長久以來，颱風總是令台灣的民眾苦惱不已。過去我們都認為開墾山坡地，造成沒有樹根能抓土壤，以致於土石流的發生。但經實地觀察後發現，許多土石流發生地，上方的樹木依然存在!所以我覺得除了樹根之外，或許土壤本身也是個重大的因素。經實驗後發現，土表上的腐植土擁有較一般土壤高的吸水量和滲透能力；再進一步實驗，發現腐植土在過乾的情形下，有吸收不佳的情況。這代表種植作物前的整地行為，似乎也是土石流的一大原因。即使有樹木，但整地的行為，使經年累月所囤積的腐植土被剷除殆盡，導致沒有東西能保護土壤的情況。所以，適度留下樹木、少些開發、避免多次反覆種植，才是遠離土石流、維護台灣水土保持的不二法門。

高血壓所誘發的機械性展延是造成心肌肥大的基本因子，本實驗即藉由微陣列基因分析法同時大量的分析機械性展延所造成心肌細胞的基因表現。將新生鼠的心肌細胞施以 20﹪的機械性展延，抽取其 mRNA製作成 cDNA 探針與現成的 cDNA 晶片進行雜漬反應 （此晶片上包含了 480個如訊息傳遞、控制細胞生長週期、細胞骨架等的已知基因），在眾多有因為機械性展延而造成基因表現差異的基因中，我們選擇了 eNOS 基因（內皮細胞 NO合成?）進行西方墨點法及 NOS活性和 NO 產生量測定的實驗，進一步證實 eNOS 的基因表現量的確是增加的，此一結果與微陣列基因分析所得之結果不謀而合。 Mechanical stretch induced by high blood pressure is an initial factor laeding to cardiac\r hypertrophy. The use of cDNA microarrays has made it possible to simultaneously analyze\r stretch-induced gene expression in cardiomyocytes. Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were cultured on\r malleable silicone dishes and were stretched by 20%. We compared the transcript profiles of\r cardiomyocytes under mechanical stretch for 60 minutes by hybridization of cell-derived cDNA to\r DNA probes immobilized on microarrays. The microarrays contained probes for 480 known genes\r including signal transduction, cell cycle regulators, cytoskeleton and cell motility, and so on. Eighteen\r genes were indentified that showed significantly differential expression in response to mechanical\r stretch in cardiomyocytes. Of the represented genes expressed, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)\r genes was the most interesting one. Northern blot and western blot analysis further quantified the\r expression of eNOS gene. Mechanical stretch also increased constitutive NOS activity and NO\r production. Our results indicate that mechanical stretch induces eNOS gene expression thus increases\r constitutive NOS activity and NO production in cardiomyocytes.

石油是怎麼來的呢？ 古代動植物或海洋中的浮游生物死掉之後埋在地下，經由細菌的分解作用，地層中留下以碳氫化合物為主的物質成分，當埋藏的時間愈久，上頭覆蓋的地層也愈厚，壓力和溫度也變得愈來愈大，經過了千百萬年之後，這些生物遺骸就逐漸變成了石油和天然氣，所以石油和天然氣的成因是一樣的，只是一個是液體，另一個則是氣體。 台灣出產石油嗎？ 台灣地區的石油和天然氣幾乎都是仰賴國外進口，所以每一次產油國家把石油調高價格，我們也跟著會面臨油價調漲的危機。其實，台灣並不是沒有出產石油和天然氣，包括台灣西部丘陵、平原地帶，以及台灣海峽的海底地層，都有開採到石油或天然氣，只是產量真的有限，不夠大家使用。 雖然台灣的石油、天然氣的產量不多，但開採石油的歷史卻很悠久。早在一百多年前，苗栗縣的出磺坑地區就挖掘到油氣，並且供應附近的居民點燈照明使用。直到如今，這個區域的油氣田還在持續開採當中。中國石油公司在這兒設置了一個油礦陳列室，裡頭擺設了許多開採石油、天然氣的模型和原油標本，有興趣的話可以來此參觀。 石油有什麼用途呢？ 剛從地底下開採出來的石油稱為原油，它並不是純粹的單一物質，裡頭含有相當複雜的化學成分，必須先運送到煉油廠提煉才能使用。構成石油的各種液體沸點不同，只要利用這樣的特性，就能夠將原油分餾成各種不同的石油產品，如汽油、柴油，或飛機、輪船用油等。石油不單只做為產生動力的能源，也是許多化學產品的原料！像小朋友們手上玩的塑膠玩具、布偶，身上穿的化學纖維質料的衣服，甚至農夫種菜使用的化學肥料，都是以石油為原料製造出來的。提煉石油剩下來又黏又黑的殘留物質~瀝青，就是用來舖設柏油路面的材料呢！

