本研究的目的在於探討蜻蜓兩對翅膀在不同的相位差之下對升力有什麼影響。在觀察蜻蜓及察閱相關網站、研究後發現蜻蜓前後翅的相為差有相差0.5 週期、相差0.25 週期、同週期三種不同振翅方式。在界定欲實驗的種類和評估現有的能力及資源後，決定研究加上相差為0.125 週期的四種振翅方式，於無風條件、相同的振翅頻率下進行實驗，測量其升力的變化週期。測量結果參照前人的文獻後發現，0.5週期產生的升力雖最小，但最平穩，所以為蜻蜓最常用的飛行方式。而0.25 週期升力會疊加，往下的力被抵銷，故為向上加速時使用。 ;The purpose of this study is to investigate the phase-shift between the front-pair and rear-pair wings on the maximum lift of a dragonfly. As observing the flight of a dragonfly and the literature survey from web sides, it has been observed that the general phase-shift modes of the dragonfly are in-phase-shift, 1/2 period and 1/4 period. It has been decided to include a 1/8 period phase-shift mode into the known three modes under the no wind condition with a fixed flapping frequency, the cyclic lift force of the dragonfly wing model has been measured. When it is flapping, we put the model on an electronic scale for measuring the weight of the model. After that we minus the original weight of the model, knowing the increasing or decreasing weight and the extra weight is the lift force. The results show that 1/2 period phase-shift mode produces the least lift force; however, it is the most stable flight, and is being adopted by the dragonfly for level flight. The in-phase-shift mode can produce more lift force on the flapping processes. The 1/4 period phase-shift mode produce the most acceleration, being adopted by the dragonfly for the climb flight.

中秋節晚上，全家人在陽台上烤肉，大家一邊吃肉片，一邊喝汽水，真是非常愉快，但快樂的日子總是過特別快，一下子夜就深了，經過媽媽的催促，大家匆匆收拾一番，就上床睡覺了。 第二天放學後，我到陽台幫媽媽整理昨晚未清除完的垃圾，突然間！我發現昨晚留下的一杯維他露 P 汽水，它的顏色竟然變了，怎麼會這樣呢？我的心裡真是充滿了疑問。 於是，我將這個問題請教老師，只見老師笑著說：「其實這是一個有趣的老問題，往年曾有同學研究過這個問題，但內容都不夠深入，你們如果有興趣，大家可以一起來做更深入的研究。」後來，在老師的指導之下，我們經過一個多月的努力，終於有了一些成果。

Purpose Every fall, I collect highbush cranberries (Viburnum edule) to make jelly. In 2012, for the first time, I observed highbush cranberry leaves covered in striking patterns of raised purple dots (telia) caused by the pathogenic rust fungus Puccinia linkii. I investigated the distribution and effects of this rust for several reasons: little is known about P. linkii, highbush cranberries are an important food source for wildlife and people, and foliar pathogens may increase with climate change in sub-boreal forests. First, I investigated the patterns of telia within plants. Second, I compared the variation in infection severity among plants, hypothesising that younger plants, those in dense populations, and those in low-elevation riparian areas would be most infected. Finally, I studied the effects of P. linkii on its host, hypothesising that highly infected plants would produce fewer berries and produce berries with less sugar, and that infected leaves would die sooner. Procedures This study investigated P. linkii in mixed coniferous-deciduous forest sites near Smithers, British Columbia. I marked a total of 41 randomly-selected focal V. edule plants in four sites. To examine within-plant patterns of infection, I photographed four leaves of each plant and used a graphic analysis program to examine the size, density and coverage of telia. To assess among-plant patterns, I compared infection severity (5 classes of telia coverage), to three ecological variables: host density within 5m, position on a moisture gradient, and plant maturity. To investigate the effects of P. linkii on its host, I compared infection severity to the number of berries produced, the proportion of malformed and infected berries, and the sugar content of mature berries as measured with a handheld refractometer. I measured leaf mortality in fall. Results P. linkii produced a characteristic pattern within each plant: higher leaves consistently had fewer but bigger telia than lower leaves. Across sites, plants were significantly more infected in areas of high host density. Within sites, young plants and plants and in moister ecosystems were significantly more infected (increases of 1.1 ± 0.2; F1,128=44.8, P

