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E-SBR Production

The objective of this project is to investigate styrene butadiene rubber(SBR), which is the most important synthetic rubber. The project contains production methods, properties, safety methods and applications for emulsion SBR. The goal is to determine which production technique of SBR is the most beneficial. This is based on the chemical and physical properties of the final product and its quality. The process that is used in the project is emulsion SBR with combined coagulation stripping. The rubber production plant is a profitable venture. The total capital cost is estimated around $31,361,572, with an annual production cost of about $67,281,378 yearly, generating revenues of $73,801,760 per fiscal year, with an interest rate of 5%. The life of the plant is 15 years and would produce 50,000 ton/year.

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口蹄疫病毒鞘蛋白rVP1 誘發Prohibitin 之遷移

細胞凋亡具有控制生物體細胞數目之功能,能讓特定的細胞走向死亡,因此若能掌握其作用機制,便可能藉由調控細胞凋亡的發生,進而應用於癌症治療。前人研究(2.)指出,經基因重組技術純化之口蹄疫病毒鞘蛋白rVP1,會導致BHK-21的Akt 蛋白質去活化,引起細胞凋亡的現象。然而在其後續的研究中,卻發現到在BHK-21中大量表現磷酸化的Akt 蛋白質,並無法反轉由rVP1 所誘發之細胞凋亡。因此本實驗利用二維蛋白質電泳,尋找Akt pathway 以外之細胞凋亡相關蛋白質。目前已證明Prohibitin 此一蛋白質,在由rVP1 所引起之細胞凋亡中,有自細胞核移動至細胞質的現象。此外,亦經由實驗排除Prohibitin 位於Akt pathway 的可能性。Western Blot 之結果更顯示,經rVP1 處理後,Prohibitin 在很短的時間內便出現遷移的現象,故推測其具有調控細胞凋亡上游反應的功能。Apoptosis can lead some specific cells to programmed death, thus, it is a major way for creatures to control their cells amounts. If we can command the mechanism of apoptosis, we may use it as a therapy for cancer by artificial regulation of apoptosis. VP1 is one of the capsid proteins of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV). A research (2.) has indicated that the recombinant VP1 (rVP1) can result in dephosphorylation of Akt in BHK-21, and then lead the cells to apoptosis. However, in their follow-up experiments, they discovered that even if they expressed great amount of phospho-Akt in BHK-21, it still couldn’t reverse the apoptosis induced by rVP1. Therefore, this experiment takes the advantage of two-dimension protein electrophoresis (2D) in order to find apoptotic proteins excluded from the Akt pathway. I have found that Prohibitin exports from nucleus to cytosol after rVP1 treatment. Furthermore, I eliminate the possibility that Prohibitin’s may be located in Akt pathway. The results of Western Blot also shows that protein amount of Prohibitin in BHK-21 increase after rVP1 treatment, hence the purpose of nuclear export of Prohibitin might not be to degrade it. It might have some much more important function in the process of exportation. Besides, Prohibitin exports to cytosol in quite a short time after rVP1 treatment. According to this phenomenon, I suppose that Prohibitin has a role as a regulator of apoptotic up-stream reactions.

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氣墊船---輕功高手

我們選用了三組高轉速小馬達,一組是馬達車的,一組是氣墊船雛型的,另一組是氣墊船用的。 我們利用氣球來證明反作用力;而積木做成的小車,是從反作用力的運動中,讓車子持續因反作用力而前進。 從實驗中,我們發現雖然馬達車子跑得很快,氣墊船雛型卻跑得不快;於是我們有了分流的概念。我們想到可以讓氣墊船在水中上航行;所以我們把氣墊船的材料改成珍珠板。 原先我們並不知哪一個型式、高度的分流板是最好的,於是我們設計了實驗三。 因為有了划龍舟的印象,所以我們又設計出了方向舵,來控制船的方向。 為了減少接觸面之間的吸附力,我們在船的底部加裝橫桿。 因為原先柔性圍裙的底部開口是全開式的,所以柔性圍裙容易外掀,於是我們才改良柔性圍裙的底部開口成為長條式和多孔式,並將柔性圍裙的長寬比例做不同的比較。 氣墊船在水上比在陸地上的運動情形好,因為在水上多了水的浮力。