Purpose of research. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are bioelectrochemical systems that generate electrical energy by exploiting the extracellular electron transport (EET) capabilities of electrochemically active bacteria (EAB) (Logan 2009). This investigation aims to identify genes involved in driving bacterial EET with a new procedure that enables rapid screening of a side array of genes. These insights may lead to improved MFC performance through enhancing reactor design or genetic engineering EABs (Alfonta 2009). Procedures. MFC metagenomic analysis. Twelve MFCs incubated with four different bacterial samples were operated for approximately one year. The bacterial DNA from before and after incubation was extracted and the 16S rRNA regions were PCR amplified and sequenced. The bacterial community changes were analyzed using the QIIME program to identify bacteria that were being selected. Fosmid Clone Isolation. An E. coli fosmid library (Mewis et al. 2013) that contained genes from EAB inferred in the previous step was incubated in three MFCs. After a 48 hour enrichment period, biofilm samples from the MFCs were extracted and individual clones were isolated and screened in the MFCs individually. An E. coli DH5α strain with no insert DNA was incubated separately as the control. DNA sequencing. Fosmid insert DNA from high-performing clones were extracted, purified using gel electrophoresis, constructed into sequencing libraries and sequenced. Bioinformatics Analysis. The sequences were constructed into larger contigs using the Velvet algorithm package. The open reading frames (ORFs) were inferred and translated into amino acid sequences and annotated with proteins identified from the KEGG, and SEEDs databases using Metapathways 2.5. Results. The changes in bacterial communities from the metagenomic analysis revealed increases in relative abundance in numerous genera from Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. The MFCs incubated with the fosmid clones generated about 4 times more peak power than the MFCs incubated with the E. coli DH5α. Polarization curves generated for the MFCs demonstrated that the fosmid clones were able to sustain a higher current. Incubation of pure cultures of individual clones yielded four clones with significant performance improvements over the control strain. Protein data from Metapathways outputs reveled both novel and previously reported EET genes encoding for Type IV pilus structures, c-type cytochromes, soluble cytochromes, flavoproteins, and porins. Taxonomy inferences of the gene inserts by the Green Genes database reveal the genes most likely came from the same EABs that were inferred from the metagenomic analysis. Conclusions. The increased performance of the fosmid clone-powered MFCs suggest that the clones carried genes that enhanced their performance in the MFCs. This is further confirmed by polarization curves generated for the MFCs. The results of the taxonomy inferences suggest that the bacteria being selected for in the environmental samples carried genes that enhanced their performance in the MFCs, and that these genes were successfully identified in the subsequent steps. The results of this study demonstrate that using a gain of function approach to rapidly screen a wide array of genes in a gene library may be an efficient method to identify genes that enhance power generation of EABs in MFCs.

本實驗針對布丁的吸水敏感性進行探討，並加入交聯劑改良布丁的穩定性。實驗發現布丁的吸水行為對於環境變化具高敏感性：交聯濃度越高，其吸水率越低；溶液越酸或越鹼，其吸水率越高；磁場強度越強，其吸水率有減小的趨勢。我們先後以「重量增加率」→「溶質滲透率」→「溶質釋放率」曲線討論布丁的吸水模型，並以水合離子團解釋布丁、離子與磁場的交互作用。由於布丁具有「可調控」的吸水性質，因此可以藉由酸鹼值或外加磁場的變化，達到特定區域、特定時間釋放溶質的目的，應用於肥料施放、藥物膠囊、痠痛貼布等，能增加溶質釋放的精確性與使用效率。