我們上次參加台北市第二十二屆中小學科學展覽會，很榮幸，獲得了優等。在會場裡，我們看到大家版面上貼的書面紙，有各種顏色，五彩繽紛，十分耀眼。我們聯想到現在的工商業社會，紙的需求量很大，大量的砍伐樹木，廢紙愈積愈多。我們想，能不能把廢紙回收，重新製造成有用的紙，而不造成污染又節省資源呢？於是，我們幾位同學，請教了老師，做了以下的實驗。

里曼球面在高中數學只是大略提過，上課時談到里曼球面投影，過北極的大圓投影為一直線，那麼不經北極的大圓投影後圖形為何？任一小圓的投影又為何？前幾章講二次曲線，觀察里曼球面上，北極與圓上點的連線掃出的形狀不應稱圓錐，而應稱為橢圓錐，而此橢圓錐與複數平面相交的圖形又為何？問幾位同學，有的說橢圓，有的說不成圖形，有的說成雞蛋形，（一邊曲率半徑較大，另一邊曲率半徑較小），因沒有實際式子，實也難以決定何者正確，隨即著手求證。

在去年寒假中我們曾經到過台北桃園一帶的魚池去垂釣，發現到魚體上常有許多白色毛狀物。請教老師以後才得知該魚是患有水黴病。因該病發生的時間多數在冬末春初至四、五月間，也正當魚卵孵化稚魚大量繫殖的季節，所以常見有魚卵及稚魚因水徽病的發生而大量死亡，對國民經濟影響甚鉅，為了要更瞭解水黴病對魚體影響，因此我們便開始作這方面之研究。

一天中午，在學校吃過午飯，我拿出媽媽給我準備好的水果(番石榴)來吃，我想一個人吃不好意思，於是拿出削鉛筆的刀子洗乾淨，把番石榴切開，分給幾個同學吃，妻好後才發現它的切面有噁心的黑色變化，我們都不敢吃，不知道那是不是有毒，於是請教老師，為什麼切開的番石榴會變黑？可不可以吃？老師就指導我們做一連串番石榴變嘿，以及未成熟時含有澀味的實驗。

本研究是利用日常生活中常見的咖啡渣和茶葉渣做為肥料，去觀察豆莢類的綠豆，以及葉菜類的油麥菜、小白菜生長過程的變化，我們利用三種不同的咖啡渣和三種不同的茶葉渣來做為肥料，找出哪一種肥料具有較高的養分，可以幫助綠豆、油麥菜和小白菜長得較好，又能防止菜蟲的侵害。實驗結果發現，以茶葉渣做為肥料的植物長得最好，尤其是綠茶渣最好，甚至勝過化學肥料。在防蟲方面，咖啡渣的效果奇佳，茶葉渣在防蟲方面卻沒有任何功效，而且比施化學肥料的植物蟲害還嚴重。

在本研究，我們設計了一套「可定量式排水集氣法實驗裝置」，並以標準氣體流量計校正，證明其操作簡便、精確性佳。同時，藉由過氧化氫(H2O2)製氧的實驗，對催化劑影響反應速率進行定量探討，確認二氧化錳(MnO2)和碘化鉀(KI)為過氧化氫分解反應之正催化劑，而苯甲酸(C6H5COOH)則為負催化劑。其次，進一步探討食品中殘留H2O2的問題，並討論常用烹調配料對H2O2分解的影響，結果發現味精、醬油、食鹽無明顯催化作用、白醋為負催化劑；而老薑、芹菜、青蔥、大蒜、辣椒等五種蔬菜類配料均為正催化劑，其中尤以老薑和芹菜之催化效果最佳。此外，我們也發現蔬菜類配料的主要催化作用是「酵素」，而非文獻中所認為的鐵類礦物質。

