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Montioring of Cryogenic Features along Roads in Megino-Kangalassky Region,Yakutia

One of the anthropogenic influences on the permafrost landscapes is deforestation and breach of the surface cover at the road constructions. On these areas a development of various cryogenic and postcryogenic processes and features (thermosubsidence, knobs (bilars, baydjarakhs), ravines, small lakes - djyodje) is being observed. Such features can be observed on the territory of Megino- Kangalassky Region, which is situated in the Central Yakutia, as well. During the period from 1998 to 2003 the author carried out monitoring studies of cryogenic features along three roads. Ten areas measuring twenty square metres were put in all. During 6 years of research about 1520 measurements of cryogenic formations parameters were made. Based on the results, it is concluded that elimination of the shadowing effect by trees and removal of the surface cover along the roads have caused thawing of shallow-lying ice wedges, as well as development of various cryogenic processes and features. In this paper, the author presents the basic technologies which are used in road construction in permafrost areas and, based on the research results, proposes a set of measures for rehabilitation of the roadside areas.

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以Geobacillus thermoleovorans T4 菌株轉化農業廢棄纖維素為葡萄糖以發展生質酒精

我們得知從高雄糖廠及堆肥中篩出的嗜高溫好氧菌Geobacillus thermoleovorans T4,是本種細菌首先被報導具有纖維素分解能力的菌株,但目前僅止於學術研究階段,尚未實際應用於廢棄纖維素的分解上。本研究以廢棄農作物纖維素取代學術研究所用的羧甲基纖維素(Carboxymethyl Cellulose,CMC) ,將T4菌株置於稻稈與米糠培養基內,進行分解效能比較,再利用酵母菌的發酵作用進一步將葡萄糖轉化為酒精。本研究發現,在60℃的環境中,活化的T4 菌株可在CMC、稻稈及米糠培養基中生長繁殖且發揮其分解纖維素為葡萄糖的能力,尤其在米糠培養基中的分解效果最快也最好。此外,將生產的葡萄糖加入酵母菌之後,初步發現也能成功地進行發酵作用產生酒精,生質酒精的產出指日可待!;The Research on Using Geobacillus thermoleovorans T4 to Turn the Deserted Cellulose in Agriculture into glucose in Order to Produce Bio-Renewable Energy It has been found that Geobacillus thermoleovorans T4, a thermophilic aerobic bacterial strain isolated from a sugar refinery wastewater (55-60℃)in Kaohsing, Taiwan, can secrete thermostable endocellulase and hydrolyze carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)in some academic research, but it is stillunknown whether T4 hydrolyzes deserted cellulose in Agriculture. The aim of this study is to investigate the best conditions of T4 cellulase activity after mixing with deserted cellulose (such as rice bran and rice straw) by measuring the glucose concentration and bacteria number, and to produce the ethanol by activated yeast. T4 was added rice bran and rice straw medium, and cultured in 60℃ for 10 hours. The number of T4 and the concentration of glucose were measured every two hours. The best conditions were examined by comparing the hydrolyzation efficiency of T4 in different cellulose medium. We observed that T4 grew efficiently in different cellulose medium and hydrolyzed cellulose into glucose, especially in rice bran medium. The yeast also converted glucose into ethanol. Our research may shed light to the development of bio-renewable energy!

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藏寶「旋」「跡」

從海盜藏寶的情境出發,主要探討旋轉角度和平均點之間的關係。藉由增加旋轉中心個數,改變旋轉角度或旋轉次數等變項,來探討固定點的存在性與平均點的軌跡變化。於研究過程中發現:操控旋轉角度的正負值及倍率,能讓動點與平均點間的移動軌跡有繞圈、橢圓、內(外)次擺線及相似圖形等豐富有趣的現象變化,並成功證明之。於改變旋轉次數的過程中,發現旋轉後的點連成之向量具有不變性,同時藉由n次旋轉可化為一次旋轉的論點,證明出固定點符合數學上不動點的定義。綜合各項研究結果將其推廣應用,提出多種更適用於現代海盜的藏寶秘技。

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電池跳、挑電池~探討3號鹼性電池電量與電池彈跳及滾動行為之關聯性

為了找出電池消耗電量超過五成時,電池的恢復係數會有劇烈變化之原因,本組將電池解剖,觀察內部構造,並將電池中央挖空填入塑鋼土,模擬電池內部物質硬化結塊對電池彈跳之影響,並進一步使用玻璃瓶填充不同比例的砂-水混合物進行彈跳模擬。 經一連串的實驗設計可知,新舊電池內部構造截然不同,而造成彈跳性質變化:1、新電池底部有一空腔,充滿電解液,在撞擊時具有緩衝效果;2、新電池中央隔離層包覆的負極物質是柔軟的,會吸收反彈之能量;3、新電池的正極是固液混合物質,隨電池放電,會逐漸結塊硬化,當達到一定比例時,電池便會跳得更高。最終,根據電池彈跳性質差異,利用其撞擊時所發出之聲響,來迅速判斷電池新舊,此為一重大發現。

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線上教學資源

節理和斷層如何區分?地震和斷層有什麼關係呢?