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簡易測定法拉第常數及氧化數之方法及自製教具之研究

(一)我們的化學課本第三冊第十四章第一節實驗14-1中,要我們”用定量的方怯來電解時,所生成物質的重量與電量間的關係,進而求得法拉第常數及離子的氧化數。實驗過程必須經過 L 配製電解液( CuSO45H20 及 AgNO3), 2.試裝電路,調整電阻器使安培計指在 0.1A 上,3.取下陰極片( cu , Ag )。依次用稀硫酸、蒸餾水、乙醇及丙酮清洗。4.夾取洗淨之陰極片在烘箱內烘乾。5.夾取乾燥之陰極片分別”用天平精確稱重”,並紀錄之。6.掛陰極片於電解槽內,接通電路,”電解約 l 小時” 其時間之調整電阻器,保持 0.1A。7.1小時後夾取 1 陰極片依次用蒸餾水、乙醇及丙銅洗淨,且要以不可將晶體烘失。8.再入烘箱乾燥。 9.再用天平精確稱重,紀錄下來。10.依據實驗數據,計算法拉第常數及離子的液化數。以上是課本上的指導手續,我們也曾照著做過,不過做一次前後需要兩小時。由於第一次做這樣複雜的實驗,一切都是亂糟糟的。最後計算完畢,其誤差之大,實在叫我們臉紅,自信心完全喪失了!(二)我們的物理課木第一冊第二章第四節中,曾要我們自製微量天平。我們也按照課本做了,而且很好用。如果能把微最天平用在上述的化學實驗中,不僅可以節省時間,而且也因為是用微量天平來測量,結果一定比較準確。經過老師的同意和指導,我們就幹起來了。

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海格的爆尾釘蝦-鹼性電池的探討

鹼性電池使用的電解液均為強鹼,電池中的鋅極會與其發生腐蝕反應,使得電池放電壽命降低,並產生氫氣,而大量氫氣使得電池有爆裂的危險,為了改善上述問題,我們自行設計了氣體觀測儀器,用來檢測銀鋅電池充放電與靜置時之氣體產生量,更藉由探討影響變因的過程找出銀鋅電池較合適之使用條件,其中包含電解液種類及濃度之選擇、電極面積與充電電流對使用效果之影響,並改善電池腐蝕程度;我們將鋅極以浸鍍處理(Sn:Pb =1:1 )並搭配電解液添加物(KOH:Zn(OH)42 -= 2:1) 可效率地抑制氣體產生;更用氯化銀粉末取代傳統氧化銀極片為正極,發現氯化銀可代替氧化銀電極,且有不錯的放電效果。;As we know, the electrolyte solution used in an alkalinebattery is a concentrated alkaline solution, which corrodes the zinc electrode in a battery of this kind. The corrosive reaction not only reduces the lifespan of the battery but also produces hydrogen, causing the battery to explode. This study is intended to help us design a device to measure the quantity of hydrogen gas generated in the charging of a zinc-silver battery. We have studied several factors affecting zinc-silver battery, including the variety of electrolyte, the concentration of alkaline solution, the surface of electrode, and the density of charging current, etc. To reduce the corrosion of zinc electrode, we plate the zinc electrode by the immersion electroless plating method, using several kinds of low-polluting anti-corrosive additives (metallic compounds such as lead and tin). We also add zincate ion into electrolyte solution to further reduce the quantity of hydrogen produced. The experiments show a zinc-silver alkaline battery works most efficiently, if the powder of silver chloride is used instead of silver oxide.

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奇妙的槓桿

上自然課的時候,老師和我們一起做了很多有趣的實驗,我們知道了槓桿能省力的道理,而且在我們的身邊,有很多工具是利用槓桿原理做成的。我們又使用槓桿實驗器做平衡試驗,發現槓桿實驗器上,.支點兩邊所掛的砝碼個數不相等也能夠平衡,而且可以有很多不同的掛法。可惜每一組只有一個實驗器,很多同學都沒有機會動手。所以,我們就自己製作槓桿實驗器,效果很好,進一步做了更多的平衡實驗。

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奇妙的落地生根

以前,我們觀察落地生根營養繁殖的過程時,對它「為什麼落地才生根?從何處生根?會開花?結果嗎?」感到好奇與疑惑。課後跑去請教老師,老師很高興地說:「既然你們有這種求知的精神,何不動手去研究呢?」於是我們一行四人,請老師帶隊,踏上了「奇妙的落地生根」之旅。

