Skin cancer, including basal cell and squamous cell skin carcinoma, is known to\r be the most common cancer type. Skin cancer is thought to make up half of all known\r cancers. Over one million non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) are reported every year. \r Approximately 300,000 of these cases are squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). It is\r estimated that about 2,000 people die from NMSC each year. Of the two skin cancer\r types, SCC tends to be the more clinically aggressive and likely to spread and invade,\r typically by way of blood or lymphatic vessels. Understanding the signaling pathways\r in SCC cells that regulate invasion will be important for developing improved cancer\r treatments. The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) protein is a\r central regulator of numerous cellular activities, including proliferation, survival, and\r motility. Stat3 also has enhanced activity in many cancers, including skin SCC. This\r study shows that Stat3 regulates several invasive properties in a human skin SCC cell culture model.\r HGF (hepatocyte growth factor)- induced cell schattering was assessed for\r SRB12-p9 cells (p9WT), a human skin SCC cell line, along with SRB12-p9 cells\r engineered to have reduced Stat3 activity. Next, a cell viability-based adhesion assay\r was performed with these cells. Finally, severe combined immunodeficient (SCID)\r mice were injected subcutaneously with P9WT and S3DN cells and tumors were\r measured twice weekly. Extracted tumors were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting for expression of the invasion related enzyme, MMP-2 and MMP-9.\r The suppression of Stat3 activity in S3DN cell lines resulted in reduced motility,\r greater adhesion, and a less invasive phenotype in SCID mice. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting indicated higher levels of MMPs in the P9WT cells with\r expression localization towards the outer perimeter of the tumors. This data suggests\r that Stat3 plays a role in skin SCC invasion and better understanding of Stat3 function\r could lead to improved treatment and prevention of the disease.

什麼是土石流？ 土石流是快速塊體崩壞運動的一種，是水與泥沙、土石等固、液體混合後受重力下移而成的流動體。由於密度高，再加上沿陡高坡面或溪谷向下移動時，位能轉換成動能，加上能量大搬運力強，會不斷吞噬兩側鬆動的土石，因此雖然歷時短暫，但來勢兇猛，流速甚至可達每秒5公尺以上，產生強大的衝擊力，常在短時間內改變地表的形貌，沖毀或掩埋公路、橋樑、房舍、農田等各種設施，造成重大的災害。土石流發生的機制包括： (1)累積雨量250公厘以上或降雨強度每小時40公厘以上。 (2)地質條件不穩的山坡地，產生大量鬆碎的岩塊與沙土。 (3)略為傾斜的河谷，足夠的坡度才會因重力作用產生流動。 土石流的形貌在地形上可分為三個部分： (1)源頭區 河谷上游或源頭的山崩落石區，山勢陡峻，植被稀疏，岩層裸露，土石容易崩落堆積，常成碗狀或湯匙狀。 (2)流動區 河谷中下游，河床兩側有碎屑物，土石流由源頭產生後運動至此區，常合併此部份的土石，增加體積及能量後，破壞力增強。 (3)堆積區 位於河谷下游或出谷口處，坡度較緩，土石流物質堆積成。由源頭區、流動區至堆積區的整體形狀為伸長的舌狀。 如何避免危險的土石流？ 台灣島位於板塊交接處，受到板塊擠壓影響，岩層破碎，而高溫多雨的氣候條件導致強烈的風化作用，歲列崩落的岩塊往往堆積於山溝溪谷，成為土石流的材料。再加上人為不當的山坡地開發與土地利用，砍伐具有水土保持功能的森林，更加強了土石流爆發的危機。減少土石流的災情，除了做好水土保持工程，在易發生土石流的山區溪谷裝設降雨警報裝置，另外，遠離容易發生土石流的地區，也是維護生命財產安全的必要作為。

