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幾丁寡醣對藍光LED造成視網膜色素上皮細胞傷害的保護作用
3C產品及LED燈多以藍光照明,長期照射易導致視網膜黃斑部病變。其作用機轉是藍光引起視網膜細胞過氧化物質 (ROS)增加,造成細胞的氧化壓力進而引發細胞凋亡。幾丁寡醣 (Chitosan oligosaccharides, COS)有抗氧化及抗凋亡的作用。文獻證實,在動物實驗中COS可以減少自由基並抑制轉錄因子NF-κB傳導路徑,而降低氧化壓力。但關於COS在保護視網膜細胞避免光傷害的效果則有待研究。 本研究的目的是探討:藍光LED對視網膜色素上皮細胞造成傷害時,COS是否具有保護作用,並分析其機轉是否與抑制NF-κB路徑有關。我們以ARPE-19細胞株,在添加不同濃度的COS的情況下,經照射LED藍光處理後,分析細胞活性、ROS表現量及細胞凋亡情形,並透過PCR、Western blot、JC-1及免疫螢光染色分析作用機轉,期待將來可做為臨床醫療參考。
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我們在Yahoo拍賣網無意間發現一個特別的「重力傾斜」酒架,雖然只是一根鋼管卻能完美站立,於是製作了許多不同規格的酒架和酒瓶去找出讓整體系統能夠達到平衡的原因,最後發現影響整個系統穩定因素與酒架的角度、酒架的切口、酒架的底面積大小及重心有關,而從中更學到槓桿定律的平衡原理。在研究當中意外發現編號9的酒架(酒架角度60°、切口角度120°)所形成的平衡系統姿態與網路「重力傾斜」酒架幾近相同,但因60度的酒架無法與裝滿水的啤酒瓶和紅酒瓶達成平衡系統。故取其長寬比做為依據,便可設計出符合「重力傾斜」酒架美感且又能達到穩定系統的酒架長度。
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此主題從日常生活遭遇疑難尋求解答開始,在研究如何將看似繁瑣的中國著名童玩—九連環,透過解開單環、二連環、三連環、四連環等較簡易的情形,推導出各情形的解開方法,進而建立解開各情形步驟數的數列,並從這些簡易的情形推出解K連環的過程規律, 並得到各項數列的變化規則為 ak=2ak - 2+ak - 1+2, 再從數列的前幾項分布觀察出另一個其隔項階差形成等比數列的規律, 並進而推導出其隔項階差公比為4 也就是ak + 2 -ak =4( ak-ak- 2)這個關係式,透過分離奇數項數列和偶數項數列形成的第一階差再配合等比級數的求和方法就可得到解K 連環時的步驟數的一般公式, 也就是為當K 為奇數時需1/3(2k+ 2-2)步,而當K 為偶數時則為ak=1/3(2k + 2-4)步。
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有一天,姊姊在照鏡子時,我忽然發現鏡子只能照到姊姊的臉,卻能照到我整個頭,我覺得很奇怪。 後來,看到一個立方體的圖形,一眨眼,圖形會自己移動位置,我覺得更新奇了。 我們和老師談論,老師說他有三隻眼睛,這更不可思議了,我們在老師的引導下,開始探討其中的奧秘。
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在高中化學課程中提到的離子晶體,主要有「平面三角形」、「四面體」、「八面體」、「立方體」等四種、而離子晶格到底是如何堆積,國內目前所有的高中課程內容都是利用陰陽離子的半徑比與配位數的觀念來解釋。本組採用另一種思維-「空間使用率」的概念,以此概念來解釋同樣的情況,發現這樣的解釋與「配位數」說明之後所得之結果是完全相同的。經過理論的推算與實驗的驗證,本組成功地發現在大自然界中,離子晶格堆積會遵循「最大的空間使用率」來進行堆積。簡單地說,大自然在晶格堆積中所扮演著是一位相當有智慧的倉庫管理員。
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當在圓上找到一個固定點P,做兩條相互垂直的弦PQ、PR ,則直線QR恆過一定點(圓心)如圖一,那麼這個定點該如何用座標表示呢?如果這兩條直線不是垂直的話,在何種情況下也會產生同樣的結果呢?所有的圓錐曲線是否也具有這樣的特性呢?若皆具有這樣的特性,那麼這些點究竟含有什麼意義呢?讓我們一起來討論這個問題吧!