二年級上學期做「水的電解」實驗時，以注射針頭當正、負兩極的材料，我們感到很好奇：如果換成其他金屬不知是否可以？經老師介紹先認識了第四冊「電解硫酸銅水溶液」的實驗，在這個實驗裏，我們瞭解了：「電解時兩極的化學反應與使用的電極材料及電解質有關」。當我們將電解水裝置中的兩注射針頭改成粗銅線後，發現：兩極銅線皆起了化學變化，但是並未看見藍色Cu2+移動的詳細過程；於是請教老師如何才能觀察到離子在兩極間前進的慢動作；老師在回答問題時，該到「電場」，順便提及「磁場」的觀念；我們就想︰既然離子會受電場影響，不知是否也會受磁場影響？因此在好奇心的驅使下，我們首先以有色的Cu2+開始，設計了本實驗。

我曾聽過美國東海岸的漁民，因為海星侵襲牡蠣的苗床，造成嚴重的損失，所以就把海星切成兩半，然後再丟回海岸邊，但數天，海星數量反倒有增無減，令那些漁民很疑惑，其實那是因為海星的一半個體仍可再生出另一半，形成一個新的，且完整的個體，就像章魚、烏賊能長出斷臂，兩棲的蠑螈能長出斷肢，蜥蜴的尾巴、螃蟹的螯也都能再生，所以我想研究渦蟲的再生能力到底如何。

鄭校長向來重視校園環境之美化，自然我們也養成了關心和愛護花木的習慣。尤其是當我們決定直升母校高中部後，不再為升學考試煩惱，因而有更多時間去觀察植物的生長情形，看它開始萌芽，逐漸茁壯，直至開花結果，自然界之微妙深深地吸引著我們。初夏應是植物長的最好，最茂盛的時候，可是有一天我們卻發現校園裹的植物，不再那麼活潑有生氣了，原該青翠欲滴的葉子不但逐漸枯黃，有的甚且掉落，好似一如秋景。仔細一看，葉片上仍有不少白色，褐色的斑點。斑點多的就枯黃、掉落。這種情形光是在男生大樓這邊看到，繼而發現女生大樓那邊也有，幾乎整個校園真的植物都感染了病害，所有的花草樹木均面臨著一個死亡的危機。我們與老師研討它的原因後，認為可能是病菌侵害的結果，也可能是空氣污染所引起的。於是集合了幾位興趣相同的同學，擬好了計劃，便積極地展開了下列幾項措施，以求進一步地了解。

敲水瓶與敲油瓶的聲音不同，不同的液體敲起來的聲音應該都不同。我們由這個想法開始，花費許多時間心力設計設備，成功的鑑定出各種液體。這是一個全新的想法，第一次有人利用敲擊聲來做鑑定液體。長期的研究證實了我們的想法，讓我們十分高興。要每一次的敲擊液體的狀況一樣，才能達到我們的研究目的。我們想盡辦法逐步的改良實驗器材。最後做出的可攜式液體鑑定儀成功的達到了這個目標。這個新方法成功能辨別出不同的液體。比較重要的有： 1汽油中有無被摻入便宜的甲醇2.金門高粱酒與他牌高粱酒3.紅標米酒與他牌米酒4.不同品牌的紅葡萄酒。更重要的是這個方法能鑑定裝在玻璃瓶中的液體，這意味著可以用這簡單方法來鑑定還沒開瓶昂貴酒類的真假。

本研究主要是探討液晶面板在不同的電壓下，對紅外光區及可見光區之穿透光譜。藉由控制外加液晶面板兩側的電壓，改變內部的電場強度，驅使液晶分子長軸方向改變(偏轉)，以達到控制穿透率之目的。施加於液晶面板兩側的電壓V大於起始電壓V0時，液晶分子長軸受電場作用與電場方向平行，減弱引導偏振光扭轉之能力，讓部分光通過偏振片。令及分別代表穿透率達到最大穿透率之10%及90%時的外加電壓，則定義「光-電開關斜率」γ為：γ =(V90-V10)/V10。透射光強度與外加電壓關係曲線則稱為「光-電開關特性曲線」。穿透率除與液晶分子之旋光程度有關，我們也做了在不同電壓下，液晶分子之穿透光譜，並討論其特性。The main idea of the project is to discuss the transmittance spectra of liquid-crystal device in the range of infrared and visual light (400~900 nm) with different electric field by changing voltage. Different biases are applied to the liquid-crystal cell, causing the axis of liquid-crystal to rotate, and the transmittances are measured. If the application of bias is greater than the threshold voltage (V0), the axis of liquid-crystal will be parallel to the electric field, and make the beam pass through polaroid. Electro-optical switching slope γ is defined as γ =(V90-V10)/V10 , where V10 and V90 are the applied voltages enabling output light signal reaches up to 10% and 90% of its maximum intensity, respectively. It is understood that transmittance depends on the optical activity of liquid-crystal cells. Besides, we will discuss the relation between wavelength and transmittance of liquid-crystal cells.