近年來，隨著國人健康意識抬頭，食品以「自然」為訴求，天然抗氧化物質的研究也應運而生，因此有關石蓮花具抗氧化能力之研究報告相繼被發表，但關於其加工特性之研究卻甚少，故本研究之目的主要是探討加熱時間對石蓮花汁液抗氧化活性的影響，以求對其加工特性有進一步的了解，並將其與洋菜結合，開發新的機能性食品。實驗結果顯示，石蓮花汁液具有碘酒還原能力，且其經過加熱處理後仍能保有碘酒還原能力。進行清除DPPH自由基試驗之結果顯示，無論是未加熱或加熱後的石蓮花汁液皆具有高達九成以上的清除能力，故證實石蓮花汁液適用於加熱加工上的應用。將石蓮花汁液應用於洋菜凍試驗中，發現其可提供良好的色澤、非水溶性膳食纖維與抗氧化能力於新產品中。

尋找用風來傳播種子的植物，探討種子部分與翅膀部分的質量黃金比例為目的，討論種子翅膀面積、質量、重心位置等因素對種子滯空時間、飛行距離的影響，我們用校園中常見的紫葳科(Bignoniaceae)火焰樹屬(Spathodea)的火焰木(Spathodea campanulata )植物，撿取種子進行實驗。 我們發現隨著翅膀面積的增大，種子在空中停留的時間也跟著變久，飛行的距離也跟著變長，但不是無限制的變久、變長。實驗結果顯示，翅膀的面積增加成4倍時，有最久的滯空時間與最長的飛行距離。 利用第一次的實驗結果，我們選取4倍翅膀面積的模擬種子，進行重心位置的改變對滯空時間的影響。發現當種子置於翅膀的中央時，有較久的滯空時間，可能是當重心位於翅膀的中央時，有最大的下降截面積，有最久的滯空時間。

甲殼動物的殼含有甲殼素、碳酸鈣、蛋白質，三者比?各占三分之ㄧ，本 研究以化學方法將甲殼素提?出：將洗淨晒乾後的蟹殼、?蝦殼用鹽酸溶液浸 泡，以脫去碳酸鈣，再用氫氧化鈉溶液浸泡，去除蛋白質，所得到的沉澱物即 為甲殼素。本研究比較蟹殼、?蝦殼所提?的甲殼素吸附銅?子能?的強弱， 發現蟹殼有較強吸附?。亦探討甲殼素對銅?子、鋅?子及鈉?子的吸附能?， 結果發現對鋅?子地吸附?最強，吸附的原因是因甲殼素和?屬?子之間發生 ?螯合作用。加工食品含大?色素，本研究萃取彩虹?中之色素，探討甲殼素 抓取色素分子的可?性。

自然科教室裡有許多磁捧和馬蹄形磁鐵，整箱的磁鐵用了很多年，磁性非常微弱，上課的時候，效果很差。我們想、能不能研究一種簡單的方法，使這些磁鐵恢復磁力呢？這樣老師和同學上課的時候，就有磁鐵可用了。於是和幾位同學開始研究。

一、 什麼是噪音：噪音是聲音振動的不規律，音量很大時，聽了令人覺得不協調、不舒服、刺耳且煩躁不安。二、噪音對身體的危害：長期處在噪音環境下，不但易耳聾，且還會引發疾病影響生育功能或猝死。長期生活在 70 分貝至 80 分貝以上的環境中，可使人動脈收縮 、心跳加速、供血不足、出現血壓不穩、心律不整、心悸等症狀，甚至演變成冠心病，心絞痛、腦溢血及心肌梗塞。在噪音 80 分貝以上的環境中工作、學習，將使人精神無法集中、聽力下降，降低工作、學習效率。影響幼兒健康胎兒和幼兒的聽覺神經敏感脆弱，極易受噪音的破壞，嚴重時甚至會影響智力的發展。美國醫學專家研究指出，突發的強烈噪音，可使聽覺受到刺激，引起突發性的心律不整，使人猝死。三、預防噪音危害的生活保健:預防噪音先從不製造噪音著手．採消音建材綠化環境也有幫助。噪音是繼空氣污染、水源污染之後的第三大環境公害。