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排笛 DIY 及其聲學原理

在管的開口端吹氣,不論他端為開啟或為閉塞,管內的空氣即會振動而發出聲音,這現象的解釋如下:如右圖為一端封閉的管,有一縱波由管的開口端進入管內。此縱波若為最簡單的正弦波。當波到達閉端時,即被反射,故管內會有兩方相反方向的進行波重疊。此兩進行波的振幅、頻率及波長均相等,此兩反向而行的波合成一駐波。 因閉端附近的空氣不能往閉端外移動,故其位移為零,即為縱波駐波的波節。而開口端附近的空氣,振動位移最大,故為波腹。由上圖得見,如管的一端封閉,管長為L,在管中形成駐波的條件為, L=λ/4、3λ/4、5λ/4 、、、或L=n λ/4(n=1、3、5、、、、)故閉管所產生的頻率f=V/λ=nV/4L(n=1、3、5、、、n=1 的頻率稱為基頻,n>1 的頻率稱為泛音),式中的V 乃聲波在空氣中的傳播速度(V=331+0.6t),測量L 及t,可得f。

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飲水機之水質檢定

鑑於今日飲水機的廣泛利用,而其衛生問題並不為一般人所重視,報章雜誌亦乏報導。試問:其可靠程度如何?是否連到衛生標準?由此而引發吾等實驗之動機。

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搶救「沙灘」大作戰~探討潛堤對海岸沙灘的影響

本研究藉由文獻資料及實地探訪,了解目前旗津地區海岸沙灘嚴重流失,政府希望藉由離岸潛堤的工程發揮安定海灘的功能,保護堤後海岸。經過實驗的設計探討,我們發現:沒有設置潛堤的海岸打上岸的波浪明顯比任何一組有設置潛堤的波痕高,沙土侵蝕情況也較為嚴重,由此可見,潛堤確實具有阻擋海浪侵蝕海岸的效果。而不同的潛堤設置條件都具有不同的阻浪效果,研究結果最後發現:設置潛堤較佳的方式是將潛堤設置在不露出水面(剛好在水平面)、離海岸愈近、潛堤間距愈小、與海岸形成某種夾角、增加潛堤的長度及排列成 或 的形狀,都能增加阻擋海浪的成效。但是有些條件消波塊使用的個數太多時,將造成成本過高及景觀的破壞,也是值得評估考量的。

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Synthesis and Characterization of Starch-Nanosized Calcium Phosphate Composites

Nano-sized calcium phosphate was used in the synthesis of starch-based composite plastics to provide a cheap but sturdier biodegradable alternative to petroleum derived plastics used in film packaging. Nano-sized calcium phosphates were produced from the precipitation reaction of calcium nitrate tetrahydrate (Ca(NO3)2 ‧ 4H2O) and phosphoric acid (H3PO4). The nanoparticles were co-extruded and molded with thermoplastic starch (TPS) at ratios of 0%, 1%, and 5% by mass. Tensile strength and elongation percentage of the resultant composite plastics were tested in three replicates. The results show that there is a significant difference between the tensile strengths of the 0% and 5% calcium phosphate composites at a 5% level of significance. The trend between the composite’s tensile strength and percentage calcium phosphate follows a geometric progression, enabling a projection for the 10% nano-calcium phosphate to have a tensile strength of 10 MPa, the average tensile strength for low-density polyethylene (LDPE). This shows that it is feasible to synthesize a 10% nano-calcium phosphate-TPS plastic that can be a viable substitute for LDPE plastics in film packaging, paving the way for the commercialization of starch-based plastics. The use of biodegradable plastics with improved physical characteristics will lessen consumer dependence on petroleum derived plastics and solve the environmental issues brought about by the use of such plastics.

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群魔飛舞─神奇的蚊子

有一天,放學之後留下來和老師一起練習打羽毛球,正當打得盡興時,天色已漸漸昏暗,突然間老師打了一個遠高球過來,赫然發現有一群蚊子在頭上飛舞著,阻礙了我叩殺此球,結果使我揮了空,心有不甘,決定找出原因來,為何蚊子只愛我,不愛老師呢?

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