節理與斷層如何區分? 岩石雖然堅硬,可是,地殼變動的巨大力量,卻可能超過它的強度,導致岩石破裂,產生裂痕,這就是所謂的節理。當溫度急遽改變,岩石熱脹冷縮的程度超過了本身所能承受,岩石就會裂開,形成節理。 此外,地底下的岩層,因為上方岩層的重量而受到極大的壓力。在地殼變動的過程中,岩層逐漸被抬升,上面的岩層先露出地表而被侵蝕掉,使得底下的岩層壓力大為減輕。當壓力消失之後,原本受到「壓抑」的岩石,也伺機向上反彈,導致岩石破裂,產生節理。理還有一個好兄弟~斷層。節理和斷層都是外力作用在岩石身上造成的「傷痕」。這對難兄難弟「長相」的區別是:節理兩側的岩層並沒有移動,而斷層兩側的岩層卻沿著這道裂痕發生移動,看起來就像斷掉一樣。 地震和斷層有著什麼關係呢? 斷層就好比是地層中的傷口,原本連續的地層在此斷裂開來,是地層中的脆弱部分,也可能就是容易引爆地震的地方,尤其是這一萬年以來曾經發生錯動的「活動斷層」,更是科學家專注的焦點。 一般人眼中的斷層,可能只是岩層表面的一條斜線,可是,科學家卻能從這條看似不起眼的斜線,找出造成岩層斷裂的元兇。 以垂直方向的斷層為例,斷層上方的岩層稱為「上盤」,斷層下方的岩層叫做「下盤」。當岩石兩側受到向外拉開的力量而導致斷裂,上盤就可能沿著斷層向下移動,這樣的斷層就稱為「正斷層」。 反之,如果岩石兩側受到向內推擠的力量而斷裂,上盤就可能沿著斷層向上移動,而下盤就像是往下移動一般,這種斷層稱為「逆斷層」。 台灣島位於歐亞大陸板塊與菲律賓海板塊的邊界,因為兩大板塊相互擠壓,所以島上有許多逆斷層。當板塊擠壓所累積的能量,往往會從舊有的斷層釋放出來,發生地震。在九二一大地震中,中部地區著名的集集線鐵路,有一段鐵軌被隆起的斷層抬升了好幾公尺,不僅嚴重彎曲,還硬是被擠壓的力量折斷。這就是最明顯的逆斷層實例。

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菜汁也能變色嗎?

我最喜歡吃紅鳳菜,因為它不但味道好,紫紅色的湯,也很美麗。一天,媽媽又煮紅鳳菜了,大家正吃得津津有味然弟弟不小心把桌上的一瓶醋打翻了,醋流進了紅鳳菜盤裏。唉!真可惜!一盤好菜報銷了,這時,我發現原本紫紅色的湯然變成了紅色,好奇怪呀!

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螺旋狀剝皮對樹木影響之初步研究

本研究的目的在於探討螺旋狀剝皮對植物生存以及芭樂果實的影響。實驗的設計是將選擇的植株或其枝幹分成四組,分別施予環狀剝皮、螺旋狀剝皮一圈、螺旋狀剝皮三圈及不剝皮等處理。 研究結果顯示,螺旋狀剝皮不會導致植株死亡,且於處理部位下方會長出新的枝葉。芭樂果實經100 天的生長之後,不剝皮處理之枝幹長出的芭樂重量都在 300g 以下,而螺旋狀剝皮一圈之枝幹長出的芭樂有重達300-400g(5%)及 400-500g(5%),最重的達 490g;螺旋狀剝皮三圈之枝幹長出的芭樂也有重達 300-400g(占 7.7%)。此外,與不剝皮處理者比較之,螺旋狀剝皮也有助於高甜度芭樂比例的提升。 本研究成果若能成功應用在其他果樹上,有助於提高果農產收的經濟價值。 The purpose of our study is to examine spiral bark-stripping’s effects on trees, and observe what will happen with this treatment, especially in the survival of trees and fruit of Guava. The experimental design is as below. First, we divided tree samples or branches into 4 groups randomly, and then treated each group differently with girdling, spiral bark-stripping a circle, spiral bark-stripping 3 circles, or non-stripping on the trunks or branches. As a result, spiral bark-stripping did not cause death of trees. Instead, new green leaves grew below treated area. After 100 days of growth, the fruit of Guava treated with non-stripping weighed below 300 grams, while some fruit weighing above 300-400 grams(5%) and 400-500 grams(5%) grew on those trees treated with spiral bark-stripping a circle, with the heaviest of 490 grams. Besides, there are some fruit weighing 300-400 grams(7.7%) growing on those trees treated with piral bark-stripping 3 circles. The result shows that spiral bark-stripping, compared to non-stripping, promoted the proportion of high-sugar fruit. This study provides a possible way to increase the economic value of fruit harvest if applied to other kinds of fruit trees.