1. Purpose of research \r To investigate the feasibility of using municipal cellulosic wastes as feedstock for production of biochar in pyrolysis, the effects of metal catalysts in pyrolysis, and the applicability of the produced biochar as a fertilizer\r 2. Procedures \r A. Investigation into the characteristics of (metal catalyzed) pyrolysis of various cellulosic wastes \r 1. The cellulosic waste (and catalyst) was weighed and put into a boiling tube. The tube was stopped with a plastic bung with holes. A plastic tube and a thermocouple were inserted through the holes. The other end of the plastic tube was submerged. \r 2. A Bunsen flame was used to pyrolyse cellulosic waste. Temperature and time of reaction were recorded. Gas produced was collected underwater. Biochar and bio-oil were obtained and weighed. \r B. Evaluation of adsorptive capabilities of different materials \r 1. Blue light absorbances of KH2PO4 solutions (mixed with vanadate-molybdate reagent to form yellow solutions) at different concentrations were found and an absorbance-concentration curve was established. \r 2. 5g of each material being evaluated was sandwiched between two pieces of filter paper before being put into a suction funnel. KH2PO4 solution was poured into the funnels. The setups were left overnight and filtrates were collected. \r 3. Collected filtrates were mixed with vanadate-molybdate reagent. Concentration of phosphates in each filtrate was found by the curve.\r 3. Data \r I. Highest percentage conversion from waste to biochar: 94.1% (paper towel, iron wool) \r II. Highest sequestration rate of carbon: 98.6% (paper towel, zinc) \r III. Lowest pyrolysis temperature: 162°C (paper towel, copper) \r IV. Best catalyst in terms of speed of biochar production: copper (+47.7%) \r V. Highest speeds of biochar production (w/ and w/o catalyst): 46.4g/hr (paper towel, copper) and 27.7g/hr (sawdust) \r VI. Adsorptions of KH2PO4: 14.4% (biochar from sawdust)/ 9.02% (sawdust)\r 4. Conclusions \r The pyrolysis of cellulosic waste to biochar was achievable at school laboratory conditions, with satisfactory results in carbon sequestration, production speed and percentage conversion. \r Under catalysis by various metals, the production of either biochar or pyrolytic gas and oil can be optimized, providing a low-cost way to derive fuel and sequestration-ready carbon, both crucial as answers to looming crises. The use of copper greatly speeds up pyrolysis and lowers the pyrolysis temperature, further increasing the economic potential of the process. \r Biochar is also an effective means to soil management, as shown in field and laboratory experiments. Its adsorption capability far exceeds that of untreated cellulosic waste, retaining nutrients to be taken by plants instead of leaching away. It was also shown to improve fruit yield and induce ripeness in tomato, making it obvious that biochar is also a viable fertilizer. \r All in all, metal-catalyzed biochar production from municipal cellulosic waste and the subsequent use of biochar as fertilizer have the benefits of: low feedstock cost, low energy cost, fast production, carbon sequestration, soil management and waste recycling. It is a remedy to some of the most persistent and serious global problems: food and energy crisis, water pollution, excessive greenhouse effect alongside waste treatment.

