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全球性塑膠汙染議題,是現今各國所需面對的首衝問題,這些塑膠微粒除了會對海洋生物造成傷害外,透過許多文獻指出,這也會對環境造成破壞,亦能運用顆粒小的特性,被人體吸收,進入到血液循環系統。因此本研究旨在尋找能夠替代塑膠微粒,且又能自然分解的廢棄物,實驗中選用了花生殼以及蛋殼,其中,花生殼洗面乳達成與含塑膠微粒洗面乳相同效果,能夠完全取代含塑膠微粒的洗面乳;蛋殼洗面乳效果最佳,不過在於人體皮膚上清潔時,卻會有不適感。藉由研究問卷分析,發現大眾對於塑膠微粒具有一定程度的了解,接近五成的人都使用過含塑膠微粒之產品,約七成的人對於花生殼洗面乳有興趣。
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探討海藻酸鈉與卡拉膠對角膜塑型片表面物化性質之影響
角膜塑型術的原理是於夜晚睡覺時,採用多弧的逆幾何設計來壓迫角膜,使角膜表皮細胞重新排列以達到矯正的效果。然而在夜晚配戴期間淚液分泌物會吸附於角膜塑型片表面,造成角膜擦傷、感染。本研究探討多醣類對角膜塑型片表面淚液分泌物之吸附的影響。從實驗結果中可以看到淚液分泌物會隨天數而堆積於鏡片上且表面粗糙度有大幅上升趨勢,在進行了市售主流系統產品之測試後發現其清潔效果並不顯著,而我們藉由蛋白質、脂質濃度分析、掃瞄式電子顯微鏡觀察及表面水接觸角觀察可以得出加入多醣類(AA/CRG各4.5mg/ml)的複方清潔可以最有效的提升清潔效果。未來我們期望可以將多糖類複方清潔液帶入安全性評估及成本分析並成功商品化。
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蒲公英萃取物之抗氧化評估與抗肺炎應用
自疫情爆發以來,各國都相繼研發新型冠狀病毒的藥物。蒲公英為一種傳統中草藥,具有抗氧化、抗發炎等生物活性。本研究以蒲公英為試驗植物。為了瞭解蒲公英的抗氧化及抗肺炎能力,我們使用磨粉後的蒲公英進行水和甲醇的過濾萃取物,將蒲公英水萃取物及甲醇萃取物分別進行試管清除DPPH自由基實驗、ABTS抗氧化實驗及總酚含量測定實驗,並進一步確定蒲公英萃取物的抗氧化能力。另外,我們還進行肺細胞發炎移動及遷移能力測試。最後發現甲醇萃取物的抗氧化效果比水萃取物佳。我們以脂多醣LPS誘導肺細胞發炎,運用顯微鏡觀察,發現甲醇萃取物有明顯抑制肺細胞發炎移動及遷移現象。經由以上實驗結果證明,蒲公英甲醇萃取物對抗氧化及抑制肺炎具有效果。
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線上教學資源
科學大聲公廣播劇01~小心!有「炸」!
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以新型CRISPR-Cas9技術優化粒線體基因剪輯
本研究開發一個新型的CRISPR-Cas9技術剪輯粒線體DNA,提供粒線體基因所造成疾病的一個有潛能之治療方式。在本研究中,我們將嵌入粒線體標的訊號序列後的 Cas9 蛋白質和 sgRNA 分子送入粒線體內,將 CRISPR-Cas9系統套用於粒線體中,並達成剪輯粒線體基因之目的。我們將 Cas9 蛋白質和 sgRNA 分子鑲嵌於同一質體上,有效導入CRISPR-Cas9系統於粒線體內,並觀察到剪輯之標的基因ND4含量下降了 32%,達到粒線體基因編輯之目標。雖然前人曾用ZFN (Zinc-finger Nuclease)和TALEN (Transcription Activator-like Effector Nucleases)成功編輯粒線體基因,但由於製作過程繁瑣和經費昂貴等種種原因,並未被廣泛使用。我們開發的新型CRISPR-Cas9粒線體基因剪輯系統將可以提供一個相對簡易且價格低廉的粒線體基因剪輯平台。
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Predicting the Binding Affinity between Medicine and Estrogen Receptor Beta
Recent studies showed that the probability of Taiwanese females developing breast cancer has risen dramatically over the past 30 years. We are now facing younger and more breast cancer patients in Taiwan. What makes the matter even more severe, is the fact that patients that take cancer treating medicine will suffer from its serious side effects, some may even lose the ability to reproduce. We hope to develop a new system that can help doctors and researchers develop new medicine for treating breast cancer, the way medicine cures cancer tumors are by attaching onto the infected cells’ receptors. After collecting MACCS data (converted from SMILES), the dataset will be used for training the machine learning program. Due to the problem of insufficient training data, we used an ensemble method to generate our machine learning model. Among the three basic ensemble techniques, Max Voting, Averaging, and Weighted Averaging. we selected the max voting technique to perform the prediction for this research. We created two separate datasets, positive and negative, the two datasets will later be used as training data for the program. We weren’t sure of the ratio of positive and negative in the training data, therefore we compare 40 different ratios and evaluate the results. By comparing the accuracy of the models, we found out that when the ratio between positive data and negative data is 1:3000, the machine learning program will have the highest precision. After we created the final model through voting among the 1000 models generated, we evaluate the precision of the model through the following methods, AUC, precision, recall. The ultimate goal of this research is to assist doctors and researchers shorten the process of developing and testing new medicines.