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眼見不為憑-台東水往上流視錯覺現象探討
台東「水往上流」一直都是可以迷惑大眾的有趣自然現象,因此成為台東熱門的觀光景點,許多網路資料也都針對水往上流現象提出各種猜測與解釋,我們首先透過問卷調查的方式蒐集一般民眾對於「水往上流是如何形成?」這個問題的想法,並藉由實地訪查探究了解當地水流與地景的真實情況後,明白當地是如何藉由樹臺、水道、車道的三條不同傾斜線造成「視錯覺」,將明明是向下傾斜0.6度的水往下流誤以為是「水往上流」。我們最後還以「水往上流」這個地景條件來設計操作實驗用以建構模型,此模型包含了「傾斜角度」、「方向」以及「顏色組成」等,以提供未來在工程上應該如何才能夠維護當地奇特自然現象的一些實質建議。
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「4」in love-探討任意四邊形生成之四心四邊形的性質
運用四心及平行、圓等幾何性質探討任意四邊形生成之四心(內心、外心、重心、垂心)四邊形的性質,發現任意四邊形所生成之外心四邊形、重心四邊形、垂心四邊形均為相似的平行四邊形。更進一步利用平行線性質及AA相似性質等說明迭代生成之重心四邊形、外心四邊形、垂心四邊形其四邊形An Bn Cn Dn與四邊形An+2 Bn+2 Cn+2 Dn+2相似,而內心四邊形An Bn Cn Dn會收斂漸成正方形。同時證明出任意四邊形A1 B1 C1 D1重心G與對角線交點E的中點正好是重心四邊形收斂點,圓內接四邊形A1 B1 C1 D1其外接圓圓心O與對角線交點E的中點正好是其外心四邊形收斂點,而內心四邊形與垂心四邊形沒有類似的結果。
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Understanding the Modern Diagnoses of Protein C Deficiency "Pcd" with Unknown Gene Plays a Critical Role in the Inherited Thrombophilia
Protein C deficiency (PCD) is found in 1 out of 200 to 500 persons in the general global population which is also one of the common conditions of Inherited thrombophilia, it’s characterized by an increased tendency of blood to clot in human blood vessels. It is caused by several factors including mutations in the genes involved in thrombin binding, protein c activation and numerous clotting factors. This includes F5 (Factor 5 Leiden) gene on chromosome 1q24.2, F7 (Prothrombin) gene on chromosome 13q34, SERPINC1 (serpin peptidase inhibitor C) on chromosome 1q25.2, SERPIND1 (serpin peptidase inhibitor D) on chromosome 22q11.21, HRG (Histidine Rich Glycoprotein) on chromosome 3q27.3, PLAT (Plasminogen Activator) on chromosome 8q11.21 and THBD (Thrombomodulin) gene on chromosome 20p11.21. In the current study, a three Saudi families with inherited thrombophilia has been recruited to identify the underlying cause of this special condition. Whole exome sequencing, targeting all coding exons of the human genome, was performed using Illumina Nextera library preparation kits followed by paired-end sequencing on Illumina NextSeq500 instrument. Reads quality control was performed and reads were aligned to the reference genome using BWA software. Variants calling and annotation was performed using GATK. All known genes involved in causing inherited thrombophilia All known genes involved in causing PCD were excluded by whole exome sequencing. The genes that were previously reported to be involved in inherited thrombophilia were checked for any causative variant. No mutation has been identified in known genes. identifying a novel gene underlying PCD. The Result of this study will hopefully pave the way to better understanding the disease pathophysiology and help in developing DNA based diagnosis, carrier screening and somatic gene therapy.
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第一次的野外採集去獅龍溪是為了要幫化學組的同學取樣並且測量獅龍溪的水質,看到那汙黑的溪水以及惡臭,儘管是帶了口罩,臭味卻絲毫不減半分,在這種環境之下除了紅蟲之外,還有其它生物嗎?\r 想不到經過顯微鏡的觀察,卻發現了好多好多會游動的小生物,其中最引人注意的是那活潑好動,又佔多數的草履蟲,每一滴都有十幾隻,甚至三四十隻,就好像是獅龍溪的小主人,所以我們就立刻決定以草履蟲當做我們研究實驗的目標,以下就是我們研究草履蟲的整個實驗報告。
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水滴靜止在桌面上時,不僅受到了重力、正向力、表面張力以及附著力,而其中附著力是高中課綱不曾深入探討過的,而我們也找不到和接觸面間位能有相關的理論,於是我們運用熱力學第二定律作為理論基礎,使用附著力能量型式的原創假設,並設計實驗來驗證。
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The purpose of my project was to prove if the seeds of invasive plants are spread throughout the Peace region in hay harvested by local farmers. Invasive plants are so dangerous because they adapt to their environment fast and some of them can cause harm to both animals and humans. Within a year they can completely wipe the ecosystem out of native plants. Many invasive plants are either poisonous or can affect the systems of the animals body’s. I collected 22 hay samples from local farms around the North Peace region. I conducted a survey to help collect information about the samples. A pretest was conducted to determine which of two homemade sifters (one with three layers of decreasing size wire mesh, and one with 6 layers of materials with larger size holes) was the best for sifting through hay. I was able to determine that the larger sifter was easier for sifting hay. I sifted through all 22 samples with the larger sifter. I individually looked through each layer and removed what I believed to be seeds. Each seed was individually bagged, labeled, and photographed through a microscope. After each seed was photographed they were planted to help identify the seeds. I contacted a seed specialist. I was able to send him the images of my seeds. He helped me to identify my findings. I removed a total of 5568 potential seeds in my 22 samples. Out of all the potential seeds found 628 seeds were invasive. All invasive plants identified either cause pain to animals or they easily over take the native plants.
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