本實驗在探討，當金奈米粒子和植物中的葉綠素產生鍵結作用力時，能量轉移的結果是否能幫助葉綠素激發電子。經由兩者混合後光譜的變化,發現兩者之間發生能量轉移。為探討此轉移現象和濃度的關係，我們將大小不同的金奈米和不同毫升數的葉綠素作用，並將其結果和金奈米與葉綠素的吸收強度和作比較，使用正規化的計算方法算出比值，由此看出兩者之間能量轉移的效率。當金顆粒約大於30nm時，正規化的數值隨的葉綠素濃度的增加而變大；而當金奈米顆粒約小於30nm時，則隨著葉綠素的增加而變小。Much attention is currently focused on chromophoric molecules because they can not only mimic natural antenna systems but also exhibit unique optical and physical properties. Chlorophyll , produced by extracting from green leaves, has electrostatic interactions with Au nanoparticles through carboxyl groups. Herein, we report the charge transfer between chlorophyll and Au nanoparticles using UV-vis electronic absorption spectroscopy. The efficiency of charge transfer from chlorophyll to Au nanoparticles was estimated by the normalization of Q-ban absorption intensity. From the observation of absorption intensity versus concentration of chlorophyll curves, we find that the efficiency of charge transfer is increased while the size of Au-particle is larger than 30nm, but decreased while the size smaller than 30nm.

古籍上記載山藥益肺氣，養肺陰，且最近研究報告發現山藥含有珍貴的dioscorin，其為山藥貯存養分的重要蛋白質，有抑制胰蛋白水解?之活性。而塵?糞便、屍體中的消化蛋白?會破壞呼吸道上皮細胞緊密連接處引起過敏氣喘反應。我對此甚感興趣，進而利用山藥的萃取蛋白dioscorin、塵?粗萃取蛋白及呼吸道上皮癌細胞A549，藉細胞培養、免疫螢光染色、螢光顯微攝影來實驗山藥是否真能保護上皮細胞緊密連接處。再利用膠體電泳、西方墨點法中抗體的高專一性、二抗的高靈敏度來確知我之前的實驗。另外也用ELISA 來實驗dioscorin或塵?引起A549 發炎的情況是如何。由實驗得知，dioscorin 可抑制及預防塵?引起的過敏氣喘反應；而經由ELISA 實驗發現，dioscorin 對於塵?刺激A549分泌發炎物質Eotaxin 並沒有助長或是降低的效果。It was believed that Chinese yam have benefits in treating asthma. Recently, it was found that the valuable dioscorin can be isolated from Chinese yam. The major function of dioscorin is nutrition-storage, however, it also have activities in inhibiting trypsin-like protease. This inhibitory activities trigger my interests. Because the major allergens, mites, and their stool may destroy the tight junctions of airway epithelium cells through their trypsin-protease activities. I therefore carry out an in vitro study to identify whether dioscorin can be used in protecting epithelium from the attack of mites. My results showed that dioscorin can protect the tight junctions of A549 cells from the attack of mite crude extract protein. I believed that dioscorin can be a good candidate in pharmacology application. The genetic and proteomic information are my further focus. On the other hand, we also investigated the possible activity of dioscorin in inhibiting mites-induced inflammation through using A549 as a model and employing ELISA. We found dioscorin neither inhibited nor enhanced the eotaxin being secreted from A549 under the stimulation of mites.