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滾動體在旋轉圓盤上運動之軌跡探討(The motion of a rolling sphere on a rotating disk)
球體在旋轉平台上的運動分三階段:進動階段、螺線振盪階段、打滑階段。進動階段、螺線振盪階段為兩個運動模式的疊加:迴旋半徑漸增的螺旋線運動、向平台中心靠近的平移運動。當迴旋半徑漸增至滑動摩擦力的上限值,球進入打滑階段並向外甩出平台。 研究紀錄球體質心運動參數,並以接觸點準靜態理論計算及滑動-滾動摩擦模型進行數值分析,找出各種變因與運動參數間的關係。 結果發現滾動階段中鋼球作迴旋運動的頻率f球和平台旋轉頻率f盤和有正比關係,且比例值和球標準化轉動慣量δ正相關。由滾動階段過渡到滑動階段的最大迴旋半徑Rmax和f球2成反比、和δ呈負相關、和滑動摩擦係數μk成正比。滾動摩擦使球向平台中心靠近,也使迴旋半徑漸增。平台傾斜或呈錐狀時,球體的運動會向水平方向偏移。
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n個人圍成一圈,面向圓心,且逆時針編號1,2,……,n。一開始每人手中有一個糖果,由1號開始,逆時針分別給右邊的人一個、兩個、一個、兩個……糖果,手上沒有糖果的人必須退出。我們將此傳遞規則定義為T1,2 ,同理T1,2,...,p 。這個傳遞遊戲,最終會有兩種情形,第一種是由一人獨得所有糖果(成功狀態),第二種是數人間傳遞糖果且形成循環(循環狀態)。 研究後得知,在傳遞規則T1,2,...,p(p≧2)下,若p=p1α1p2α2... piαi....pjαj(p1,p2,...,pj為p的相異質因數),任意的n值(n≧p+1)均可唯一表示成n=((p)tx(p1s1p2s2...pisi·m)+q(t,mϵN, p ∤ p1s1p2s2...pisi, (m,p)=1, q=1,2,...,p),令S=pt(p-q)+(pq-1)/p-1 +R·pt,則當m=1時,最終為成功狀態,且獨得糖果者的初始編號為S;當m≧2時,最終為循環狀態,且由m人循環傳遞糖果,而此m人的初始編號是S, S+ptp1s1p2s2...pisi,...,..., S+(m-1)· ptp1s1p2s2...pisi。上述公式中的R值,可透過我們研究出來的「R值迭代法」求得。
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太平溪下游的堤岸種類分為全水泥、水泥+石頭、水泥+石頭+磚塊、水泥格子磚(中間泥土地)、泥土(四周用水泥格子磚)、泥土(中間用水洗石子地做間隔,分成兩塊或三塊的地)和泥土斜坡(中間用泥土坡道來分成兩段),我們想要了解施工堤岸工程的不同對於其生態的影響。進行多次觀察後,發現各自的優點、功能(或功用)、以及對於生物通道的影響,本研究發現太平溪下游堤岸施工種類眾多,因此我們評估這些堤岸施工鋪面是否適合生物通道,並針對阻礙生物通道的堤岸鋪面,提出解決的方案。希望透過這項調查能喚醒大家能讓人類與生物共存,不要破壞自然的生態環境。
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The Use of Brine Shrimp to Test for Water Pollutants
The use of brine shrimp nauplii to test for the overall toxicity of sediment samples is proposed. Brine shrimp nauplii were cultured with different concentrations of heavy metals, including chromium (III), copper (II), nickel, lead and zinc, and organic pollutants, including triclosan, oxybenzone, octinoxate and bisphenol A. The brine shrimp nauplii were observed under a dissection microscope to determine the death rate. Results showed that brine shrimp nauplii are more sensitive to copper, cadmium, bisphenol A and oxybenzone. The LC50 (24h) are 55.5, 24.9, 5.6 and 2.7 ppm respectively. Zinc is likely to have synergistic toxic effect with nickel or lead. The synergistic toxic effects of other heavy metals and organic pollutants should be confirmed with further investigations. Brine shrimp nauplii were treated with extracts from sediment samples collected from the oyster culture zone of the Deep Bay, namely Pak Nei, Sha Kiu Tsuen and Hang Hau Tsuen. The sediment samples were extracted with neutral sodium acetate to dissolve the exchangeable heavy metal ions and some organic pollutants. The death rate of brine shrimp nauplii treated with the sediment extract of Hang Hau Tsuen was similar to 1 ppm PBA. It was also about 10 to 20% higher than that of the other two sites (Pak Nei and Sha Kiu Tsuen). Since Hang Hau Tsuen is closer to the residential area and Lau Fau Shan Seafood Market than the other two sites, its sediment sample is likely to have a higher level of environmental pollutants. The results suggest that brine shrimp nauplii may be used as a biomarker to monitor the environmental changes in the overall level of pollutants in sediment samples.
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駕駛者有時會受到前方光源而有眼睛不適的狀況,這可能影響行車安全與身體健康,透過查詢資料了解到這可能是因為眩光所導致的。以問卷結果為基礎,設計實驗探討「環境條件」及「光源條件」對眩光的影響。由實驗結果發現,光源照度越強,照射角度與觀測者目光重疊時,眼睛越容易有不適感。我們也發現角度及燈泡排列方式也會影響到眩光的範圍,當光源角度改變為15度時,可以大幅降低眩光面積。燈罩的形狀是展開型時,較能有效降低眩光。 綜合實驗結果,若想減少眩光對行車的影響,可調整會出現在駕駛前方的光源角度,如街燈、指引燈,駕駛人本身也可配戴黃色系的防護眼鏡,可有效阻擋光線,提升行車安全及舒適度。
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