯曲線(Hysteresis curve) 的效果;而膠狀溶液之濃度越高,電解起始點的對應I-V 值也越大。此外,白金電極與銅箔電極的距離若改變,也會使溶液的I-V curve 變的不一樣。另一方面,我也發現,在給予膠狀電解質溶液一緩慢外加的電壓或衝擊電壓並持續維持此一定額外加電壓時,會因為該溶液的黏度持續增高、帶電離子濃度增高且反應不斷變化下,而使該溶液的對應電壓,形成一重複出現「先降-後升-再降」的震盪現象,且電壓值節節升高。最後,我利用掃描式電子顯微鏡(SEM)及能量分散光譜儀(EDS)觀察銅箔電極之表面變化並分析其上之化學組成,藉此嘗試解釋上述這些有趣的現象。In this experiment, with the interaction of the heating action of ionic atmosphere and electric dipole, I find that ions in the gel make the I-V curve in the colloid electrolyte liquor show up with the effect similar to Hysteresis curve. The higher concentration of the colloidal solution, the bigger value of I-V at the initial electrolysis reaction was found. Furthermore, the shape of I-V curve is dependent on the distance between platinum electrode and cupper electrode. On the other hand, I find that when I apply a gradual extra-voltage or a fast extra-voltage to the colloidal electrolyte solutions and then maintain to a fixed value, this will make a unique ‘two peaks’ state oscillation of corresponding voltage. The reason is owing to the climbing viscosity and ion concentration in the solution. With the methods of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), I observe the change and analyze the components of chemicals on the surface of the cupper electrodes. Finally, I present the interesting results and try to interpret these phenomena.
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「點積」這個名詞,是為了稱呼上的方便,由作者自定的名詞。顧名思義也就是:「集點求積」的意思。在求算一例圖形的積( 包括:線長、面積、體積) 時,「點積法」與過去的求積方法有很大的不同,它只計算圖形裏的「等距點(即方格點)有多少,就可求得其積。
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自從學校畢業後,同學大都到國中任教地理一科,我由於已習慣國小的環境,因此繼續在國小服務。有次參加同學會,閒聊時大家談到學生上課之情形,有好幾位抱怨國中生對於地理這科根本不重視,認為只要背背地名,記記河流、鐵路、產物等名稱即可,上課是否專心聽講,根本不會影響其成績,在國中生的心目中只有英、數、理科才是重要的,才是需投下全副精力的科目。由於同學的感觸,使我想起,我何不利用小學生他們還沒有升學壓力,從小培養他們對地球科學之興趣,因此我想利用自然科學課本之內容配合汐止鎮的地理環境來教學,所以做此項研究。
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有一天,上課時許多同學部有輕微的咳嗽聲,老師聽到了,十分關懷的說:「喉瓏若是感到不舒服,清晨起床,不妨喝一杯鹽水,喉嚨會爽些的」,何少輝同學一向最愛發問,立刻舉乎向老師提出:「為什磨不喝甜甜的糖水,而要喝不好喝的鹽水呢?」老師說:「 喝糖水遠不如喝鹽水有效,因為糖水和鹽水是完全不同的, 你們注意過嗎?它們對許多東西的反應都不太相同,我們利用課餘的時問來做些實驗,來觀察糖和鹽的不同效用和反應好嗎?」。
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新網路模式對抗無尺度流行病傳染A New Network Model to Fight Against Scale-Free Epidemi
流行病的傳染如同一個無尺度網路,但有一些特殊特性在發展一套新傳播模式時,是需要被詳加考慮的。我採用時間位移(t 與ti 分別以t?(ti?1)與ti?(ti?1)來取代)至無尺度網路模式中,再引入一個非連續強力函數H(t; ti?1, L+ti?1)來描述流行病傳播的特定時段與強度,並重新定義機率p 為無效傳染率。之後,我建立了新模式「無尺度流行病模式」-SFE-1與SFE-2。模擬六種病原的傳染途徑,結果證實SFE-1與SFE-2模式是正確與確切可用。案例研究結果,顯示傳染強度H可為固定值或為變數;p可以是一固定值、雙固定值或為新增病例的函數。更進一步解析美國AIDS病例在不同族群與行為上的差異,獲知亞裔/太平洋裔與印第安人/阿拉斯加人的H值低於其他族群,其原因可能是由於小的族群具有較高的接觸所致。異性性接觸的H值低於其他,顯示性交易是傳播HIV的主要途徑。SFE-1與SFE-2模式也可被用在流行病的預測上,因為SFE-2使用已知值而非估算值,所以SFE-2模擬結果較佳;但是SFE-1更可以明確提供一個流行病在失控或控制下的預測結果。無尺度流行病模式可以協助所需警戒的程度與政策決定的計畫結果。因此在幫助政府評估社會經濟成本與健康憂慮上是一個有用的工具。所以我提出一個確切可行的對抗無尺度流行病傳染新方法,並詳細說明運作流程。The course of epidemics resembles a scale-free network, but some specific elements should be considered in developing a new model. I introduced a time shifting (replacing t and ti by t?(ti?1) and ti?(ti?1)) and a discontinuous forcing function H(t; ti?1, L+ti?1) into the scale-free network model to fit the specific period and intensity of the infection, and redefined the probability p as an invalid infection rate. Then I proposed the new Scale-Free Epidemic Models, SFE-1 and SFE-2. The simulation results of six types of epidemic transmission showed that the SFE models were accurate and useful. In the case studies, the results showed that H were constant or variable, and p were a fixed constant, a dual constant, or a function of new addition cases in the epidemic periods. The further studies for comparisons of the difference races/ethnics and the difference transmission category of AIDS cases in USA were analyzed. The H value for Asian/Pacific and Indian/Alaska Native race were lower than others, it may be due to small clusters with constant high contact rates. The H value for heterosexual contact was lower than the others, indicating that whoredom was the main transmission for HIV. Both SFE models can be used to predict epidemics, SFE-2 is better than SFE-1 due to SFE-2 using given indices and not conjectured values, but SFE-1 can more clearly suggest results of epidemics when under control or not. SFE models can help the government to determine the level of caution needed and the projected results of policy decisions. They are useful tools in assisting to balance socio-economic and health concerns. I hereby propose a new method to fight against epidemics with detailed procedures of using the SFE models.
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