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醣寶寶的「旋光」世界----自行組裝旋光度計來探討蔗糖水解的動力學及平衡

本研究是利用偏振片、量角器位刻度盤、雷射光為光源,以及生物用到的照度計為偵測器,組裝一個簡易且可靠的旋光度計。我們利用單位時間旋光度的變化量當做反應的速率,來測量蔗糖的水解速率,同時求出蔗糖水解反應的反應級數、速率常數﹙k﹚。進一步,利用醣類的旋光度具有加成性之特性,找出不同混合比例時的旋光度,來追蹤實際蔗糖分解的每個狀態,並找出最後的平衡狀態,同時將蔗糖水解平衡的平衡常數﹙K﹚,及該反應的反應熱﹙△H﹚算出。結果顯示,旋光度與濃度有線性關係,而蔗糖水解反映對蔗糖而言為一級反應,反應的速率常數為5.17×10(min),反應在催化劑存在下活化能約為1.29(J/mol)。當反應達平衡後,平衡常數在溫度為25℃時為38.00(M),該反應的反應熱約為-152.67(KJ/mol)。

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科展作品檢索

三色移位毛毛蟲—三色移位遊戲的探討

二色移位遊戲問題曾經多次被拿來做研究(24 屆初小全國第三名~有趣的移位遊戲、34 屆高小全國第二名~毛毛蟲變蝴蝶、1996 年我國參加加拿大國際科展~走走跳跳、39屆高中全國第二名~乾坤大挪移、41 屆國中全國第二名~解開難題的奧秘等),本研究首次將二色移位遊戲推展到三色的研究,會選定這樣的主題是看到『葛老爹的推理遊戲2』,書中提到三色移位遊戲的難題所引起,而我們的數學課本中也正學到線對稱以及兩數量的變化關係等單元,我們的研究結果發現移位遊戲的最低步數解答中,對換在進行中移動和跳動具有線對稱關係,輪換的移動和跳動次數分配也具有線對稱關係。而棋子數和移動最少步數之間的關係是極為複雜的。而這個關係的發現是經歷了約九個月的時間慢慢發展的,下表是我們發展的時間流程簡表:

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Keeping Cool

My aim was to test the effectiveness of coolboxes under different\r conditions, to use this information to do comparisons using commercially\r available coolboxes and finally to build an effective and cheaper coolbox\r appropriate to Namibia\r The general method used to compare different coolboxes involved\r measuring the rate at which ice melted inside the cool boxes under\r different conditions.

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小魚接招--不同因子對朱文錦環境偏好的影響

This research analyzes goldfish’ (Carassius auratus) environmental preference behavior by setting up different environmental color-models to spur goldfish’reactions. It is investigated that pre-conditioned preference of goldfish was stressed by electric shock or high osmotic pressure. We’re interested in how stress experience modulate goldfish’ exploring behavior and its environmental preference. Goldfish that prefers brown-colored environment (compared with white) is suitable for being an model animal to investigate fish’s environmental preference. Both electric shocks and high osmotic pressure, two different kinds of stress, can affect goldfish’ behavior. It shows that fish have the ability to learn and memorize the stress experience. Besides, different stress has different effects on fish’ environmental preference behavior. It proves that there are complicated interactions among environmental stimulus, memories of stress and behavior caused by different kinds of stress.本研究利用環境色彩特徵的差異,建立朱文錦(Carassius auratus)環境偏好行為之動物模式,探討不同逆境刺激經驗(施予電擊或高滲透壓環境),與魚類環境偏好行為的交互作用,以研究魚類的逆境經驗,是否可形成記憶,並影響其行為。我們發現朱文錦偏好土色環境(相對於白色環境),適合作為探討魚類對環境偏好的實驗動物。電擊與高滲透壓兩種不同性質的逆境經驗,皆可影響朱文錦的環境偏好,顯示魚類具有記憶逆境環境的學習能力。此外,不同性質的逆境經驗,對魚類的環境偏好行為具有不同的影響。證明「環境刺激—經驗(記憶)—行為表現」三者之間具複雜的交互作用。

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保溫度的比較

上學期末,我們量體重時,夾克一脫「好冷」「好冷」大家都在叫,可是有些同學卻蠻不在乎,看看他們所穿的衣服,並不比我們多,那是什麼原因呢?「她比較壯」「不!」考師在一旁聽到回答「是囚為你們所穿衣服的質料以及方法不同,所以會有差別」,我們覺得奇怪,於是利用寒假中收集東西,做個比較,並請老師指導。

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