DNA感測器近年來蓬勃發展,應用層面包括基因工程,醫學及藥物的開發等,然而目前較常使用的感測方法,需要繁瑣耗時的標定過程,且所使用的化學藥劑對環境容易造成傷害,鑒於以上方法的不完善處,我們決定設計一套新的感測系統,此研究結合了氮化鎵奈米線(GaN Nanowires)及延伸場效電晶體(EGFET)的優點,成功的發展出創新的DNA感測系統,氮化鎵奈米線的高生物匹配性及高感測面積,能有效提高靈敏度,延伸式場效電晶體的設計,史感測器具由免標定及時感測的特性,且易於組裝及操作,我們將探針DNA(probe DNA)修是在氮化鎵奈米線作為之延伸閘極上,由於DNA在中性水溶液中帶負電,且DNA之間具有強烈的互補特性,因此當目標DNA(target DNA)與探針DNA接合,形成雙股DNA,氮化鎵奈米線(閘極)的表面電位即會有所變化,並造成FET特性的改變,藉由此性質及能成功感測DNA,研究結果顯示,此研究所發展出的DNA感測器,愈有相當高的靈敏度(10-18),相較於其他以FET技術所設計出的DNA感測器,靈敏度提升了三個數量極,此外此感測器亦具有高選擇性,即使單一鹼基對的突變也能成功辨別;-hybridization based detection techniques are widely developed due to their promising applications in genetics, medicine and drug discovery. However, current DNA detection techniques based on labels or reagents are time-consuming, environmentally-harmful and complex to implement. In this study, we have successfully demonstrated a label-free extended-gate-field-effect-transistor (EGFET) sensor utilizing a GaN-nanowires electrode with DNA probes immobilized, capable of specific DNA sequence identification. The principle behind the design is based on the change in surface potential and charge transfer after hybridization. GaN nanowires, being bio-compatible, provide direct transfer path and high surface area, thus offer an unprecedented opportunity of DNA sensing with high sensitivity. In addition, our EGFET design facilitates easy assembly and operation of DNA detection. Comparative studies on complementary and non-complementary DNA were performed to verify the specificity of the sensor. By adapting GaN nanowires structure, the assay time of DNA was shorten to within thirty minutes. Moreover, our sensor displayed an ultra-high sensitivity in the level of attoM: three orders of magnitude higher in resolution than that of other FET-based DNA detection methods.

Purpose: Many girls in South Africa miss school due to insufficient resources during menstruation. Although menstrual cups are cheaper and more environmentally friendly than pads or tampons, they are not widely known or used. This project investigates the awareness of the menstrual cup and barriers to using it among schoolgirls. Method: Girls in grades 8 and 11 at a local school were asked to complete a questionnaire before and after watching a video about the menstrual cup. Results: The results showed that 54% of younger girls and 92% of older girls had heard of the cup but in each group only 1 girl had used it. About 11% of younger girls and 40% of older girls would consider using the cup. Watching the video had both positive and negative effects on the girls’ opinions about using the cup. Conclusion: There are several barriers to using the menstrual cup among school girls. Overcoming these barriers requires more than just dissemination of factual information about the cup. Workshops with small group discussions would more than likely lead to more girls choosing the cup.

Smoothened (SMO) is a critical component of Hedgehog (HH) pathway that is essential for stem cell renewal and is dysregulated in many cancer types. SMO is a seven transmembrane domain protein with three intracellular loops. Primary structures of SMO intracellular loops are unique and very much conserved among the species, which is indicative of significant and unique roles in intermolecular or intramolecular interactions. The hypothesis was that synthetic analogs of SMO intracellular loops may function as HH pathway inhibitors. Derivatives of second intracellular loop were synthesized utilizing automated solid phase peptide synthesis based on Fmoc chemistry. Peptides were purified by HPLC and there anti-proliferative activity tested on melanoma cells by MTT assay. Targeted libraries of second loop derivatives of varying length helped to identify compounds that inhibited the growth of melanoma cells in vitro with IC50 in nanomolar range. The most potent of antagonists obtained is the palmitoyl derivative of the Nterminal half of the loop, and is 12 residues long. Lipidation proved to be critical for the activity. Remarkably, retro-inverso versions of the peptide, in which all amino acids are in D-configuration, are even more potent and have IC50 in subnanomolar range. Circular dichroism studies proved that the peptides are folded both in aqueous solutions and in the presence of lipids mimicking the membrane environment. They also suggested that retroinverso analogs have a different fold, which may contribute to higher activity. The new compounds are promising drug candidates and present convenient tools for solving the\r mechanisms of hedgehog signaling.