中文摘要 本實驗先尋求將廢棄保麗龍磺酸化為陽離子交換樹脂(本實驗稱”保麗龍膠”)的方法。將保 麗龍依：丙酮溶解→硬化→打碎→與濃硫酸共煮三小時→浸於50%硫酸溶液中→沖洗→以水 浸泡的流程，即可達再造的目的；我們測得其磺酸化比例為62.5%。再利用「碘滴定法」(浸 泡式)與「相對電壓檢測法」(流動式)，依次尋求保麗龍膠吸附金屬離子的最佳條件。其中「碘 滴定法」可有效測出銅離子濃度，但手續繁瑣；「相對電壓檢測法」最大的好處是知道保麗龍 膠何時吸附達飽和必須再生。 目前我們所知，要保麗龍膠達到吸附陽離子的最佳效能，其條件依次為：使用細粒的保 麗龍膠；低濃度的金屬離子溶液；質量愈大的保麗龍膠；低溫下較慢的金屬廢水流速及pH 值約為4.30 的銅離子廢水；鈉型的保麗龍膠吸附效能優於氫型。保麗龍膠對不同金屬離子亦 有吸附力，單位體積所含離子數愈少，初始的相對電壓會愈高；在相同莫耳濃度下，不同離 子的吸附力依次為Cr3＋＞Fe3＋＞Ni2＋＞Cu2＋＞Co2＋；分次吸附確可將金屬離子完全去除；由 吸附等溫線觀察得知，可能保麗龍膠為多孔物質，導致500ppm 以下的吸附模式無法明確判 斷，1000ppm 以上則為物理吸附模式；保麗龍膠可以再生也可被覆在砂粒上達到不錯的吸附 效能；最後，我們將吸附過金屬離子的保麗龍廢膠與硫酸鈣、紙漿及些許的石灰(質量依序為 13 克、13 克、7 克、0.04 克)混合，可製成類似紙黏土，做成造型磁鐵，廢物利用十分有趣。 Abstract The Experiment will, first of all, explore the ways to sulfonate expandable polystyrene into cation ion exchange resin (called “polystyrene rubber” hereafter in the experiment). The procedures of treating expandable polystyrene are as follows: acetone dissolve→hardening→smashing→ boiling with sulfuric acid for three hours→immersing in 50% sulfuric acid solution→washing→ immersing in water so that we may reach the goal of reconstruction. We calculate the sulfonated rate to be 62.5%. Then we make use of “Iodine Titration”(immersion method) and “Opposite Voltage”(floating method) to seek for the best conditions of adsorption the metallic ion through polystyrene rubber. The former can effectively calculate the concentration of copper ion, but the procedures are quite complex. The greatest advantage of the “Opposite Voltage” method is that we may know when the adsorption of polystyrene rubber is saturated and should be regenerated. As far as we know at present, the conditions of obtaining the best effect that polystyrene may adsorb the cation ion are as follows: fine particles of polystyrene rubber; low concentration metallic solution; polystyrene rubber of which the mass is greater; at lower temperature, slower waste water flow speed and the copper ion waste water with pH 4.30; the adsorption effect of sodium type polystyrene rubber is better than the hydrogen type. Polystyrene rubber also has adsorption effect toward different metallic ion. The less ion per cubic contains, the higher the original opposite voltage. With the same mole concentration, different ion adsorption effects may range as follows: Cr3＋＞Fe3＋＞Ni2＋＞Cu2＋＞Co2＋. The batch adsorption definitely may erase metallic ion completely. By observing the adsorption isotherm, possibly because the polystyrene rubber is a multi-apertured matter, we find that it is impossible to judge exactly the adsorption model of those metallic ion solutions of which the concentrations are below 500ppm. Those which are over 1,000ppm belong to physical adsorption models. Polystyrene may be regenerated and get an adsorption effect by coating sand particals. In the last analysis, we may make paper clay and magnets of different styles by mixing the adsorbed metallic ion polystyrene rubber with calcium sulfate, paper pulp and a little lime(the mass are respectively 13g, 13g, 7g, and 0.04g). The reuse of waste is really very interesting.

每次上實習課時，為了要讓工件達到精確的尺寸，總是要準備很多支的分厘卡，導致工具箱很重，於是我開始著手於研究改善的方法，想要擁有游標卡尺的快速和分厘卡的精準度，於是設計出了這把能省時、省力、和省錢的量具，也達到了當初所期望的游標卡尺的快速和分厘卡的精準度，另外還多了許多不同的功能，例如量內徑和深度等，加上主軸可以依需求無限延伸，所以在未來有很大的發展空間。

我們在夏天的晚上，常常可以看到昆蟲們因為趨光性的本能而慘死在路燈下，所以我們希望透過校園昆蟲趨光性實驗來發現，有哪些燈源特別容易吸引昆蟲。我們選用日常生活中最常見的六種燈來實驗，實驗都是在暑假無風、無月或眉月的晚上，每次實驗都記錄昆蟲數量與種類，實驗完畢後，我們發現水銀燈的趨光種類和數量最多，而省電(黃)的趨光種類和數量最少，研究結果同時也發現昆蟲們的趨光性整體偏向白、藍光，而水銀燈屬白光容易吸引昆蟲前來，因此我們建議將道路、住家附近、民宿飯店、游泳池等將白色的水銀燈改為黃色的省電(黃)，如此既節能又省電。